Inflectional and Derivational Hebrew Morphology According to the Theory of Phonology As Human Behavior
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Heichal Avodath Hashemb
Heichal Avodath Hashem A Guide to Proper Pronunciation of Hebrew Rabbi Avi Grossman First Edition Introduction .................................................................................5 Exact Pronunciation – How? .......................................................7 The Superiority of the Yemenite Dialect .....................................9 The Letters that have been Confused and their Correct Pronunciations ............................................................................14 The Guttural Letters ...........................................................................................14 .14 Ayin‘ 'ע' The .15 Het 'ח' The 17 Hei 'ה' The .18 Alef 'א' The Non-Gutturals .....................................................................................................18 .18 Waw 'ו' The .20 Tet 'ט' The 20 Tzadi 'צ' The Kaf, Quf, and Gimmel ........................................................................................21 21 Quf 'ק' The The Weak Forms of the Beged Kefet Letters .............................22 Vet .......................................................................................................................22 The Weak Sound of Gimmel.............................................................................. 22 The Weak Dalet ..................................................................................................23 The Weak Tau ....................................................................................................25 The Vowels that have Become Confused and Their -
Tlingit Phonology in a Generative Framework
TLINGIT PHONOLOGY IN A GENERATIVE FRAMEWORK: AN EXAMINATION OF PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION by GAELAN^/de WOLF B.A., University of British Columbia, 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Linguistics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1977 GAELAN de WOLF, 1977 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Gaelan de Wolf Department of T.-mpn-i «t-i rs The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date /V? /ff? - ii - ABSTRACT The Saussurean Paradox described by Labov (1971), in which "the social aspect of language can be studied by the theorist asking himself questions, while the individual aspect can only be studied by a social survey", apparently mirrors a predicament occurring in the structuralist and generative models of linguistics. For, while descriptive and structuralist linguistic models seek to mirror the reality of particular languages, a generative model of linguistics, in a search for universals, attempts to discover the underlying reality of all languages. -
Some Things That Concordances Do Not Tell You
358 The Testimony, September 2001 “walk away” is indicative of the hold which John Paul II and the Palestinian leader Yasser the Middle East has on the nations of the world. Arafat. As events continue to develop in the Mid- The article goes on to write of how the European dle East we should exhort one another as we see Union has been involved and how (in MacAskill’s the day approaching (Heb. 10:25). Let us remain opinion) there is scope for more involvement in faithful so that we might be with Christ as he the crisis. The Catholic Church is also increas- marches through Bozrah (Isa. 34:6) and moves to ingly becoming involved in the crisis. On 2 Au- Israel to carry out the “recompences for the con- gust 2001 a meeting took place between Pope troversy of Zion” (v. 8). 1234 1234 1234 EDITOR: John Nicholls, 17 Upper Trinity Road, Halstead, 1234 1234 1234 Essex, CO9 1EE. Tel. 01787 473089; 1234 1234 e-mail: [email protected] 1234 1234 Reviews 1234 1234 Some things that concordances do not tell you John Carder N ENGLISH the tense of a verb shows its That form is often referred to as the stem or root relation to time, that is, past tense, present of the verb. Itense or future tense. English is a very time- From that basic and most simple form, usu- orientated language, with distinct tenses. The ally consisting of just three Hebrew letters, all Hebrew of the Bible is completely different. It other parts of each Hebrew verb are derived. -
How Was the Dageš in Biblical Hebrew Pronounced and Why Is It There? Geoffrey Khan
