gl—y winer—ls @PHHTA RID VTQ±VUU

ƒumm—ry of re™ommend—tions of

nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y

miner—logyX report of the esso™i—tion

sntern—tion—le pour l9itude des ergiles

@es€ieA xomen™l—ture gommittee for

PHHT

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gh—irm—nD es€ie xomen™l—ture gommitteeD hep—rtment of i—rth —nd invironment—l ƒ™ien™esD niversity of sllinois

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@ex offi™ioD €rin™ip—l iditor of gl—y winer—lsAD —t ghi™—goD VRS ‡F „—ylor ƒtFD ghi™—goD sllinois THTHUD ƒeD

hep—rtment of ingineeringD ƒ™hool of ingineering —nd gomputer ƒ™ien™eD niversity of ixeterD r—rrison fuildingD

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xorth €—rk ‚o—dD ixeter iˆR RpD uD @ex offi™ioD iditorEinEghiefD gl—ys —nd gl—y winer—lsAD w—™—ul—y snstituteD

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Á  gentre de ‚e™her™he de l— w—tiere hivisee @g‚whAD x—tion—l gentre of gr—igie˜u™klerD e˜erdeen efIS VrD uD

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   hep—rtment of ƒ™ientifi™ ‚ese—r™hD niversity of yrle—nsD I˜ ‚ue de l— perollerieD RS HUI yrle—ns gedex PD pr—n™eD

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i—rth ƒ™ien™esD niversity of woden—D v—rgoD ƒF iufemi— IWD sERIIHHD woden—D st—lyD qeologi™—l snstitute of the

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WSHHD eve fento qon™Ë—lvesD g—mpus do †—leD ‚ussi—n e™—demy of ƒ™ien™eD U €yzerskii €erD wos™ow tEIUD ‚ussi—D

snstitute of qeos™ien™esD niversity peder—l do ‚io qr—nde do ƒulD €orto elegre E ‚ƒ E fr—zilD gi€ E WISRHEHHHD

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   hep—rtmento de grist—logr—fõ—ywiner—logõ—D p—™ult—d de uõmi™—D niversid—d de ƒevill—D RIHUI ƒevill—D ƒp—inD

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hep—rtment of i—rth —nd €l—net—ry ƒ™ien™eD qr—du—te ƒ™hool of ƒ™ien™eD niversity of „okyoD UEQEI rongoD

IH

gl—y —nd snterf—™e winer—logyD e—™hen niversityD ‡uellnerstr—sse PD hESPHST funkyoEkuD „okyoD t—p—nD —nd

e—™henD qerm—ny

sntern—tion—l pour l9itude des ergiles @gs€ieD frindley et —lF @IWSIA reported the e—rliest efforts to

sntern—tion—l gommittee for the ƒtudy of gl—ysAF o˜t—in intern—tion—l ™oll—˜or—tion on nomen™l—ture

„he es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee h—s worked —nd ™l—ssifi™—tion of ™l—y miner—lsD initi—ted —t the

™losely with other intern—tion—l groupsD in™luding sntern—tion—l ƒoil gongress in emsterd—m in IWSHF

the gommission on xew winer—ls —nd winer—l ƒin™e thenD n—tion—l ™l—y groups were formedD —nd

x—mes @gxwwxA of the sntern—tion—l they proposed v—rious ™h—nges in nomen™l—ture —t

winer—logi™—l esso™i—tion @sweAD whi™h is responE group meetings of the sntern—tion—l gl—y

si˜le for the form—l re™ognition of new miner—ls —nd gonferen™esF wost of the n—tion—l ™l—y groups

miner—l n—mesD —nd the sntern—tion—l nion of h—ve represent—tion on the xomen™l—ture

gryst—llogr—phy @s grAD whi™h ™onsidered extenE gommittee of the esso™i—tion sntern—tion—le pour

sions to the nomen™l—ture of disorderedD modul—ted l9itude des ergiles @es€ieD sntern—tion—l

—nd polytype stru™tures @quinier et —lFDIWVRA esso™i—tion for the ƒtudy of gl—ysAD whi™h w—s

pu˜lished e—rlier ˜y — joint ™ommittee with the est—˜lished in IWTTF „he pre™ursor ™ommittee to the

swe @f—ileyD IWUUAF sn ™ontr—st to the other es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee w—s the

n—tion—l ™l—y groupsD howeverD „he gl—y winer—ls xomen™l—ture ƒu˜™ommittee of the gomiteÂ

ƒo™iety @gwƒA xomen™l—ture gommitteeD whi™h

w—s est—˜lished in IWTQ —t the s—me time —s the

gwƒ —nd pred—tes the es€ie xomen™l—ture B iEm—ilX xt—ldui™Fedu

gommitteeD rem—ins in existen™e —nd o™™—sion—lly hysX IHFIIVHGHHHWVSSHTRIRHPPS

VTR ƒF quggenheim et —lF

te™hnologyD —nd —dv—n™es in ™omputingD h—ve produ™es re™ommend—tionsF „he pre™ursor to this

m—de pro˜lems in nomen™l—ture more tr—™t—˜leF ™ommittee w—s the xomen™l—ture ƒu˜EgommitteeD

fe™—use of the rel—tively l—rge num˜er of whi™h w—s org—nized in IWTI ˜y the @ ƒA x—tion—l

re™ommend—tionsD presented over m—ny ye—rsD — ‚ese—r™h goun™ilF „he gh—ir of the es€ie

summ—ry do™ument would ˜e usefulF „he purpose xomen™l—ture gommittee is — st—nding mem˜er of

of the present report is to summ—rize ˜y ™—tegory the gwƒ xomen™l—ture gommittee so th—t the

—nd to ™omment on these re™ommend—tionsD ™ommittees —re in ™lose ™ont—™tF

espe™i—lly for the e—rlier reports in light of new „he purpose of the es€ie xomen™l—ture

progressF sn some ™—sesD the re™ommend—tions —re gommittee h—s ˜een to m—ke gener—l —nd spe™ifi™

not only v—lidD ˜ut —lso su™™in™tly writtenD —nd there re™ommend—tions ™on™erningX @IA definitions of

is no re—son to rephr—se the re™ommend—tion@sAF miner—logi™—l —nd ™ryst—llogr—phi™ ™l—yErel—ted

„husD some portions of the present report —re termsY @PA ™l—ssifi™—tion —nd terminology of ™l—ysD

reprinted from the origin—lsF yther portions h—ve ™l—y miner—ls —nd rel—ted termsY @QA st—nd—rdiz—tion

˜een reEworked from the origin—l —nd m—y in™lude of stru™tur—l —nd des™riptive termsY @RA the est—˜lishE

inform—tion th—t w—s not m—de —v—il—˜le previouslyD ment of pro™eduresG™riteri— for determining spe™iesY

from unpu˜lished intern—l ™ommittee p—persF @SA the emph—sis @or reEemph—sisA of the proper use

