How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)
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The Hebrew Alphabet
BBH2 Textbook Supplement Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised about, and otherwise supplement the second edition of Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt. Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1.1 The consonants For begadkephat letters (§1.5), the pronunciation in §1.1 is the pronunciation with the Dagesh Lene (§1.5), even though the Dagesh Lene is not shown in §1.1. .Kaf” has an “off” sound“ כ The name It looks like open mouth coughing or a cup of coffee on its side. .Qof” is pronounced with either an “oh” sound or an “oo” sound“ ק The name It has a circle (like the letter “o” inside it). Also, it is transliterated with the letter q, and it looks like a backwards q. here are different wa s of spellin the na es of letters. lef leph leˉ There are many different ways to write the consonants. See below (page 3) for a table of examples. See my chapter 1 overheads for suggested letter shapes, stroke order, and the keys to distinguishing similar-looking letters. ”.having its dot on the left: “Sin is never ri ht ׂש Mnemonic for Sin ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin ׁש before Shin ׂש Our textbook and Biblical Hebrew lexicons put Sin Some alphabet songs on YouTube reverse the order of Sin and Shin. Modern Hebrew dictionaries, the acrostic poems in the Bible, and ancient abecedaries (inscriptions in which someone wrote the alphabet) all treat Sin and Shin as the same letter. -
Hebrew Poetic Manifesto Kotzo Shel Yod (1878) by Y.L. Gordon Translated Into Ladino La Punta De La Yod (1901). on the Oppressed
Hebrew Poetic Manifesto Kotzo shel yod (1878) by Y. L. Gordon translated into Ladino La punta de la yod (1901). On the oppressed state of the Jewish woman (between Ashkenaz and Sefarad) by Shmuel Refael Zusammenfassung Kotzo shel yod von Y. L. Gordon (1832–1892) – einem wichtigen Intellektuellen der jüdi- schen a ufklärung – ist ein bekanntes hebräisches g edicht. d ieses g edicht zeichnet sich durch eine kühne, scharfe Kritik an den traditionellen jüdischen Einrichtungen aus, welche nach meinung des a utors ein unbedingtes ü berdenken erforderten. g ordons literarisches Werk ist von der jüdisch-aschkenasischen Welt inspiriert. Dieses einzigar- tige und innovative Gedicht wurde ins Judenspanische (Ladino) übersetzt. Der Artikel möchte die sephardische Version von Gordons Gedicht vorstellen. Es soll versucht werden, die Hintergründe für die Übersetzung dieses Werks in Ladino zu analysie- ren, die Rezeption der Übersetzung durch die Leserschaft und die Herausforderungen, denen sich der anonyme Übersetzer stellen musste, der das Werk der ladino-lesenden Öffentlichkeit im vollen Bewusstsein zugänglich machen wollte, dass diese Version sich deutlich vom zugrundeliegenden aschkenasischen Original unterscheidet. Abstract Kotzo shel yod by Y. L. Gordon (1832–1892) – one of the prominent intellectuals of the Jewish Enlightenment period – is a well-known Hebrew poem. This poem is characterized by a daring, sharp criticism of the traditional Jewish institutions, which the author felt required a critical shake-up. Gordon’s literary works were inspired by the Jewish a shkenazi world. t his unique and pioneering literary work was translated into Judeo-Spanish (Ladino). The aim of this article is to present the Sephardic version of Gordon’s poem. -
A Universal Amazigh Keyboard for Latin Script and Tifinagh
LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION A universal Amazigh keyboard for Latin script and Tifinagh Paul Anderson [email protected] 1. Introduction Systems of Amazigh text encoding and corresponding keyboard layouts have tended to be narrowly aimed at specific user communities, because of differences in phonology and orthography across Amazigh language variants1. Keyboard layouts for language variants have therefore lacked orthographic features found in other regions. This restricted focus impedes users' experimentation with the writing of other Amazigh regional variants and converged literary forms where they differ in orthographic features or in script. So far there has been no way to type more than a handful of Amazigh variants intuitively on any one layout even within one script. This fragmented development has meant that keyboard driver implementations have often lagged behind advances in technology, and have usually failed to take into account general keyboard layout design, ergonomy and typing speed, and solutions from other Amazigh regions or non-Amazigh languages. Some users even preferred to improvise key definitions based