1 pronounced and why is it בָּתִּ ים How was the dageš in Biblical Hebrew there? Geoffrey Khan houses’ is generally presented as an enigma in‘ בָּתִּ ים The dageš in the Biblical Hebrew plural form descriptions of the language. A wide variety of opinions about it have been expressed in Biblical Hebrew textbooks, reference grammars and the scholarly literature, but many of these are speculative without any direct or comparative evidence. One of the aims of this article is to examine the evidence for the way the dageš was pronounced in this word in sources that give us direct access to the Tiberian Masoretic reading tradition. A second aim is to propose a reason why the word has a dageš on the basis of comparative evidence within Biblical Hebrew reading traditions and other Semitic languages. בָּתִּיםבָּתִּ ים The Pronunciation of the Dageš in .1.0 The Tiberian vocalization signs and accents were created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the early Islamic period to record an oral tradition of reading. There is evidence that this reading tradition had its roots in the Second Temple period, although some features of it appear to have developed at later periods. 1 The Tiberian reading was regarded in the Middle Ages as the most prestigious and authoritative tradition. On account of the authoritative status of the reading, great efforts were made by the Tiberian Masoretes to fix the tradition in a standardized form. There remained, nevertheless, some degree of variation in reading and sign notation in the Tiberian Masoretic school. By the end of the Masoretic period in the 10 th century C.E. -
Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode Third Draft, Peter Kirk, August 2003
Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode Third draft, Peter Kirk, August 2003 1. Introduction The Hebrew block of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf) is intended to include all of the characters needed for proper representation of Hebrew texts from all periods of the Hebrew language, including fully pointed and cantillated ancient texts such as that of the Hebrew Bible. It is also intended to cover other languages written in Hebrew script, including Aramaic as used in biblical and other religious texts1 as well as Yiddish and a few other modern languages. In practice there are a number of issues and minor deficiencies in the Hebrew block as currently defined, in version 4.0 of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/), which affect its usefulness for representation of pointed Hebrew texts and of Hebrew script texts in some other languages. Some of these simply require clarification and agreed guidelines for implementers. Others require further discussion and decision, and possibly additions to the Unicode standard or other action by the Unicode Technical Committee. The conclusion reached in this paper is that two new Unicode characters should be proposed; other issues can be resolved by use of suitable sequences of existing characters, provided that such use is generally agreed by content providers and rendering systems. Several of these issues relate to different typographical conventions for publishing of Hebrew texts. It seems that a particular set of conventions is used for general publications in Hebrew, especially in Israel, but various other conventions, in which more fine distinctions are made, are used mainly for quality editions of biblical and other religious texts. -
Preliminary Studies in the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls and Fragments
INCORPORATING SYNTAX INTO THEORIES OF TEXTUAL TRANSMISSION: PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT ISAIAH SCROLLS AND FRAGMENTS by JAMES M. TUCKER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Martin G. Abegg Jr., Ph.D.; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Dirk Büchner, Ph.D.; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY Date (August, 2014) © James M. Tucker TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Sigla i Abstract iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0. Introduction: A Statement of the Problem 1 1.1. The Goal and Scope of the Thesis 5 Chapter 2: Methodological Issues in the Transmission Theories of the Hebrew Bible: The Need for Historical Linguistics 7 2.0. The Use of the Dead Sea Scrolls Evidence for Understanding The History of ! 7 2.1. A Survey and Assessment of Transmission Theories 8 2.1.1. Frank Moore Cross and the Local Text Theory 10 2.1.1.1. The Central Premises of the Local Text Theory 11 2.1.1.2. Assessment of the Local Text Theory 14 2.1.2. Shemaryahu Talmon and The Multiple Text Theory 16 2.1.2.1. The Central Premises of the Multiple Texts Theory 17 2.1.2.2. Assessment of Multiple Text Theory 20 2.1.3. Emanuel Tov and The Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.1 The Central Premises of the Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.2. Assessment of the Non-Aligned Theory 24 2.1.4. -
HEADS HEBREW Graml\Iar