‡henever possi˜leD ™urrent us—ge is givenD —lthough of termsY —nd @SA —ny —ddition—l —spe™ts rel—ting to

the origin—l ™it—tion m—y not h—ve followed su™h nomen™l—tureF epproxim—tely IP pu˜lished reports

us—geF ƒome reports h—ve typesetting errors th—t h—ve ˜een presented sin™e the IWSHsF roweverD —n

m—y h—ve ™h—nged the me—nings of some —spe™t of —ddition—l IP unpu˜lished reports h—ve ˜een

the reportD —nd these h—ve —lso ˜een ™orre™ted —r™hivedD —nd m—ny ™ommittee p—pers h—ve ˜een

@unless the item is within quot—tionsD —lthough these written ˜y guest mem˜ers —sked to join the

—re minor —nd do not signifi™—ntly ™h—nge the ™ommittee to help resolve — spe™ifi™ issue or ˜y

me—ningAF pin—llyD in some ™—sesD prim—rily in the ™ommittee mem˜ers to help le—d the dis™ussion of —

more re™ent reports th—t —re more re—dily —v—il—˜leD spe™ifi™ topi™F elthough the l—tter p—pers h—ve not

the r—tion—le —ndGor histori™—l ˜—™kground for the ˜een pu˜lishedD m—ny illumin—te the r—tion—le

re™ommend—tions h—ve ˜een limited or omittedF ˜ehind re™ommend—tionsF sn —dditionD they m—y

„his p—per —lso in™ludes relev—nt terminology from —lso show insight in —re—s still in need of —ddition—l

nonEes€ie reportsF rese—r™hF sn gener—lD the gommittee is not expe™ted

to provide rese—r™h to re—™h — re™ommend—tionF

snste—dD where suffi™ient d—t— —re un—v—il—˜leD the

‚igywwixhe„syxƒ gommittee m—y @or m—y notA note the insuffi™ien™y

—nd postpone —ny further ™ommentF „husD extensive hefinitions —nd terminology for miner—lsD

™ommittee p—pers m—y h—ve ˜een writtenD only to phyllosili™—tesD ™l—ys —nd ™l—y miner—ls

™on™lude th—t ™omment should ˜e deferredF

gl—ys —re fineEgr—ined —nd —re gener—lly impureD „he gxwwx @xi™kelD IWWSA defined the term

—nd ™l—y miner—ls h—ve v—ri—˜le degrees of –miner—l9 —s follows in gener—l termsX ––—miner—lis

perfe™tionF „hereforeD ™l—y miner—ls represent — —n element or ™hemi™—l ™ompound th—t is norm—lly

group of miner—ls th—t pose spe™i—l pro˜lems in ™ryst—lline —nd th—t h—s ˜een formed —s — result of

identifi™—tion —nd det—iled ™h—r—™teriz—tionF fe™—use geologi™—l pro™esses99F –gryst—lline9 is ™onsidered to

of these pro˜lemsD nomen™l—ture issues —re more ˜e — m—teri—l with suffi™ient —tomi™ ordering su™h

numerous th—n in most other miner—l groupsF th—t — @ˆEr—yD ele™tronD neutronD et™FA diffr—™tion

elthough the gener—l ™ryst—l stru™tures of the p—ttern ™ont—ining well defined m—xim— ™—n ˜e

phyllosili™—tes were dedu™ed ˜y IWQH @€—ulingD indexed using willer indi™esF e miner—l forms ˜y —

IWQHAD it w—s not until the period from the IWSHs to n—tur—lly o™™urring pro™ess @eFgF –geologi™—l9

the IWUHs th—t det—ils in stru™ture st—rted to ˜e™ome pro™essAY ph—ses formed ˜y the inter—™tion of

—v—il—˜le ˜y using ˆEr—y diffr—™tion te™hniquesF individu—ls @even if outdoors under ™onditions not

ƒin™e the IWUHsD the revolution in new or more fully ™ontrolled ˜y the individu—lA —re not miner—lsF

refined ™urrent te™hniquesD su™h —s spe™tros™opy xi™kel @IWWSA dis™ussed ex™eptions to the requireE

@eFgF infr—redD ‚—m—nD woÈss˜—uerAD new opti™—l —nd mentsD su™h —s the equiv—len™e of extr—terrestri—l —nd

diffr—™tion equipment @eFgF tr—nsmission ele™tron –geologi™—l9 pro™essesD met—mi™t @nonE™ryst—llineA

mi™ros™opyD syn™hrotronAD nu™le—r —nd isotope miner—lsD mer™ury @— liquid miner—lAD —nd othersF

‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT VTS

„he term –™ryst—lline9 is dis™ussed further ˜elow —s it

rel—tes to ™l—y miner—ls —nd rem—ins ™onsistent to the

gxwwx nomen™l—tureF

„o des™ri˜e ˜etter the ™hemi™—l v—ri—tion of

miner—lsD the gxwwx h—d previously —pproved the

use of ƒ™h—llerEtype —dje™tivesD su™h —s ferro—n @for

PC QC

pe A or ferri—n @for pe A —nd other terms th—t end

in Eo—n —nd Ei—nF „hese modifiersD howeverD were

found to ˜e in—dequ—te ˜y most miner—logistsF

f—yliss et —lF @PHHSA reported th—t gxwwx now

re™ommends the use of ™hemi™—lEelement sym˜ols

or the n—me of the ™hemi™—l element together with

the des™riptive term —s —n —dje™tiv—l modifierD eFgF

PC

wgEri™hD pe EpoorD x—Eex™h—ngedD r yEs—tur—tedD P

et™F to des™ri˜e ™hemi™—l ™ompositionsF Á struttur—le

por phyllosili™—tesD the gwƒ xomen™l—ture

gommittee @frindley et —lFD IWTVA —nd the es€ie

xomen™l—ture gommittee @frindley 8 €edroD IWUPA

—greed th—t the terms ––pl—nes99D ––sheet99 —nd ––l—yer99

™—nnot ˜e used inter™h—nge—˜ly —nd th—t they refer to

spe™ifi™ p—rts of the stru™tureD with —tomi™ —rr—ngeE

ments th—t in™re—se in thi™knessF „husD — –pl—ne9 of

one or more types of —toms @eFgF — pl—ne of ƒi —nd el —tomsD — pl—ne of ˜—s—l oxygen —tomsA ™—n o™™urY