on their own understanding, which often resulted in mistaken use of lookalike letters and diacritics. Keyboard layouts have also failed to provide for Amazigh minority populations around the world, and have considered the multilingual context of Amazigh language use only locally. Several scripts are commonly used to write Amazigh variants, and even within a script there are different orthographies in use. Some orthographies are formal 1 I use the term 'language variant' since distinguishing 'dialect' and 'language' is not necessary here. ~ 165 ~ LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION standards. In others, some features are obsolete but still in use, some features are still disputed, and some features are regional usages or personal initiatives, or are required only for writing more phonetically. -
Heichal Avodath Hashemb
Heichal Avodath Hashem A Guide to Proper Pronunciation of Hebrew Rabbi Avi Grossman First Edition Introduction .................................................................................5 Exact Pronunciation – How? .......................................................7 The Superiority of the Yemenite Dialect .....................................9 The Letters that have been Confused and their Correct Pronunciations ............................................................................14 The Guttural Letters ...........................................................................................14 .14 Ayin‘ 'ע' The .15 Het 'ח' The 17 Hei 'ה' The .18 Alef 'א' The Non-Gutturals .....................................................................................................18 .18 Waw 'ו' The .20 Tet 'ט' The 20 Tzadi 'צ' The Kaf, Quf, and Gimmel ........................................................................................21 21 Quf 'ק' The The Weak Forms of the Beged Kefet Letters .............................22 Vet .......................................................................................................................22 The Weak Sound of Gimmel.............................................................................. 22 The Weak Dalet ..................................................................................................23 The Weak Tau ....................................................................................................25 The Vowels that have Become Confused and Their -
The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 2
Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. II) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. II Volume II accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew The Tiberian Pronunciation in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias. -
Deciphering-Jewish-Gravestones.Pdf
Deciphering Jewish Gravestones Philip Trauring Originally published on bloodandfrogs.com March 8, 2020 My 2011 article on Jewish gravestone symbols has long been one of the most popular posts on my web site. In that article, I discuss the symbols found on Jewish gravestones, but not the text. I wrote in the first paragraph that I will likely write about the text at some point in the future. Unfortunately, I waited nine years to do so, but here’s a look at some of the Hebrew text you might find on a Jewish gravestone, and how to decipher it. We should get some terminology out the way. We’re talking about Hebrew inscriptions on מצבה kever, and the gravestone itself a קבר gravestones. In Hebrew we call the grave a matseva (lit. monument). There isn’t a particularly good Hebrew word for epitaph (the the writing on the gravestone. We do use the word הכתובת על המצבה inscription), it’s just hesped for eulogy, and you can think of some of the inscription to be a eulogy. As this הספד is intended as an introduction to this topic, I’ll simply use the English terms most of the time. Let’s jump in with a gravestone I photographed in Warsaw in 2018. I like this inscription because it’s fairly clear and it duplicates almost all the information from the Hebrew in Polish, allowing everything to be confirmed. We have here a Professor Markus Zamenof, who was born in 1837 and died in 1907. I’ve underlined key parts of the Hebrew, and explain it all in the table below the photo. -
A Critique of L2/18-276
