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Preliminary Studies in the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls and Fragments

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Preliminary Studies in the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls and Fragments INCORPORATING SYNTAX INTO THEORIES OF TEXTUAL TRANSMISSION: PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT ISAIAH SCROLLS AND FRAGMENTS by JAMES M. TUCKER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Martin G. Abegg Jr., Ph.D.; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Dirk Büchner, Ph.D.; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY Date (August, 2014) © James M. Tucker TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Sigla i Abstract iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0. Introduction: A Statement of the Problem 1 1.1. The Goal and Scope of the Thesis 5 Chapter 2: Methodological Issues in the Transmission Theories of the Hebrew Bible: The Need for Historical Linguistics 7 2.0. The Use of the Dead Sea Scrolls Evidence for Understanding The History of ! 7 2.1. A Survey and Assessment of Transmission Theories 8 2.1.1. Frank Moore Cross and the Local Text Theory 10 2.1.1.1. The Central Premises of the Local Text Theory 11 2.1.1.2. Assessment of the Local Text Theory 14 2.1.2. Shemaryahu Talmon and The Multiple Text Theory 16 2.1.2.1. The Central Premises of the Multiple Texts Theory 17 2.1.2.2. Assessment of Multiple Text Theory 20 2.1.3. Emanuel Tov and The Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.1 The Central Premises of the Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.2. Assessment of the Non-Aligned Theory 24 2.1.4. Eugene Ulrich and The Editions Theory 25 2.1.4.1. The Central Premises of the Editions Theory 26 2.1.4.2. Assessment of the Editions Theory 30 2.2. Summary and Assessment of the Textual Transmission Theories: A Proposal for Historical Linguistics 32 2.3. Conclusion: The Hypothesis for the Present Study 34 Chapter 3: Historical Linguistics and Transmission Theories: A Linguistic Methodology for Assessing Textual Variance in the Judaean Desert Isaiah Corpus 36 3.0. The Role of Historical Linguistics in Transmission Methodologies 36 3.1. Historical Linguistics: Introduction to Diachrony and Synchrony 37 3.1.1. Applying Diachrony and Synchrony to the Second Temple Scrolls and Fragments of Isaiah 41 3.1.1.1. The Synchronic Stage(s) of the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls 41 3.1.1.1.1. Excursus: Criteria for the Relative Dating of a Synchronic Stage 42 3.1.1.2. A Criterion for Assessing the Synchronic Stage of Textual Variances 52 3.1.1.3. Syntactic Features of LBH and QH 55 3.2. Does Syntax Account for Observable Textual Variance in the Isaiah Scrolls? 57 Chapter 4 Case Studies on the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls and Fragments 58 4.0. Purpose of the Case Studies 58 4.1. Rationale for Choosing Isaiah and the Selected Passages of Isaiah for Case Studies 58 4.2. Does Syntactical Change Account For Textual Variation? A Presentation of Random Case Studies 62 4.2.1. Case Study 1: Isaiah 1:4–14 62 4.2.1.1. Isaiah 1:4 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q56, 4Q63, Mur3, and !L 64 4.2.1.2. Isaiah 1:5 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q56, 4Q63, Mur3, and !L 65 4.2.1.3. Isaiah 1:6 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q56, 4Q63, Mur3, and !L 66 4.2.1.4. Isaiah 1:7 as Extant in 1QIsaa, Mur3, and !L 66 4.2.1.4.1. The Tendentiousness Proposal of 1QIsaa 67 ושממו עליה reading of 4.2.1.4.2. The Diachronic Syntactical Proposal of 1QIsaa 69 ושממו עליה reading of 4.2.1.5. Isaiah 1:8 as Extant in 1QIsaa, Mur3, and !L 78 4.2.1.6. Isaiah 1:9 as Extant in 1QIsaa, Mur3, and !L 80 4.2.1.7. Isaiah 1:10 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q60, Mur3, and !L 80 4.2.1.8. Isaiah 1:11 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q60, Mur3, and !L 82 4.2.1.9. Isaiah 1:12 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q60, Mur3, and !L 82 4.2.1.10. Isaiah 1:13 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q60, Mur3, and !L 83 4.2.1.11. Isaiah 1:14 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q60, Mur3, and !L 84 4.2.1.12 Summary of Case Study 1 84 4.2.2. Case Study 2: Isaiah 5:5–18 85 4.2.2.1. Isaiah 5:5 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 85 4.2.2.2. Isaiah 5:6 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 88 4.2.2.3. Isaiah 5:11 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 88 4.2.2.4. Isaiah 5:12 