Âmin— o estr—to p—™™hetto — –tetr—hedr—l sheet9 or —n –o™t—hedr—l sheet9 is

™omposed of ––™ontinuous twoEdimension—l ™ornerE

sh—ring tetr—hedr— involving three ™orners —nd the

fourth ™orner pointing in —ny dire™tion99 or edgeE

sh—ring o™t—hedr—D respe™tivelyY —nd — –l—yer9

™ont—ins one or more tetr—hedr—l sheets —nd —n

o™t—hedr—l sheet @„—˜le IAF „he tetr—hedr—l sheet h—s

QC

— ™omposition of „ y @„ a ƒiD elD pe D feD fFFFAF P S

„here —re two types of l—yersD depending on the

r—tios of the ™omponent sheetsX — –IXI l—yer9 h—s one

tetr—hedr—l sheet —nd one o™t—hedr—l sheetD where—s —

–PXI l—yer9 h—s —n o™t—hedr—l sheet ˜etween two

opposing tetr—hedr—l sheetsF –snterl—yer m—teri—l9 sep—r—tes the l—yers —nd gener—lly m—y ™onsist of

 stru™tur—le ƒtruktur iinheit unid—d estru™tur—l unit— ™—tionsD hydr—ted ™—tionsD org—ni™ m—teri—lD hydroE

xide o™t—hedr—D —ndGor hydroxide o™t—hedr—l sheetsF

sn ™ert—in ™—ses @eFgF t—l™D pyrophylliteAD there is no

interl—yer m—teri—lD —nd thus —n empty interl—yer IF ƒtru™tur—l terms of referen™e —nd their equiv—lents in different l—ngu—ges @modified from f—ileyD IWVWAF sep—r—tes the l—yersF e –unit stru™ture9 is the tot—l

efvi

—ssem˜ly —nd in™ludes the l—yer —nd interl—yer „

m—teri—lF „husD it is in—ppropri—te to refer to —

–tetr—hedr—l l—yer9 or —n –o™t—hedr—l l—yer9D —lthough

these in™orre™t terms —re ™ommonly found in the inglishpl—ne pren™h pl—n qerm—n i˜ene ƒp—nish pl—no st—li—n pi—no ‚ussi—n sheetl—yerinterl—yerunit stru™ture ™ou™he feuillet interfoli—ire unite wis™hens™hi™ht ƒ™hi™ht ƒ™hi™htp—ket interl—min—r l— ™—p— interstr—to str—to

liter—ture even tod—yF yther terms th—t —re not

suit—˜le for us—ge in™lude — –t—l™ l—yer9 —nd

–˜ru™ite sheet9D ˜oth ˜e™—use the miner—ls t—l™ —nd

˜ru™ite do not —llow for suit—˜le su˜stitutions th—t —re found in m—ny phyllosili™—tes @espe™i—lly

VTT ƒF quggenheim et —lF

quggenheim et —lF @IWWUA for ™ommer™i—l n—mes ™omponents of the ™hlorite stru™ture where el is —

—nd syntheti™ m—teri—l @see ˜elowAF hifferent ™ommon ™onstituentA —nd ˜e™—use it is in—ppropri—te

dis™iplines h—ve uniquely defined the size of ™l—y to ™on™eive of — –miner—l9 —s ˜eing p—rt of the

p—rti™lesD —nd it is for this re—son th—t –fine gr—ined9 stru™ture of —nother miner—lF eltern—tiveD —nd properD

is used in the definition r—ther th—n — pre™ise v—lueF terms to use —re –PXI l—yer9 inste—d of –t—l™ l—yer9

roweverD ˜e™—use of these size v—ri—tions from —nd –interl—yer sheet9 or –hydroxide sheet9 inste—d of

dis™ipline to dis™iplineD it is import—nt th—t the –˜ru™ite sheet9F sn the ide—l ™—seD the sm—llest

p—rti™le size ˜e spe™ified in the ™ontext of the stru™tur—l unit ™ont—ins three o™t—hedr—F sf two su™h

—ppli™—tionF –€l—sti™ity9 is defined ˜y qrim @IWTVD pF sites —re o™™upied with ™—tions —nd one site is

IA —s — property where m—teri—l deforms under v—™—ntD then the o™t—hedr—l sheet is ™onsidered

—pplied pressureD with the deformed sh—pe –dio™t—hedr—l9F sf —ll three sites —re o™™upiedD the

rem—ining when the deforming for™e is removedF sheet is ™onsidered –trio™t—hedr—l9F sf the dio™t—hedr—l

„he term –™l—y miner—l9 refers to ––phyllosili™—te or trio™t—hedr—l —spe™ts —re ˜eing emph—sized —nd —n

miner—ls —nd to miner—ls whi™h imp—rt pl—sti™ity to —ltern—tive term is desiredD su™h terms m—y ˜e

™l—y —nd whi™h h—rden upon drying or firing99F „his –˜ru™iteElike9 or –˜ru™iti™9 @trio™t—hedr—lA —nd –gi˜˜E

definition exp—nds the previous definition of siteElike9 or –gi˜˜siti™9 @dio™t—hedr—lAF

frindley 8 €edro @IWUPA ˜y rel—ting ™l—y miner—ls „he f—mily of phyllosili™—te miner—ls @frindley 8

to the properties of ™l—ysF roweverD ™l—y miner—ls €edroD IWUPA is ˜—sed on the sili™—te p—rts of the

—re not defined — priori —s fineEgr—ined ˜e™—use stru™tureD —lthough previous to IWUP the n—ture of

™l—ys —re fineEgr—inedD ˜ut r—ther they m—y ˜e of interl—yer ˜onding —nd ™ert—in result—nt physi™—l

—ny ™ryst—llite size so th—t the term –™l—y miner—l9 is properties were p—rt of the definitionF „he definition

™onsistent with the definition of –miner—l9D whi™h is presented ˜y frindley 8 €edro @IWUPA equ—ted –™l—y

unrel—ted to ™ryst—llite sizeF gle—rlyD —lthough the miner—ls9 with –phyllosili™—tes9 @see —ddition—l

sm—ll p—rti™le size —nd high surf—™e —re— of ™l—ys ™omments ˜elowA —nd w—s given —s ––gl—y miner—ls

™ontri˜ute to their unique properties —nd —re very ˜elong to the f—mily of phyllosili™—tes —nd ™ont—in

import—nt @quggenheim 8 w—rtinD IWWTAD the ™ontinuous twoEdimension—l tetr—hedr—l sheets of

p—rti™leEsize issue h—s ˜een sep—r—ted from the ™omposition „ y @„ a ƒiD elD feFFFA with tetr—hedr— P S

™l—yEminer—l definitionF –enioni™ ™l—ys9D where linked ˜y sh—ring three ™orners of e—™hD —nd with —

there is — positive l—yer ™h—rge —nd link—ge of the fourth ™orner pointing in —ny dire™tionF „he

l—yers vi— —nioni™ @neg—tiveA interl—yersD h—ve not tetr—hedr—l sheets —re linked in the unit stru™ture

˜een ™onsidered ˜y the es€ie xomen™l—ture to o™t—hedr—l sheetsD or to groups of ™oordin—ted

gommitteeD —nd —re not ™onsidered further hereF ™—tionsD or individu—l ™—tionsF99 elthough ™ontinuous

yther stru™tur—l terms previously dis™ussed tetr—hedr—l sheets often form sixEfold ringsD other

in™lude the use —nd misuse of –l—tti™e9 —nd ring ™onfigur—tions —re ™onsidered p—rt of the

–stru™ture9 @frindley 8 €edroD IWUTAF por three phyllosili™—te f—milyF

dimensionsD the term –l—tti™e9 is simply — ™olle™tion quggenheim 8 w—rtin @IWWSA defined the term

of equiv—lent points whi™h —re distri˜uted periodiE –™l—y9 —nd sep—r—ted the terms –™l—y miner—ls9 from