A Critique of L2/18-276 Abe Meyers* November 30, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Multiple incompatible representations 2 2.1 <gimel-daleth-yodh> + <shin> vs <aleph-heth> + <aleph-heth> 3 2.2 <Fixed-aleph> + <gimel-daleth-yodh> vs <fixed-gimel-daleth-yodth> + <aleph> ............................. 3 2.3 <gimel-daleth-yodth> + <gimel-daleth> vs <samekh> . 3 2.4 <pe> vs <sadhe> ......................... 4 3 Miscellaneous issues 4 3.1 Joining of <aleph-heth> ..................... 5 3.2 Missing alternate form of <gimel-daleth-yodh> . 5 3.3 Inclusion of <HE> ......................... 5 3.4 Joining of <zayin> ........................ 5 3.5 Old lamedth . 5 4 The dogma of shape-shifting and the problem of good-enough 5 5 Bibliography 6 1 Introduction It has been a source of delight that after a dormant period of four years, since the submission of my proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in the Unicode *abraham.meyers AT orientology DOT ca 1 standard, there has been some renewed activity in the community. The recent preliminary proposal by Dr. Anshuman Pandey (L2/18-276) might therefore signal a resurgence of activities towards the noble goal of encoding of Book Pahlavi in the Unicode standard. I started reading the work of Dr. Pandey with enthusiasm and in antic- ipation of further improvement and suggestions and perhaps discovery of new characters. It was indeed pleasant to see a relatively thorough classica- tion of the visual joining of the stem of the characters of Book Pahlavi, while taking the base-line into consideration. Such studies will be very benecial for the future type designers of Book Pahlavialthough I have doubts about the applicability of this study to the level of abstraction pertaining to the Unicode standard. -
Around the Point
Around the Point Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages Edited by Hillel Weiss, Roman Katsman and Ber Kotlerman Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages, Edited by Hillel Weiss, Roman Katsman and Ber Kotlerman This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Hillel Weiss, Roman Katsman, Ber Kotlerman and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-5577-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5577-8 CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... viii Around the Point .......................................................................................... 1 Hillel Weiss Medieval Languages and Literatures in Italy and Spain: Functions and Interactions in a Multilingual Society and the Role of Hebrew and Jewish Literatures ............................................................................... 17 Arie Schippers The Ashkenazim—East vs. West: An Invitation to a Mental-Stylistic Discussion of the Modern Hebrew Literature ........................................... -
On the Proper Pronunciation of Hebrew
On the proper pronunciation of Hebrew Every language has its own mixture of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features that, taken together, constitute its unique character and identity. For the most part, these features are of interest only to a small minority of professionals and geeks; the better part of mankind remains obliviously content, interested only in how to practically manipulate the language so as to generate and absorb meaning. This is as true of Hebrew as it is of any other language. There is, however, one feature of Hebrew that protrudes so obnoxiously that it cannot escape the attention of the most minimally thoughtful person, whether he be a native speaker or a foreign student. On the one hand, Hebrew has one of the most phonetically regular alphabets of any language, a fact that is particularly remarkable since this alphabet has remained unchanged for at least 2,100 years. There are scarcely any Hebrew words that cannot be deciphered with complete accuracy, providing, of course, that the nikud is added. On the other hand ,this phonetically regular alphabet has an abundance of completely redundant letters whose sole purpose seems to be to confuse people trying to spell. So far, we have said nothing remotely controversial. Everyone, from the native speaker to the ulpan student, religious and secular, will freely comment on this odd feature of Hebrew and its ability to generate all sorts of amusement and confusion. However, this friendly atmosphere is instantly shattered the second anyone suggests a blindingly obvious thesis, namely that this feature of Hebrew is not a feature at all, but a mistake. -
Page 1 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN on INFIĀL and IFTIĀL These Two Verb