HEADS OF HEBREW GRAMl\iAR HE1tDS OF IIEilRE\V GRAJ\ilJ\lAR CONTAINING ALL THE PRINCIPLES NEEDED BY A LEARNER. BY S. PRIDEAUX TREGELLES, LL.D. TWENTY-THIRD IMPRESSION SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS LTD. 80 WIGMORE STREET LONDON WI NEW YORK: HARPER AND BROTHERS ..?'RINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE. - THE object of these Heads of Hebrew Grammar is to furnish the learner of that language with all that is noedful for him in his introductory studies, so that he may be thoroughly grounded in all that is elementary. In teaching, the present writer has been wont to give oral imtruction as to all the elements, commonly making use of some short Hebrew grammar ;--marking tl,e rules which re quire attent10n, and adding others which are not to be found in elementary grammars in general. In this way he has had a kind of oral Hebrew grammar for learners; and the same grammatical instruction which he has thus communicated to those whom he has thus taught, is here given w-ritten down for use or reference. He is well aware that the number of Hebrew grammars, both of those called elementary, and of those called critical, -is very great; this consideration made him long feel reluc tant to commit his oral grammatical instruction to writing; but, if the mass of He\Jrew grammars be examined, it will be found that very few of them possess any distinctive features; and he is not aware of one which he has been able to use as thoroughly adapted to the want,s of learners. -
Stress Assignment in Words with -I Suffix in Hebrew Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Stress Assignment in Words with -i Suffix in Hebrew Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald, Bar-Ilan University, Israel The purpose of this paper is to describe, analyze and explain the stress patterns of words formed with the homonymic suffix -i which conveys a variety of derivational and inflectional morphological functions in Hebrew, e.g. yaldut-i ‘childish’ (derivation) and ‘my childhood’ (inflection). The suffix -i functions in two inflectional and three derivational categories: (a) second person singular feminine in verbs (e.g. šví ‘sit down! [F.SG]’, takúmi ‘you[F.SG] will get up’); (b) first person singular in nouns, prepositions, and several other parts of speech (e.g. 'aví ‘my father’, kamóni ‘like me’); (c) adjectival formation (e.g. 'olamí ‘worldwide’, cíni ‘cynical’); (d) gentilic affiliation (e.g. germaní ‘German’, síni ‘Chinese’); (e) affectionate expression (e.g. xamúdi ‘sweetie’). Polysemy seems to occur in adjectives (c) and gentilic words (d), however, as each of the functions creates different word classes – only adjectives in (c) and both nouns and adjectives in (d), these categories will be differentiated here. The stress in words with the suffix -i is not fixed, as can be seen in the examples above. In most cases the suffix is stressed (except for (e) which is always unstressed). Penultimate stress is determined in each category by various phonological and morphological rules as well as by other non-linguistic factors which will be described and explained in this paper. Keywords: derivation, homonymy, inflection, stress, suffixes, word class 1. Introduction Affixes are morphological devices in word formation and in inflection. They are affixed to certain stems in order to indicate features such as person, number, gender, or tense in inflection, and to create substantives from verbal stems, adjectives from nouns and other words in derivation. -
Section B Grammar
BLF 1: Hebrew Grammar Section B Grammar © 2000-2015 Timothy Ministries Page B - 1 BLF 1: Hebrew Grammar “As a hawk flieth not high with one wing, even so a man reacheth not to excellence with one tongue.” — Roger Ascham © 2000-2015 Timothy Ministries Page B - 2 BLF 1: Hebrew Grammar BH BiblicalAbbreviations Hebrew. BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. MNK A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar by van der Merwe, Naudé, and Kroeze. PHK Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar, by Page H. Kelley. JAH A Basic Introduction To Biblical Hebrew by Jo Ann Hackett. JW A Practical Grammar For Classical Hebrew by J. Weingreen. PDSBH Pocket Dictionary For The Study Of Biblical Hebrew by Todd J. Murphy. VP Biblical Hebrew: A Compact Guide by Miles V. Van Pelt. YO The Essentials Of Biblical Hebrew by Kyle M. Yates, edited by John Jo- seph Owens. Special Vowels Patah Furtive Normally, a vowel sign appearing under a word is read after the consonant above it. This rule has an exception: if the final consonant of a word is a guttural and follows a full accented vowel, then a ' (patah) under that final consonant is furtive and is read first. The word j'Wr, for example, is pronounced roo/ach, not roo/cha. Qamatz Qatan (Qamets Hatuf) Written identically to the normal qamatz (qamatz rachabh), : , the qamatz qatan is a short vowel and is recognized by the fact that it appears in a closed, unaccented syllable. By contrast, the regular qamatz appears in an open syllable, or in a closed and accented syllable. Qamatz Qatan occurs in lK; (Gen 1.21), hm;k]j;, Úl]k;a} (Gen 2.17) and Úr“m;v]yI (Psa 121.7). -
Recent Notes on Hebrew Pronunciation