™—lly in sp—™eD —nd this term ™ommonly refers to –phyllosili™—tes9D —nd quggenheim 8 w—rtin @IWWTA

fr—v—is l—tti™esF sn ™ontr—stD — –stru™ture9 refers to further expl—ined the r—tion—le ˜ehind the definiE

the —™™epted —tomi™D ioni™ —nd mole™ul—r —rr—ngeE tions of these termsF „he term –™l—y9 refers to ––—

ment of —toms of — m—teri—lF „he term –l—yer l—tti™e9 n—tur—lly o™™urring m—teri—l ™omposed prim—rily of

is in™orre™t —nd should not ˜e usedF v—yer stru™ture fineEgr—ined miner—lsD whi™h is gener—lly pl—sti™ —t

—nd l—yer sili™—te —re —™™ept—˜le termsF „he term —ppropri—te w—ter ™ontents —nd will h—rden when

–l—yered stru™ture9 should not ˜e used in pl—™e of dried or firedF elthough ™l—y usu—lly ™ont—ins

–l—yer stru™ture9F phyllosili™—tesD it m—y ™ont—in other m—teri—ls th—t

imp—rt pl—sti™ity —nd h—rden when dried or firedF

esso™i—ted ph—ses in ™l—y m—y in™lude m—teri—ls

€olymorphism —nd polytypism th—t do not imp—rt pl—sti™ity —nd org—ni™ m—tterF99

elthough the –n—tur—lly o™™urring9 requirement of „he sweEs gr toint gommittee on

™l—y ex™ludes syntheti™sD it is permissi˜le to refer to xomen™l—ture @f—ileyD IWUUA re™ommended the

— m—nEm—de m—teri—l of simil—r ™h—r—™ter —s definitions of some terms th—t —re of spe™i—l interest

–syntheti™ ™l—y9 following the re—soning of to ™l—y s™ientistsD —nd these terms were —pproved

‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT VTU

phyllosili™—tes @w—rtin et —lFD IWWIAD k—olinEserpenE —lso ˜y the es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee

tine group —nd k—olin su˜group @previously k—olinE @f—ileyD IWVHAF –€olytypism9 is defined —s ––the

iteEserpentine group —nd k—olinite su˜groupY existen™e of —n element or ™ompound in two or

quggenheim et —lFD IWWUAD —nd regul—r interstr—tifiE more l—yerElike ™ryst—l stru™tures th—t differ in

™—tions of different l—yer types @this reportAF l—yerEst—™king sequen™esF €olytypism differs from

„—˜le PD modified from w—rtin et —lF @IWWIAD polymorphism @in the present —nd stri™t definition

gives the revised ™l—ssifi™—tion s™heme for pl—n—r of the l—tter termA in permitting sm—ll differen™es in

hydrous phyllosili™—te stru™turesF „hese phyllosiliE ™hemi™—l ™omposition ˜etween stru™turesD not to

™—tes —re divided ˜y l—yer typeD —nd within l—yer ex™eed HFPS —toms per formul— unit @pFfFuFA of —ny

typeD ˜y groups ˜—sed on ™h—rge pFfFuFD further ™onstituent elementF v—yer stru™tures th—t differ

su˜divisions ˜y su˜groups ˜—sed on dio™t—hedr—l or from one —nother ˜y more th—n this —mount —re to

trio™t—hedr—l ™h—r—™terD —nd fin—lly ˜y spe™ies ˜—sed ˜e ™—lled polytypoids r—ther th—n polytypesF99

on ™hemi™—l ™ompositionF „he ™l—ssifi™—tion s™heme –€olymorphism9 is the —˜ility of — given element

is ˜—sed on det—ils of stru™tureD —nd it —lso or ™ompound to ™ryst—llize in more th—n one formD

™orresponds to — su™™ession of st—ges of refinement with e—™h form h—ving — distin™t ™ryst—l stru™tureF

in identifi™—tionF „he ™h—rge pFfFuFD xD is the net ––sn gener—lD polytypes should not re™eive individu—l

neg—tive ™h—rge per l—yerD expressed —s — positive miner—l n—mesF snste—dD — set of rel—ted polytypes

num˜erY thusD — ˜rittle mi™— will h—ve — l—yer ™h—rge should ˜e design—ted ˜y — single n—me followed ˜y

of ˜etween ~ÿIFV —nd ÿPFHD whi™h is given in — stru™tur—l sym˜ol suffix th—t defines the l—yer

„—˜le P —s ~IFVÿPFHF „he net neg—tive l—yer ™h—rge st—™king differen™esF99 ‚—msdellEstyle not—tion

is ˜—l—n™ed ˜y the positively ™h—rged interl—yer @quinier et —lFD IWVRA is ™ommonly in use for

m—teri—lF „he ™l—ssifi™—tion s™heme depi™ted in phyllosili™—tesD with the num˜er of l—yers given —s —

„—˜le P should ˜e independent of the method of first p—rt of the suffixD followed ˜y — ™—pit—l letterD

™h—r—™teriz—tionD ˜ut net l—yer ™h—rge is diffi™ult to in it—li™sD to indi™—te the ™ryst—l system of the

determine dire™tly —nd ™l—y s™ientists use — ph—seX g @a ™u˜i™AD r @a hex—gon—lAD „ @a trigon—l

phenomenologi™—l —ppro—™h @w—rtin et —lFD IWWID with hex—gon—l fr—v—is l—tti™eAD ‚ @a trigon—l with

pF QQRA to dis™rimin—te ˜etween sme™tite @defined rhom˜ohedr—l fr—v—is l—tti™eAD  @a qu—dr—ti™ or

with — l—yer ™h—rge ˜etween ÿHFP —nd ÿHFT pFfFuFD tetr—gon—lAD y @a orthorhom˜i™AD w @a mono™lini™AD

frindley 8 €edroD IWUTA —nd vermi™ulite @defined —nd e @a —northi™ or tri™lini™AF ––€olytype miner—l

with — l—yer ™h—rge of EHFT to EHFW pFfFuFAF „he term n—mes —lre—dy in existen™e th—t h—ve intern—tion—l

–sme™tite9 @frindley 8 €edroD IWUTA is now in —™™ept—n™e —nd serve — useful fun™tion need not ˜e

™ommon us—ge r—ther th—n the old term –montE dis™—rdedF he™ision on the retention of individu—l

morilloniteEs—ponite9 for the group n—meF n—mes should ˜e the responsi˜ility of the swe

wodifi™—tions to „—˜le P in™lude ™h—nges to the gommission on xew winer—ls —nd winer—l

mi™— l—yer ™h—rge ˜—sed on ‚ieder et —lF @IWWVAF x—mes99F purthermoreD it w—s re™ommended th—t

€reviously suggested n—mes for k—olin —nd serpenE ––ˆD ‰D D or ‘IHH“D ‘HIH“D ‘HHI“ ˜e used for

tine miner—lsD –k—ndite9 —nd –septe™hlorite9 respe™E dire™tions of ™ryst—llogr—phi™ —xes —nd —D ˜D ™ for

tivelyD h—ve not ˜een —pproved ˜y the es€ie the repe—t dist—n™es —long these —xesF99

xomen™l—ture gommittee —nd should not ˜e used

@f—ileyD IWVHAF

gl—ssifi™—tion

i—rly nomen™l—ture ™ommittee @gs€ie

xomen™l—ture gommitteeD IWTQY frindleyD IWTUY „he first gener—l ™l—ssifi™—tion s™heme for the

f—iley et —lFD IWUI—A re™ommend—tions noted th—t phyllosili™—tes w—s proposed —fter existing s™hemes

k—oliniteD n—™rite —nd di™kite h—ve IXI l—yers with were ™onsideredD symposi— were heldD —nd polls of

