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The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese

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The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Trans 10 fax: +31 30 253 6000 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl Cover illustration: A mural painting of Emperor Gou Jian of the Yue Kingdom (497-465 B.C.) (present-day Shaoxing). The photo was taken by Xiaonan Zhang in Shaoxing. ISBN 90-76864-90-X NUR 632 Copyright © 2006 by Jisheng Zhang. All rights reserved. The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 31 januari 2006 klokke 15.15 uur door JISHENG ZHANG geboren te Shaoxing, China in 1955 Promotiecommissie promotor: prof. dr. V.J.J.P. van Heuven co-promotor: dr. J.M. van de Weijer referent: prof. dr. M. Yip (University College London) overige leden: prof. dr. C.J. Ewen dr. M. van Oostendorp (Meertens Instituut) dr. N.S.H. Smith (University of Amsterdam) Dedicated to my mother who gave me my life and brought me up on this ancient land –– Shaoxing. Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... xi 1 Background............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................1 1.2 Methodology .............................................................................................3 1.3 Syllable Theory .........................................................................................4 1.3.1 Onset-Rhyme models......................................................................5 1.3.2 Dependency and Government Phonology.......................................6 1.3.3 Moraic models.................................................................................8 1.4 Tone Theory ..............................................................................................9 1.4.1 Tone features.................................................................................10 1.4.2 Register features............................................................................12 1.5 Data .........................................................................................................15 1.6 Organization............................................................................................15 2 The Consonants and Vowels of Shaoxing: Surface Representations .....................................................................................17 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................17 2.2 Initials......................................................................................................18 2.2.1 Stops..............................................................................................18 2.2.2 Glottal stop....................................................................................21 2.2.3 Affricates.......................................................................................24 2.2.4 Fricatives.......................................................................................28 2.2.5 The sonorants ................................................................................32 2.3 Finals .......................................................................................................38 2.3.1 Final inventory ..............................................................................39 2.3.2 Syllabic consonants.......................................................................44 2.3.2.1 Rules of syllabicity..............................................................44 2.3.2.2 Weight-by-stress .................................................................46 2.3.3 Vowels...........................................................................................51 2.3.3.1 Apical vowel .......................................................................53 2.3.3.2 Other vowels .......................................................................57 2.3.4 Vowel nasalization........................................................................58 2.3.5 Complex Finals .............................................................................61 viii CONTENTS 2.3.5.1 GV.......................................................................................61 2.3.5.2 VV.......................................................................................64 2.3.5.3 VC .......................................................................................67 2.3.5.4 GVC ....................................................................................68 2.4 Phonemic [/] in SX .................................................................................70 2.5 Summary .................................................................................................72 3 The Underlying Vowel Inventory of Shaoxing 73 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 73 3.2 The Arrangement of Surface Vowels...................................................... 73 3.3 The Vowel Phonemes of Shaoxing ......................................................... 75 3.3.1 High front vowels......................................................................... 76 3.3.1.1 Distribution of high front vowels.........................................77 3.3.1.2 Segment merger ...................................................................80 3.3.1.3 Phonemic /i/ .........................................................................82 3.3.2 The high back vowel .....................................................................82 3.3.3 Mid vowels....................................................................................84 3.3.3.1 Introduction...........................................................................84 3.3.3.2 Major-feature constraints .....................................................85 3.3.3.3 Tense vs ATR.......................................................................87 3.3.3.4 OT analysis ..........................................................................91 3.3.3.5 Phonological motivation ......................................................92 3.3.3.6 Schwa in Shaoxing...............................................................95 3.3.4 Low vowels ...................................................................................99 3.3.5 The distribution of glides ............................................................105 3.3.5.1 What is a glide?..................................................................105 3.3.5.2 Glides in Shaoxing.............................................................106 3.4 The Six-vowel System .......................................................................... 109 3.4.1 Stress .......................................................................................... 110 3.4.2 Tenseness ................................................................................... 111 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................... 111 4 The Syllable Structure of Shaoxing 113 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 113 4.2 The Syllable Types of Shaoxing ........................................................... 116 4.3 The Internal Syllable Structure ............................................................. 120 4.3.1 Onset clusters ............................................................................. 121 4.3.2 Secondary articulation................................................................ 128 4.3.3 The rhyme constituent................................................................ 135 CONTENTS ix 4.3.4 Head of the Final........................................................................ 137 4.3.5 Other options within OR theory................................................. 140 4.3.6 A syntactic approach .................................................................. 141 4.4 The Coda in Shaoxing........................................................................... 147 4.4.1 Previous argumentations for different dialects........................... 148 4.4.2 Debuccalization in SX................................................................ 149 4.4.3 Nasal debuccalization................................................................. 152 4.5 Syllable Weight..................................................................................... 155 4.5.1 Weight-irrelevance of CG .......................................................... 155 4.5.2 The weight domain in SX........................................................... 157 4.6 Phonotactics .......................................................................................... 160 4.6.1 Simplicity of segment sequences in SX ..................................... 160 4.6.2 Distribution of the Initials and the Finals................................... 161 5 The Tonal System of Shaoxing 177 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 177 5.2 Traditional Tone Representations ......................................................... 178 5.3
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