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 89 4.2.2.5. Isaiah 5:13 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 90 4.2.2.6. Isaiah 5:14 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 90 4.2.2.7. Isaiah 5:15 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q56, and !L 91 4.2.2.8. Isaiah 5:16 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q56, and !L 91 4.2.2.9. Isaiah 5:17 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q69, and !L 91 4.2.2.10. Isaiah 5:18 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q69, and !L 92 4.2.2.11. Summary of Case Study 2 92 4.2.3. Case Study 3: Isaiah 10:20–11:5 92 4.2.3.1. Isaiah 10:20 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 92 4.2.3.2. Isaiah 10:21 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 94 4.2.3.3. Isaiah 10:22 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 94 4.2.3.4. Isaiah 10:23 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 94 4.2.3.5. Isaiah 10:24 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 94 4.2.3.6. Isaiah 10:25 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 96 4.2.3.7. Isaiah 10:26 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 97 4.2.3.8. Isaiah 10:27 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 98 4.2.3.9. Isaiah 10:28 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 99 4.2.3.10. Isaiah 10:29 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 100 4.2.3.11. Isaiah 10:30 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 100 4.2.3.12. Isaiah 10:31 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 101 4.2.3.13. Isaiah 10:32 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 101 4.2.3.14. Isaiah 10:33 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 102 4.2.3.15. Isaiah 10:34 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 103 4.2.3.16 Isaiah 11:1 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 103 4.2.3.17 Isaiah 11:2 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 103 4.2.3.18. Isaiah 11:3 as Extant in 1QIsaa and !L 104 4.2.3.19. Isaiah 11:4 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 104 4.2.3.20. Isaiah 11:5 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 4Q57, and !L 105 4.2.3.21. Summary of Case Study 3 106 4.2.4. Case Study 4: Isaiah 13:1–9 107 4.2.4.1. Isaiah 13:1 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q59, and !L 107 4.2.4.2. Isaiah 13:2 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q59, and !L 108 4.2.4.3. Isaiah 13:3 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q59, and !L 108 4.2.4.4. Isaiah 13:4 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q56, 4Q59, and !L 109 4.2.4.5. Isaiah 13:5 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q56, and !L 109 4.2.4.6. Isaiah 13:6 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q56, and !L 110 4.2.4.7. Isaiah 13:7 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q56, and !L 110 4.2.4.8. Isaiah 13:8 as Extant in 1QIsaa, 1Q8, 4Q55, 4Q56, and !L 110 4.2.4.9. Summary of Case Study 4 110 4.3. Summary and Conclusion of Case Studies 111 Chapter 5: Conclusion 112 5.0. Summary and Affirmation of the Hypothesis of Syntactical Change 112 5.1. Affirmation of Hypothesis: Syntactical Change Accounts for Some Textual Variances 113 5.2. Integrating Historical Linguistics into Theories of Textual Transmission 114 5.3. A Benefit of the Historical Linguistic Methodology 118 Appendix A: Index of Extant Isaiah Scrolls 119 Bibliography 126 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGLA AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907. BHK Biblia Hebraica BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia BH Biblical Hebrew BHQ Biblia Hebraica Quinta BQ Biblia Qumranica BQS The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Edited by Eugene Ulrich. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Burrows M. Burrows, J.C. Trever, and W.H. Brownlee. The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Marks Monastery. Vol 1: The Isaiah Manuscript and the Habakkuk Commentary. 2 vols. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1950. CL Clause (a syntactical constituent in a sentence) CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly comm Common DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DJD 2 P. Benoit, O.P., J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux, Les grottes de Murabbaʿât. DJD 2. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1961. DJD 5 J.M. Allegro with A. A. Anderson, Qumrân Cave 4: I (4Q158–4Q186).
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