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ON INFIʿĀL AND IFTIʿĀL These two verb types are intransitive. Conjugational patterns of .הִבָנֵה ,הִשָׁחֵט ,הִמָלֵט ,.the type of inʿāl do not contain a taw, e.g A conjugational pattern of the type of iftiʿāl has a taw that nev- -The taw of iftiʿāl does not oc .הִתְאַמֵץ ,הִתְמַכֵר er disappears, as in cur between radicals, unless the #rst radical is a samekh, a ṣadi or a shin. Other letters do not come before the taw, as do samekh, ,(Micah 6:16) וישתמר חקות עמרי ,(Eccl. 12:5) ויסתבל החגב ,.ṣadi and shin, e.g and similar cases. An exception to this is one word beginning in a -Jer. 49:3), in which the taw occurs be) והתשוטטנה בגדרות ,shin, namely fore the shin. As for ṣadi, they said that the people of the lan- guage substituted a ṭet for the taw after the ṣadi in order to ease ומה ,(Josh. 9:4) וילכו ויצטירו ,(Josh. 9:12) חם הצטידנו אותו ,.pronunciation, e.g .(Gen. 44:16) נצטדק Take note that the taw of iftiʿāl cannot be confused with the fu- ture pre#x taw, because the taw of iftiʿāl is stable in the entire paradigm, but the future pre#x taw is not. Moreover, the vocali- sation of the taw of iftiʿāl is a shewa in all cases when it does not occur between the #rst and the second radical. But the pre#xes can be vocalised with a shewa or other vowels. Moreover, a א֗ ֗ י ֗ נ ת֗ word can never begin in the taw of iftiʿāl, but another letter must come before it, be it a heh, a mem, or a future pre#x. -
Encoded Representations for Distinct Positional Uses of Hebrew Meteg Peter Constable, Microsoft Corporation 2004-09-13
Encoded representations for distinct positional uses of Hebrew Meteg Peter Constable, Microsoft Corporation 2004-09-13 In some uses of the Hebrew script, particularly for Biblical text, a variety of combining marks are used. One of these marks is meteg, encoded as U+05BD, HEBREW POINT METEG. Meteg frequently occurs together with other combining marks. When meteg co-occurs with another mark that occupies the same general space below the base character, different relative arrangements of meteg and these other marks are possible. In some uses it is considered necessary to specify these relative arrangements of meteg and other marks in the encoded representation. A proposal1 has been submitted to UTC for how these different positionings of meteg should be specified in encoded representations. This proposal makes use of the control characters COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER (CGJ), ZERO WIDTH JOINER (ZWJ) and ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER (ZWNJ). This public-review issue is soliciting feedback on this proposal and, in particular, on the proposed use of ZWJ and ZWNJ for distinguishing between the different positional uses of the meteg. The details in this case are somewhat complex. Familiarity with combining marks, canonical combining classes, canonical ordering and canonical equivalence is assumed. Some background information on those topics is provided in an appendix. 1. Background: meteg in combination with below-base vowel marks Biblical Hebrew text includes a number of marks used to annotate the text, which were introduced by Masoretic scholars over a thousand years ago. These marks include vowel points and a number of accentuation marks that indicate structural units of the text, serving to guide the reader or chanter. -
Keyboard Layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec Designs
From the files of Hugh Paterson III https://hughandbecky.us/Hugh-CV Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec designs Hugh Paterson III SIL International and the University of North Dakota [email protected] 15 December 2020 Version: Post-Print Preface In contrast to the publication of the original chapter, this post-print includes the references which were cited in the text, directly after the main text. Several style sheet changes have also been made: The main font has been changed, several small spelling corrections have been fixed, some diacritics are shown with ◌ rather than appearing bare, a table of ‘languages mentioned’ in the chapter, a list of abbreviations used, and in some places titles and names have been italicized as is commonly done in some publishing styles. The in-text citations for items mentioned as “in same volume” as the original chapter have now been added as full refernces. The book was first released in 2014, but the printed date/copyright date, as is common in many publishing venues, indicates the year following—in this case 2015. Even though author affiliation changed since publication, affiliation has been left as it was at the time of original authorship. Original publication Paterson III, Hugh J. 2015. Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinan- tec designs. In Mari C. Jones (ed.), Endangered Languages and New Technologies, 49–66. Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107279063.006. 1 Introduction Codification represents a major challenge for writers of endangered languages. Newtech- nologies render the process of typing on a keyboard more accessible and less expensive than at any previous point in time.