4 the Syllable Structure of Shaoxing
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The Phonetics-Phonology Interface in Romance Languages José Ignacio Hualde, Ioana Chitoran
Surface sound and underlying structure : The phonetics-phonology interface in Romance languages José Ignacio Hualde, Ioana Chitoran To cite this version: José Ignacio Hualde, Ioana Chitoran. Surface sound and underlying structure : The phonetics- phonology interface in Romance languages. S. Fischer and C. Gabriel. Manual of grammatical interfaces in Romance, 10, Mouton de Gruyter, pp.23-40, 2016, Manuals of Romance Linguistics, 978-3-11-031186-0. hal-01226122 HAL Id: hal-01226122 https://hal-univ-paris.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01226122 Submitted on 24 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Manual of Grammatical Interfaces in Romance MRL 10 Brought to you by | Université de Paris Mathematiques-Recherche Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 11/1/16 3:56 PM Manuals of Romance Linguistics Manuels de linguistique romane Manuali di linguistica romanza Manuales de lingüística románica Edited by Günter Holtus and Fernando Sánchez Miret Volume 10 Brought to you by | Université de Paris Mathematiques-Recherche Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 11/1/16 3:56 PM Manual of Grammatical Interfaces in Romance Edited by Susann Fischer and Christoph Gabriel Brought to you by | Université de Paris Mathematiques-Recherche Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 11/1/16 3:56 PM ISBN 978-3-11-031178-5 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-031186-0 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-039483-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. -
Tlingit Phonology in a Generative Framework
TLINGIT PHONOLOGY IN A GENERATIVE FRAMEWORK: AN EXAMINATION OF PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION by GAELAN^/de WOLF B.A., University of British Columbia, 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Linguistics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1977 GAELAN de WOLF, 1977 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Gaelan de Wolf Department of T.-mpn-i «t-i rs The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date /V? /ff? - ii - ABSTRACT The Saussurean Paradox described by Labov (1971), in which "the social aspect of language can be studied by the theorist asking himself questions, while the individual aspect can only be studied by a social survey", apparently mirrors a predicament occurring in the structuralist and generative models of linguistics. For, while descriptive and structuralist linguistic models seek to mirror the reality of particular languages, a generative model of linguistics, in a search for universals, attempts to discover the underlying reality of all languages. -
The Domain of Liaison: Theories and Data*
The domain of liaison: theories and data* GEERT BOOIJ and DAAN DE JONG Abstract In this paper it is argued that current theories of the domain of liaison are inadequate. It is shown thai 'domain' is a variable intralinguistic constraint on the (variable) rule of liaison. The variable nature of liaison is also apparent from the fact that its rate of application covaries with extralinguis- tic factors such as style and social class. These results also show that rules of sentence phonology should be based on reliable corpora of spoken language. 1. Introduction Liaison can be seen as the phenomenon of latent word-final consonants surfacing phonetically before a vowel-initial word. For instance, in petit ami [p(9)titami] 'little friend' the final / of petit is realized phonetically, whereas it does not surface in petit garςon [p(3)tigars5] 4small boy', because the following word begins with a consonant. These latent consonants also surface in inflectional and derivational morphology, as petite [p(s)tit] 'small', fern, sg., and petitesse [ptites] 'smallness' illustrate. A survey of alternative views of liaison is presented in Klausenburger (1984). The liaison consonant is usually (but not always, see Encreve 1983) tautosyllabic with the next word, the first fragment of the second word, as is illustrated by the syllabification of petit ami: (ρίί)σ(ΐ3)σ(ηιί)á where σ = syllable. That is, liaison usually implies enchamement.1 In this paper, we will focus on one particular problem in the analysis of liaison, its domain of application. It is well known that liaison only applies within certain environments. -
On the Production of Sandhi Phenomena in French: Psycholinguistic and Acoustic Data