™lose simil—rities in stru™tureF hifferen™es —re intern—tion—l ™l—y s™ientists were t—ken in the IWTHs

prim—rily rel—ted to the lo™—tion of the v—™—nt site @eFgF frindleyD IWTUAF „his s™heme w—s su˜seE

from l—yer to l—yer —nd l—yer st—™kingD —nd thus they quently upd—tedD most import—ntly with the

—re polytypesY they should ˜e design—ted ˜y — single following —d—pt—tionsX PXI l—yer @C o™t—hedr—l

n—me @eFgF k—oliniteA followed ˜y — stru™tur—l interl—yerA for the ™hlorite l—yer type @previously

sym˜ol suffix th—t defines the l—yerEst—™king PXIXI l—yer or PXP l—yerY frindley 8 €edroD IWUPAD

sequen™eF „hese e—rlier reportsD howeverD left open sme™tite @previously montmorilloniteEs—poniteY

the question of the ex—™t n—ture of the st—™kingE frindley 8 €edroD IWUTAD nonEpl—n—r hydrous

VTV ƒF quggenheim et —lF

„efvi PF gl—ssifi™—tion of pl—n—r hydrous phyllosili™—tesF

I P

v—yer snterl—yer m—teri—l qroup y™t—hedr—l ƒpe™ies

type ™h—r—™ter

IXI xone or r y only ƒerpentineEk—olin „rio™t—hedr—l viz—rditeD ˜erthierineD —mesiteD ™ronstedtiteD P

@x 8 HA nepouiteD kellyiteD fr—ipontiteD ˜rindleyite

hio™t—hedr—l u—oliniteD di™kiteD n—™riteD h—lloysite @pl—n—rA

hiDtrio™t—hedr—l ydinite

ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

PXI xone @x 8 HA „—l™Epyrophyllite „rio™t—hedr—l „—l™D willemseiteD keroliteD pimelite

hio™t—hedr—l €yrophylliteD ferripyrophyllite

rydr—ted ex™h—nge—˜le ƒme™tite „rio™t—hedr—l ƒ—poniteD he™toriteD s—u™oniteD stevensiteD

™—tions @x 8 HFPÿHFTA swinefordite

hio™t—hedr—l wontmorilloniteD ˜eidelliteD nontroniteD

volkonskoite

rydr—ted ex™h—nge—˜le †ermi™ulite „rio™t—hedr—l „rio™t—hedr—l vermi™ulite

™—tions @x 8 HFTÿHFWA hio™t—hedr—l hio™t—hedr—l vermi™ulite

xonEhydr—ted „rue @flexi˜leA „rio™t—hedr—l enniteD phlogopiteD lepidoliteD —spidolite

monov—lent ™—tionsD mi™— hio™t—hedr—l wus™oviteD ™el—doniteD p—r—gonite

@SSH7 monov—lentD

x 8 HFVSÿIFH

for dio™t—hedr—lA

xonEhydr—ted monoE or snterl—yerEdefi™ient „rio™t—hedr—l slliteD gl—u™oniteD ˜r—mm—llite

Q

div—lent ™—tions mi™— hio™t—hedr—l ‡onesite

@x 8 HFTÿHFVSA

xonEhydr—ted div—lent frittle mi™— „rio™t—hedr—l glintoniteD kinoshit—liteD ˜ityiteD —n—ndite

™—tionsD hio™t—hedr—l w—rg—riteD ™hernykhite

@SSH7 div—lentD

x 8 IFVÿPFHA

rydroxide sheet ghlorite „rio™t—hedr—l glino™hloreD ™h—mositeD penn—ntiteD nimiteD

@x a v—ri—˜leA ˜—iley™hlore

hio™t—hedr—l hon˜—ssite

hiDtrio™t—hedr—l gookeiteD sudoite

„riDdio™t—hedr—l none

ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

PXI ‚egul—rly interstr—tified †—ri—˜le „rio™t—hedr—l gorrensiteD —liettiteD hydro˜iotiteD kulkeite

@x a v—ri—˜leA hio™t—hedr—l ‚e™toriteD tosuditeD ˜rinro˜ertsite

IXID PXI „rio™t—hedr—l hozyite

I

x is net l—yer ™h—rge pFfFuFD given —s — positive num˜er

P

not —n exh—ustive list of spe™ies

Q

net l—yer ™h—rge m—y ˜e `HFTD ˜ut this is —n ex™eption

resolution in how ˜est to des™ri˜e ˜oth —spe™ts sequen™e sym˜ols pending further studyF yne issue

simply @within the ™ontext th—t — polytype is in these e—rlier reports involved the ™orre™t st—™king

™omposed of l—yers of ne—r identi™—l ™omposition sequen™e for e—™h of the three formsF en —ddition—l

—nd only — single n—me should ˜e design—tedAD the issue w—s th—t for ™omplete stru™ture ™h—r—™teriz—E

n—mes k—oliniteD n—™rite —nd di™kite h—ve ˜e™ome tionD ˜oth the v—™—ntEsite position in the IXI l—yer

well est—˜lished in the liter—tureF „his issue w—s —nd the interl—yer shifts ˜etween the l—yer must ˜e

resolved when the es€ie xomen™l—ture determinedD —nd — st—™king sym˜ol —lone is not

gommittee @quggenheim et —lFD IWWUA re™omE suffi™ient to des™ri˜e ˜oth —spe™tsF ‡ithout —

‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT VTW

should ˜e used for the trio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite mended th—t –k—olinite9D –n—™rite9D —nd –di™kite9 ˜e

su˜groupF xote th—t tetr—hedr—l ™ompositions —nd ret—ined —s miner—l n—mesF snterestinglyD tr—nsmisE

triv—lent o™t—hedr—l ™—tions —re not relev—nt to these sion ele™tron mi™ros™opy @„iwA studies @eFgF ˜y

s™hemesD —nd th—t p—rtitioning of ™—tions ˜etween uogure 8 snoueD PHHS—D˜A h—ve ˜etter des™ri˜ed

the interl—yer —nd PXI is not ™onsideredF edje™tiv—l st—™king defe™ts in the k—olin miner—lsD —nd this

PC

modifiersD su™h —s pe work implies th—t st—™king sym˜ols —sso™i—ted with Eri™h ™lino™hloreD m—y ˜e

e—™h of the k—olin miner—ls @iFeF k—oliniteD n—™rite used to ™l—rify v—ri—tions in ™hemi™—l ™omposition

—nd di™kiteA would ˜e useful to define l—yerEtoEl—yer @see —˜ove for other ex—mplesAF

st—™king —nd v—™—n™y ordering in the l—yerF ix™ept for diDtrio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite @sudoiteX viE

frindley 8 €edro @IWUTA reported th—t the poorD elE —nd wgEri™hY ™ookeiteX viEri™hD elEri™hA

es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee re™ommended —nd dio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite @don˜—ssiteX prim—rily elAD