Recent Notes On Hebrew Pronunciation Recent Notes On Hebrew Pronunciation By Rabbi Avi Grossman Edited by Mr. Jonathan Grossman Many of the ideas discussed in this article were in my notebook for some time, and just as I was getting around to preparing them for publication, my prolific colleague Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein sent a copy of Professor Geoffrey Khan’s The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew to me. After reading it and briefly corresponding with the author, I concluded that it was time to release this article. Professor Khan invites the yeshiva world to read his book, available for free at this link, and to check out hiswebsite . Full disclosure: although Prof. Khan’s research is enlightening, not only do I not agree with or endorse everything he claims, I do not believe that certain points are admissible as halachic sources in the Bet Midrash. With regards to the details of halachic pronunciation, I have already released my own book wherein I try to show how the rishonim would pronounce Tiberian Hebrew, and I direct readers to Rabbi Bar Hayim’s videos on the subject. Rabbi Bar Hayim follows the views of Rabbi Benzion Cohen. All of us are attempting to recreate something that we cannot really know, and for now, we still have to debate the fine details. I seriously doubt that the Masoretes spoke a ritual Hebrew that sounded exactly the way any of us describes it. Before getting into the nitty gritty of Prof. Khan’s arguments, I would like to introduce some basic ideas that can be gleaned from an elementary, comparative study of Arabic. -
Chastised Rulers in the Ancient Near East
Chastised Rulers in the Ancient Near East Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By J. H. Price, M.A., B.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Samuel A. Meier, Advisor Daniel Frank Carolina López-Ruiz Bill T. Arnold Copyright by J. H. Price 2015 Abstract In the ancient world, kings were a common subject of literary activity, as they played significant social, economic, and religious roles in the ancient Near East. Unsurprisingly, the praiseworthy deeds of kings were often memorialized in ancient literature. However, in some texts kings were remembered for criminal acts that brought punishment from the god(s). From these documents, which date from the second to the first millennium BCE, we learn that royal acts of sacrilege were believed to have altered the fate of the offending king, his people, or his nation. These chastised rulers are the subject of this this dissertation. In the pages that follow, the violations committed by these rulers are collected, explained, and compared, as are the divine punishments that resulted from royal sacrilege. Though attestations are concentrated in the Hebrew Bible and Mesopotamian literature, the very fact that the chastised ruler type also surfaces in Ugaritic, Hittite, and Northwest Semitic texts suggests that the concept was an integral part of ancient near eastern kingship ideologies. Thus, this dissertation will also explain the relationship between kings and gods and the unifying aspect of kingship that gave rise to the chastised ruler concept across the ancient Near East. -
4 the Syllable Structure of Shaoxing
The phonology of Shaoxing Chinese Zhang, J. Citation Zhang, J. (2006, January 31). The phonology of Shaoxing Chinese. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4279 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4279 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 4 The Syllable Structure of Shaoxing 4.1 Introduction The status of the syllable as a linguistic unit, although not uncontrover- sial, is widely accepted in present-day phonology and phonetics. Syllables may consist of a vowel or diphthong, with onsets and codas of one or more consonants. Syllables may also contain syllabic consonants. Human listeners seem to need syllables as a way of segmenting the speech stream, while speakers use syllables to impose a rhythm of strong and weak beats to language, just like in music. All languages are assumed to have syllables, although the syllable status is sometimes questioned by researchers working on languages with extreme collocations of conso- nants or vowels, such as Bella Coola (Bagemihl 1991) and Gokana (Hyman 1990, 2003).1 Levin (1985) claims that phonetic utterances in all natural human languages are made up of syllables. However, the primary evidence for the syllable seems rather phonological than phonetic, in that “the syllable is the phonological unit which organizes segmental melodies in terms of sonority; syllabic segments are equivalent to sonority peaks within these organizational units” (Blevins 1995: 207). The syllable al- lows the formulation of generalizations both at the segmental level and at higher prosodic levels, which are awkward to express without referring to this constituent.