On the production of sandhi phenomena in French: psycholinguistic and acoustic data Odile Bagou1, Violaine Michel1, Marina Laganaro1 1 Groupe NeuroPsychoLinguistique, FLSH, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland [email protected], [email protected] Abstract detect than word-initial consonants (see also, [3]). Therefore, one might consider that liaison consonants have This preliminary study addresses two complementary a perceptual status that facilitates lexical access on W2. questions about the production of sandhi phenomena in French. First, we investigated whether the encoding of At least two hypotheses can be proposed to integrate enchaînement and liaison enchaînée involves a processing these two main results. First, liaison and enchaînement cost compared to non-resyllabified sequences. This consonants might be acoustically less salient than word- question was analyzed with a psycholinguistic production initial consonants. Indeed, liaison consonants [7, 8, 4, 5] time paradigm. The elicited sequences were then used to and enchaînement consonants [9, 10] have been reported to be shorter than word-initial consonants. Hence, the address our second question, namely how critical V1CV2 sequences are phonetically realized across different processing of the misalignement might be facilitated by boundary conditions. We compared the durational the presence of subtle acoustic cues that allow the listeners properties of critical sequences containing a word-final to discriminate resyllabified consonants from word-initial consonants. However, phoneme detection studies coda consonant (enchaînement: V1.C#V2), an additional consonant (liaison enchaînée: V +C#V ) and a similar established that only liaison consonants perceptually differ 1 2 from word-initial consonants [6]. Therefore, the effects onset consonant (V1#CV2). Results on production latencies suggested that the encoding of liaison enchaînée involves found in phoneme detection tasks cannot be explained by an additional processing cost compared to the two other acoustic differences only. -
Variable and Invariable Liaison in a Corpus of Spoken French
Erschienen in: Journal of French Language Studies ; 25 (2015), 3. - S. 367-396 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959269515000186 Journal of French Language Studies 25 (2015), 367–396, © Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0959269515000186 Variable and invariable liaison in a corpus of spoken French JUDITH MEINSCHAEFERa,SVENBONIFERb AND CHRISTINE FRISCHc aFreie Universitat¨ Berlin bFormerly Universitat¨ Konstanz cFormerly Universitat¨ Wurzburg¨ (Received June 2013; revised October 2014) abstract Using texts selected from the C-Oral-Rom corpus, this study considers how linguistic and sociolinguistic variables affect liaison. In the majority of cases, liaison appears on monosyllabic function words. Individual lexemes differ greatly in rate of liaison. With regard to sociolinguistic variation, female speakers realize liaison consonants more often than male speakers, younger speakers realize it more often than older speakers, and liaison rates for speakers without university degree are higher than for speakers with university degree. Results are discussed in the light of models of prosodic structure and with respect to their implications for models of socio-linguistic variation. 1 introduction French liaison is a phrasal phonological phenomenon that consists in the pronunciation of a word-final consonant that is followed by a vowel-initial word, see (1a), where this consonant is otherwise not pronounced when the word is realised in isolation or before a pause,1 (1b). Here and in all following examples, realization of a liaison consonant is indicated in the orthographic representation by an underscore (‘_’), and word boundaries are indicated in the phonetic transcription by a hash (‘#’). (1) Liaison vs. absence of liaison for petit, Adj Masc ‘little’ a. -
Inflectional and Derivational Hebrew Morphology According to the Theory of Phonology As Human Behavior
BEN- GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV FACULTY OF HUMINITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LITERATURES AND LINGUISTICS INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL HEBREW MORPHOLOGY ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF PHONOLOGY AS HUMAN BEHAVIOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS LINA PERELSHTEIN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: PROFESSOR YISHAI TOBIN FEBRUARY 2008 BEN- GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LITERATURES AND LINGUISTICS INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL HEBREW MORPHOLOGY ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF PHONOLOGY AS HUMAN BEHAVIOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS LINA PERELSHTEIN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROFESSOR YISHAI TOBIN Signature of student: ________________ Date: _________ Signature of supervisor: _____________ Date: _________ Signature of chairperson of the committee for graduate studies: ______________ Date: _________ FEBRUARY 2008 ABSTRACT This research deals with the phonological distribution of Hebrew Inflectional and Derivational morphology, synchronically and diachronically. The scope of this study is suffixes, due to the fact that final position bears grammatical information, while initial position bears lexical items. In order to analyze the gathered data, the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior will be employed. The theory classifies language as a system of signs which is used by human beings to communicate; it is based on the synergetic principle of maximum communication with minimal effort. This research shows that the similarity within Modern Hebrew inflectional and derivational suffix system is greater than the derivational Modern Hebrew – Biblical Hebrew system in terms of a specialized suffix system and that the phonological distribution of Hebrew suffixes is motivated by the principles of the theory. -