Ê Ê the use of h—lloysite@U eA —nd h—lloysite@IH eAto el ™ontent is not —n import—nt p—rt of the ™hlorite

des™ri˜e the @pl—n—rA forms of h—lloysite with ™l—ssifi™—tion s™hemeF ix—min—tion of ™hemi™—lE

differing —mounts of r ™omposition trends of the trio™t—hedr—l ™hlorites y ˜etween the IXI l—yersD P

from met—morphi™ environments @quidotti 8 —nd th—t the term –endellite9 w—s to ˜e dis™—rdedF

quggenheimD unpu˜lished intern—l es€ie fe™—use the ™hlorite group h—s two o™t—hedr—l

xomen™l—ture gommittee reportD PHHPA showed sheetsD one in the PXI l—yer —nd one —s the interl—yer

th—t the use of el —s — distinguishing element is sheetD the group ™—n ˜e su˜divided stru™tur—lly

not p—rti™ul—rly —dv—nt—geousD —nd there is no ˜—sed on the type of sheets @dio™t—hedr—l vsF

—pp—rent re—son to design—te spe™ies ˜—sed on el trio™t—hedr—lA th—t o™™urF pour possi˜le su˜groups

™ontentF ‡here —ppropri—teD howeverD the use of @„—˜le PA m—y ˜e definedX –dio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite9

–elEri™h9 —s —n —dje™tiv—l modifier is en™our—gedF h—s dio™t—hedr—l sheets only @eFgF don˜—ssiteA —nd

hio™t—hedr—l sme™tite spe™ies —re n—med –trio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite9 h—s trio™t—hedr—l sheets onlyD

—™™ording to the domin—nt triv—lent o™t—hedr—l —nd this is the ™ommon form of ™hloriteF „he

™—tion present @es€ie xomen™l—ture gommitteeD terminology for the rem—ining two forms is to give

IWVSD —s reported ˜y f—ileyD IWVWAF sf — monov—lent the ™h—r—™ter of the o™t—hedr—l sheet of the PXI l—yer

or div—lent o™t—hedr—l ™—tion is domin—nt over the firstD followed ˜y the interl—yerF „husD –diDtrio™t—heE

triv—lent ™—tionD —s is possi˜le in — dio™t—hedr—l dr—l ™hlorite9 h—s — dio™t—hedr—l PXI l—yer —nd —

stru™tureD — new spe™ies n—me should ˜e —voided trio™t—hedr—l interl—yer @eFgF ™ookeiteAF „here —re no

unless the domin—nt ™—tion is unusu—lD eFgF guF known –triDdio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite9 stru™turesD

ytherwiseD —n —dje™tiv—l modifier should ˜e usedF —lthough f—iley @IWVVA h—s suggested th—t fr—nklinE

hifferen™es in the num˜er of r furn—™eiteD whi™h h—s g— ˜etween the PXI l—yer —nd y pl—nes in the P

the interl—yer —nd thus is not — true ™hloriteD would interl—yer —nd in st—™king sequen™es upon dehydr—E

f—ll into this su˜group if the g— is not ™onsideredF tion —re not justifi™—tion for new spe™iesF

pollowing this —rgumentD gl—golevite @urivovi™hev „—˜le P —lso shows the gener—l sep—r—tion

et —lFD PHHRAD whi™h h—s x— ˜etween the PXI l—yer ˜etween the true mi™—s —nd the ˜rittle mi™—sF „he

—nd the interl—yer —nd thus is —lso not — true det—iled ™l—ssifi™—tion of the mi™— group h—s ˜een

™hloriteD would ˜e ™onsidered — trio™t—hedr—l ™onsidered ˜y ‚ieder et —lF @IWWVA —nd is not

™hlorite if the x— is not ™onsideredF €revious summ—rized hereF

nomen™l—ture s™hemes @eFgF posterD IWTPA for the „—˜le Q shows the ™l—ssifi™—tion s™heme for

trio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite su˜group were very ™omplex modul—tedGnonEpl—n—r spe™ies presented ˜y w—rtin

—nd ™onsisted of — miner—l n—me for e—™h v—ri—nt in et —lF @IWWIAD whi™h is ˜—sed on — s™heme for

™hemi™—l ™onstituentD ˜ut this ™hemi™—l ™l—ssifi™—E modul—ted phyllosili™—tes given ˜y quggenheim 8

tion s™heme w—s dropped @unpu˜lished reportD IWUV iggleton @IWVVAF „hese miner—ls gener—lly h—ve

yxford meetingD es€ie xomen™l—ture gommitteeY ™lose simil—rities to tr—dition—l phyllosili™—tes

f—iley et —lFD IWUWA in f—vour of the suggestion ˜y @„—˜le PAD ˜ut h—ve inverted tetr—hedr— th—t link

f—yliss @IWUSA th—t n—mes should ˜e ˜—sed on the —dj—™ent l—yersF „husD these miner—ls h—ve —n

domin—nt div—lent o™t—hedr—l ™—tionX wgD ™linoE —pproxim—te IXI or PXI l—yerD —lthough the inverted

PC PC

™hloreY pe tetr—hedr— gener—lly produ™e ™h—ins @iFeF strips or D ™h—mositeY xiD nimiteY wn D penn—nE

ri˜˜onsA or isl—ndElike regions there˜y produ™ing — titeY nD ˜—iley™hlore with endEmem˜er formul—e of

PC PC

more threeEdimension—l ™h—r—™terF sn —ddition to elA@ƒi elAy @yrA D where ‚ is the domin—nt @‚ Q IH V S

inversions of tetr—hedr—l unitsD the o™t—hedr—l sheet div—lent o™t—hedr—l ™—tionF xo other spe™ies n—mes

VUH ƒF quggenheim et —lF ferropyrosm—liteD friedeliteD megilliteD s™h—lleriteD nelenite ferrostilpnomel—neD ferristilpnomel—neD lennilen—peite ƒerpentine entigoriteD ˜ementite „—l™ winnesot—ite xone f—nnisterite ƒerpentine qreen—liteD ™—ryopiliteD pyrosm—liteDwi™— m—ng—npyrosm—liteD wi™—G™omplex ussm—niteD p—rsettensiteD stilpnomel—neD q—nophylliteD eggletonite €yri˜ole ƒepioliteD loughliniteD f—l™ondoiteD p—lygorskiteD yofortierite ƒerpentineu—olin ghrysotileD pe™or—ite r—lloysite @nonEpl—n—rA ghlorite qonyerite Ê Ê v—lue —ffili—tion IQFR e Ê Ê IPFS e Ê ˜ ÿ Ê ÿ Ê Ê sin IPFS e IR e ÿ ÿ ™ QF gl—ssifi™—tion of nonEpl—n—r hydrous phyllosili™—tesF efvi „ ytheryther IPFQ xone e xone ssl—nds U e ssl—nds WFT hio™t—hedr—l y™t—hedr—l sheet ƒtrips IPFU PXI l—yer „etr—hedr—l sheet ƒtrips WFS e wodul—ted stru™tures IXI l—yer „etr—hedr—l sheet ƒtrips U e v—yertype wodul—ted ™omponent vink—ge ™onfigur—tion nit l—yerD „r—dition—l ƒpe™ies ‚olled —nd spheroid—lIXI stru™tures l—yer xone „rio™t—hedr—l