THE NATURE of VARIATION in TONE SANDHI PATTERNS of SHANGHAI and WUXI WU by Hanbo Yan Submitted to the Graduate Degree Program In
THE NATURE OF VARIATION IN TONE SANDHI PATTERNS OF SHANGHAI AND WUXI WU By © 2016 Hanbo Yan Submitted to the graduate degree program in Linguistics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Jie Zhang ________________________________ Dr. Allard Jongman ________________________________ Dr. Joan Sereno ________________________________ Dr. Annie Tremblay ________________________________ Dr. Yan Li Date Defended: 05/11/2016 ii The Dissertation Committee for Hanbo Yan certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE NATURE OF VARIATION IN TONE SANDHI PATTERNS OF SHANGHAI AND WUXI WU ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Jie Zhang Date approved: 05/26/2016 iii Abstract The primary goal of this dissertation is to understand the variation patterns in suprasegmental processes and what factors influence the patterns. To answer the questions, we investigated the variation patterns of tone sandhi in the Shanghai and Wuxi Wu dialects of Chinese. Shanghai disyllables and trisyllables have been documented to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal extension and tonal reduction. Some items can only undergo tonal extension, some items can only undergo tonal reduction, and some can variably undergo either type of sandhi. Previous works have indicated that the syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and lexical frequency of the items all play a role in the sandhi application. Additionally, the morpheme length of trisyllabic items (1+2, 2+1) is also expected to affect their sandhi application. A variant forms’ goodness rating experiment, together with a lexical frequency rating experiment and a semantic transparency rating experiment, showed that syntactic structure has a primary effect on sandhi application in general. -
Research on the Time When Ping Split Into Yin and Yang in Chinese Northern Dialect
Chinese Studies 2014. Vol.3, No.1, 19-23 Published Online February 2014 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/chnstd) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/chnstd.2014.31005 Research on the Time When Ping Split into Yin and Yang in Chinese Northern Dialect Ma Chuandong1*, Tan Lunhua2 1College of Fundamental Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China 2Sichuan Science and Technology University for Employees, Chengdu, China Email: *[email protected] Received January 7th, 2014; revised February 8th, 2014; accepted February 18th, 2014 Copyright © 2014 Ma Chuandong, Tan Lunhua. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Ma Chuandong, Tan Lun- hua. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian. The phonetic phenomenon “ping split into yin and yang” 平分阴阳 is one of the most important changes of Chinese tones in the early modern Chinese, which is reflected clearly in Zhongyuan Yinyun 中原音韵 by Zhou Deqing 周德清 (1277-1356) in the Yuan Dynasty. The authors of this paper think the phe- nomenon “ping split into yin and yang” should not have occurred so late as in the Yuan Dynasty, based on previous research results and modern Chinese dialects, making use of historical comparative method and rhyming books. The changes of tones have close relationship with the voiced and voiceless initials in Chinese, and the voiced initials have turned into voiceless in Song Dynasty, so it could not be in the Yuan Dynasty that ping split into yin and yang, but no later than the Song Dynasty. -
Phonological Evidence for Exemplar Storage of Mul Tiword Sequences
SSLA. 24. 215-221 DOl 111.1111; S02722ti:llll21111211til PHONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EXEMPLAR STORAGE OF MULTIWORD SEQUENCES Joan Bybee University of New Mexico Phonological evidence supports the frequency-based model pro posed in the article by Nick Ellis. Phonological reduct1on occurs ear lier and to a greater extent in high-frequency words and phrases than in low-frequency ones. A model that accounts for this effect needs both an exemplar representation to show phonet1c variation and the ability to represent multiword combinations. The maintenance of alternations conditioned by word boundaries. such as French liai son, also provides evidence that multiword sequences are stored and can accrue representational strength. The reorganization of pho netic exemplars in favor of the more frequent types prov1des evidence for some abstraction in categories beyond the simple registration of tokens of experience. Ellis's review article paints a very different landscape for linguistic knowledge from that provided by structural theories of language. In this landscape, fre quency of use is not a constraint added to an otherwise structural or genera tive architecture (as in Hammond, 1999), nor is it just invoked when the facts do not yield entirely to structural analysis (see, e.g., Kaisse, 1985, p. 59). Rather, the picture that emerges from the array of studies that Ellis cites is one in which linguistic knowledge is based firmly on experience with language, and frequency of use is a foundational determinate of grammatical properties of language. The article demonstrates that there is a major convergence of re search from many different perspectives-corpus-based analysis, computational linguistics, discourse, cognitive and functional linguistics, and psycholinguis tics-that all point to a new theory of grammar with its attendant theory of language acquisition. -