VUI ‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT

of more th—n one type of tetr—hedr—l @or o™t—hedr—lA m—y rem—in infinite in twoEdimensions or dis™ontinE

link—geF elthough the term ––hydroE99 is not — uousD —s in the ™—se of sepioliteEp—lygorskiteF „husD

suit—˜le prefix for — ™l—y miner—l n—me @f—ileyD v—ri—tions to the stru™ture m—y —ffe™t the periodi™ity

IWVWAD hydro˜iotite is –gr—ndEf—thered9D h—ving ˜een —long the dire™tion perpendi™ul—r to the ˜—s—l pl—neD

n—med e—rlierF in —ddition to within the @HHIA pl—neF ƒome

stru™tures l—™k longEr—nge periodi™ity ˜e™—use the

stru™tures —re rolledD ™oiled or —pproxim—tely

griteri— for interstr—tifi™—tion nomen™l—ture spheri™—lD —nd it is for this re—son th—t „—˜le Q is

divided into two p—rtsF „he modul—ted phyllosili™—te frindley 8 €edro @IWUPA reported th—t the

™l—ssifi™—tion super™edes —n e—rlier ™on™ept @€edroD es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee @w—dridD IWUPA

IWUHY f—iley et —lFD IWUI—A referred to —s –qu—siE re™ommended th—t miner—l n—mes not ˜e given to

l—yer sili™—tes9F ƒimil—rlyD — ™—tegory of –pseudoE poorly defin—˜le m—teri—lsD whi™h in™ludes nonE

l—yer stru™tures9 w—s —˜—ndoned @frindley 8 €edroD regul—r interstr—tifi™—tionsD –imperfe™t9 stru™tures

IWUPAF @eFgF –deweylite9D –—qu—™reptite9AD —nd nonE™ryst—lE

„—˜le R is — summ—ry of the known spe™ies of line m—teri—lsF epproxim—tely — de™—de l—terD —

regul—r interstr—tifi™—tions of ™l—y miner—lsF griteri— nomen™l—ture for regul—r interstr—tifi™—tions @f—ileyD

for defining the degree of regul—rity of —ltern—tion IWVIA w—s proposedD —nd it w—s reported in IWVR

of different l—yer types @eFgF IXI or PXI l—yersA —re @f—iley et —lFD IWVRA th—t the nomen™l—ture h—d ˜een

given ˜elowF elthough the gxwwx is the —pproved without ™h—nges ˜y the gxwwxF „he

—uthorit—tive ˜ody in determining miner—l n—mesD ™riteri— for n—ming interstr—tifi™—tions —reX

they h—ve gener—lly followed the es€ie re™omE ––@IA x—mes should ˜e restri™ted to regul—r

mend—tions for the ™riteri— in n—ming these interstr—tifi™—tions where the kinds of l—yersD their

miner—lsF „here —re m—ny ex—mples in the liter—ture rel—tive proportionsD ™hemi™—l ™ompositions —nd

of interstr—tifi™—tions th—t do not w—rr—nt miner—l regul—rity of interstr—tifi™—tion h—ve ˜een well

spe™ies ™l—ssifi™—tion ˜e™—use of the l—™k of do™umentedF sn determining the kinds of l—yers

regul—rity in —ltern—tion of l—yer typesD —nd these presentD it is import—nt th—t the swellingEshrinking

—re not dis™ussed furtherF „he term –mixed l—yer9 is ˜eh—viour of e—™h type of l—yer ˜e demonstr—ted

often used inter™h—nge—˜ly with –interstr—tifi™—tion9D rel—tive to w—terD org—ni™ solv—tes —nd he—tF

—lthough –mixed l—yer9 is less pre™ise ˜e™—use it @PA sn order to merit — n—meD —n interstr—tifi™—tion

m—y ˜e inferred th—t individu—l l—yers —re ™omposed of two l—yer types e —nd f should h—ve suffi™ient

„efvi RF ‚egul—rly interstr—tified phyllosili™—tesF

v—yer types qroup —ffili—tion of l—yers y™t—hedr—l ™h—r—™ter ƒpe™ies

snterstr—tifi™—tions of —ltern—ting l—yers in SHESH proportions

IXI none

I

PXI pyrophylliteEsme™tite dio™t—hedr—lEdio™t—hedr—l frinro˜ertsite

t—l™Esme™tite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l eliettite

t—l™E™hlorite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l uulkeite

mi™—Esme™tite dio™t—hedr—lEdio™t—hedr—l ‚e™torite

˜iotiteEvermi™ulite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l rydro˜iotite

™hloriteEsme™tite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l vowE™h—rge ™orrensite

™hloriteEvermi™ulite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l righE™h—rge ™orrensite

P

™hloriteEsme™tite dio™t—hedr—l on —ver—ge „osudite

IXI —nd PXI serpentineE™hlorite trio™t—hedr—lEtrio™t—hedr—l hozyite

I

group —ffili—tions —re given from sm—llest d@HHIA ™omponent in the n—tur—l st—te to the l—rger

P

rigorously defined —s h—ving — tot—l o™t—hedr—l popul—tion ˜etween TFH —nd UFH on the ˜—sis of y @yrA F „husD PH IH

possi˜le ™om˜in—tions —reX diDdio™t—hedr—l ™hloriteEdio™t—hedr—l sme™titeD diDdio™t—hedr—l ™hloriteEtrio™t—hedr—l

sme™titeD diDtrio™t—hedr—l ™hloriteEdio™t—hedr—l sme™titeD —nd triDdio™t—hder—l ™hloriteEdio™t—hedr—l sme™titeF „here —re no known o™™urren™es of triDdio™t—hedr—l ™hloriteF

VUP ƒF quggenheim et —lF

n—tureF x—mes so defined —re —pt to ˜e of more regul—rity of —ltern—tion to give — well defined series

widespre—d —nd pr—™ti™—l us—ge th—n would ˜e the of —t le—st ten HHl summ—tion sp—™ings d a d C d D ef e f

™—se for — more restri™tive definitionF ‡here for whi™h the su˜orders —re integr—l —nd the even —nd

fe—si˜leD howeverD the sme™tite spe™ies m—y ˜e odd su˜orders h—ve ™losely simil—r diffr—™tion

noted ˜y the investig—tor —nd used to ™h—r—™terize — ˜re—dhs @si™AF sf —ny odd HHl su˜orders —re —˜sentD

p—rti™ul—r o™™urren™e in more det—ilF99 ™—l™ul—tions must ˜e given to show th—t their

„he rem—inder of the report g—ve — liter—ture intensities —re too sm—ll to ˜e o˜servedF „he

review of reported interstr—tifi™—tions —nd how the ™oeffi™ient of v—ri—tion g† of the d@HHIA v—lues