Slouching Toward Optimality: Coda Reduction in OT-CC John J
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series Linguistics January 2007 Slouching toward optimality: Coda reduction in OT-CC John J. McCarthy University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs Part of the Morphology Commons, Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Phonetics and Phonology Commons Recommended Citation McCarthy, John J., "Slouching toward optimality: Coda reduction in OT-CC" (2007). Phonological Studies (Journal of the Phonological Society of Japan). 74. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs/74 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slouching Towards Optimality: Coda Reduction in OT-CC* John J. McCarthy University of Massachusetts Amherst Abstract. There is a well-established asymmetry in the behavior of medial consonant clusters: the first consonant in the cluster can undergo assimilation or deletion, but the second consonant in the cluster cannot. This article presents an explanation for that asymmetry based on a version of Optimality Theory with candidate chains (McCarthy (2006a)). The key idea is that a consonant can only assimilate or delete if it first loses its place features by debuccalizing, and debuccalization is only possible in coda position. Keywords: OT, coda, assimilation, candidate chain. 1. Introduction Medial consonant clusters are often simplified or assimilated: /patka/ → [paka], /pamka/ → [paŋka]. There is an interesting asymmetry in these processes: they always target the first member of the cluster for deletion or assimilation. -
The Fundamentals of Chinese Historical Phonology
ChinHistPhon – MA 1st yr Basics/ 1 Bartos The fundamentals of Chinese historical phonology 1. Old Mandarin (early modern Chinese; 14th c.) − 中原音韵 Zhongyuan Yinyun “Rhymes of the Central Plain”, written in 1324 by 周德清 Zhou Deqing: A pronunciation guide for writers and performers of 北曲 beiqu-verse in vernacular plays. − Arrangement: o 19 rhyme categories, each named with two characters, e.g. 真文, 江阳, 先天, 鱼模. o Within each rhyme category, words are divided according to tone category: 平声阴 平声阳 上声 去声 入声作 X 声 o Within each tone, words are divided into homophone groups separated by circles. o An appendix lists pairs of characters whose pronunciation is frequently confused, e.g.: 死有史 米有美 因有英 The 19 Zhongyuan Yinyun rhyme categories: Old Mandarin tones: The tone categories were the same as for modern standard Mandarin, except: − The former 入-tone words joined the other tone categories in a more regular fashion. ChinHistPhon – MA 1st yr Basics/ 2 Bartos 2. The reconstruction of the Middle Chinese sound system 2.1. Main sources 2.1.1. Primary – rhyme dictionaries, rhyme tables (Qieyun 切韵, Guangyun 广韵, …, Jiyun 集韵, Yunjing 韵镜, Qiyinlüe 七音略) – a comparison of modern Chinese dialects – shape of Chinese loanwords in ’sinoxenic’ languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) 2.1.2. Secondary – use of poetic devices (rhyming words, metric (= tonal patterns)) – transcriptions: - contemporary alphabetic transcription of Chinese names/words, e.g. Brahmi, Tibetan, … - contemporary Chinese transcription of foreign words/names of known origin ChinHistPhon – MA 1st yr Basics/ 3 Bartos – the content problem of the Qieyun: Is it some ‘reconstructed’ pre-Tang variety, or the language of the capital (Chang’an 长安), or a newly created norm, based on certain ‘compromises’? – the classic problem of ‘time-span’: Qieyun: 601 … Yunjing: 1161 → Pulleyblank: the Qieyun and the rhyme tables ( 等韵图) reflect different varieties (both geographically, and diachronically) → Early vs. -
The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese
The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Trans 10 fax: +31 30 253 6000 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl Cover illustration: A mural painting of Emperor Gou Jian of the Yue Kingdom (497-465 B.C.) (present-day Shaoxing). The photo was taken by Xiaonan Zhang in Shaoxing. ISBN 90-76864-90-X NUR 632 Copyright © 2006 by Jisheng Zhang. All rights reserved. The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 31 januari 2006 klokke 15.15 uur door JISHENG ZHANG geboren te Shaoxing, China in 1955 Promotiecommissie promotor: prof. dr. V.J.J.P. van Heuven co-promotor: dr. J.M. van de Weijer referent: prof. dr. M. Yip (University College London) overige leden: prof. dr. C.J. Ewen dr. M. van Oostendorp (Meertens Instituut) dr. N.S.H. Smith (University of Amsterdam) Dedicated to my mother who gave me my life and brought me up on this ancient land –– Shaoxing. Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... xi 1 Background............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................1 1.2 Methodology