™riteri— m—y ˜e —pplied to these n—mesY these should ˜e less th—n HFUS to demonstr—te —dequ—te

interstr—tifi™—tions —re summ—rized in „—˜le RD regul—rity of —ltern—tionF „he ™oeffi™ient of v—ri—tion

whi™h h—s ˜een upd—tedF ƒever—l ™ommentsD is defined —s g† a IHHsGxD where the st—nd—rd Å

P Ý

™l—rifi™—tionsD —nd suggestions m—y ˜e m—de devi—tion for — sm—ll s—mple is s a {ƒ@x ÿ xA G@n ÿ IA} D Å i

™on™erning these ™riteri—F fe™—use the ˜eh—viour x is —n individu—lD o˜served lxd@HHIA v—lueD x is the me—n Å i

of — swelling ™l—y @either sme™tite or vermi™uliteA is of the x v—lues —nd n is the num˜er of o˜served x v—luesF i i

™ommonly —ffe™ted ˜y rel—tive humidityD ex™h—ngeE @QA x—mes should not ˜e used for less regul—r

—˜le ™—tionsD et™FD the rule rel—ting to the ten orders interstr—tifi™—tionsD for spe™imens th—t devi—te from

of ˜—s—l refle™tions m—y ˜e —pplied to either —n the ide—l r—tio of mixing or ™hemistry or for less

untre—ted s—mple —ndGor — s—mple tre—ted ˜y well do™umented spe™imensF snste—dD su™h spe™iE

gly™erol solv—tionD he—tD —ir dryingD ex™h—nge—˜le mens should ˜e ™h—r—™terized —™™ording to the

™—tionsD et™F hifferen™es in diffr—™tion ˜re—dths inform—tion —v—il—˜leD eFgF mi™—Esme™tite irregul—r

˜etween even —nd odd HHl su˜ordersD —re usu—lly interstr—tifi™—tion or ‘IXI dio™t—hedr—l mi™—Edio™t—E

—n indi™—tion of two ™oEexisting @eFgF sep—r—teA hedr—l sme™tite“ D et™F p€@eDfAaHFU

ph—sesD e—™h with different l—yers r—ther th—n — @RA snterstr—tifi™—tions in™orpor—ting imperfe™t

regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of two l—yersD —nd this is types of l—yersD whi™h ™ould not qu—lify for n—mes

the re—son why diffr—™tion ˜re—dths for ˜oth even ˜y themselves in the nonEstr—tified st—te @eFgF

—nd odd orders should ˜e the s—me —fter ™orre™ting –swelling ™hlorite9 —nd –l—˜ile ™hlorite9A do not

for ƒ™herrer ˜ro—deningF merit n—mesF snterstr—tifi™—tions with ™onsider—˜le

„he ™oeffi™ient of v—ri—tion of `HFUS is — v—lue to inhomogeneity of l—yer ™h—rge do not merit n—mesF

ensure th—t there is —n —dequ—te regul—rity of snterstr—tifi™—tions with only — single summ—tion

—ltern—tionF „his ™riterion requires — suffi™ient pe—k d@HHIA a d Cd —nd no other odd su˜orders e f

s—mple size for — powder diffr—™tometerD the do not merit n—mesD ˜e™—use — single pe—k ™ould

te™hnique of ™hoi™e in ™ommon us—ge in IWVIF result from — shortEr—nge —sso™i—tion of l—yersF

fe™—use of the need for — rel—tively l—rge s—mple @SA st is not ™ert—in th—t single l—yers of sme™tite

size @eFgF gr—in —ggreg—tesA —nd ˜e™—use ™l—ys m—y or of vermi™ulite s—ndwi™hed ˜etween l—yers of —

˜e inhomogeneousD the ™oeffi™ient of v—ri—tion m—y different type in —n interstr—tifi™—tion re—™t in the

f—il to indi™—te regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion over the s—me w—y —s the nonEinterstr—tified miner—ls would

entire s—mple used in the experiment on the powder re—™t to solv—tionD hydr—tion —nd dehydr—tion testsF

diffr—™tometerF sn IWVID howeverD the use of the w—™iw—n 8 ‡ilson @IWVHA st—ted th—t gly™erol

„iw w—s not yet widespre—dF ‡ith the „iwD the solv—tion of — wgEs—tur—ted ™l—y gives the ˜est

regul—rity of —ltern—tion ™—n now ˜e inspe™ted differenti—tion ˜etween nonEswelling vermi™ulite

dire™tly with sm—ller s—mple sizes @eFgF individu—l —nd swelling sme™titeD —s defined —™™ording to the

gr—insAD —lthough it must ˜e proven th—t the im—ge present ˜ound—ry ˜etween these types of ™l—y

shows — truly regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of l—yersF miner—l of HFT ™h—rge per formul— unitF por

„he ultim—te question of how sm—ll — s—mple interstr—tifi™—tions where the distin™tion ˜etween

showing regul—rity of interstr—tifi™—tion is ™onsidE vermi™ulite —nd sme™tite m—y ˜e ™riti™—lD we

ered ne™ess—ry to n—me — new miner—l is suggest th—t ˜oth gly™erol —nd ethylene gly™ol

undeterminedD —nd e—™h ™—se must ˜e ™onsidered solv—tion ˜e used in ™onne™tion with sever—l

sep—r—tely @xi™kel 8 qri™eD IWWVAF s—tur—tion ™—tionsF

e ™l—y m—y ˜e referred toD for ex—mpleD —s @TA fe™—use of the diffi™ulty in determin—tionD the

––re™toriteElike99 or ––of the re™toriteEtype99 @f—iley et spe™ies of sme™tite involved in the definition of the

—lFD IWVRA if interstr—tifi™—tions —re shown to ˜e of the spe™ies of — regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion should not ˜e

types given in „—˜le R ˜ut not suffi™iently regul—r spe™ified ˜eyond its dio™t—hedr—l or trio™t—hedr—l

‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT VUQ

gener—lly shows twoEdimension—l periodi™ity within @eFgF g† of d@HHlA S HFUSAF roweverD —t le—st three

the pl—nes of the l—yerD ˜ut — l—™k of periodi™ity in orders of ˜—s—l refle™tions @in™luding two odd ordersA

the dire™tion of st—™kingF sn some ™—sesD st—™king must ˜e o˜servedF ƒu™h referen™es —re useful for ˜oth

m—y follow ™ert—in rules so th—tD for ex—mpleD l—yerE pure m—teri—l th—t does not show suffi™ient regul—rity

toEl—yer hydrogen ˜onds —re m—int—ined @eFgF or for impure m—teri—l where g† ™—nnot ˜e

serpentine or ™hlorite groupsA or interl—yer ™—tions determined ˜e™—use of pe—k overl—pF por highly

™—n link to —dj—™ent l—yers @eFgF mi™— groupAD ˜ut irregul—r interstr—tifi™—tionsD — more gener—l term m—y

there —re still multiple w—ys in whi™h —dj—™ent ˜e usefulF por ex—mpleD mi™—Esme™tite irregul—r

l—yers m—y link —nd the l—™k of periodi™ity is interstr—tifi™—tions inste—d of re™toriteElike interstr—tiE

™ommonF „ur˜ostr—ti™ st—™kingD where disorder is fi™—tionsF vikewiseD spe™imensD for ex—mpleD with —n

high —nd there is — l—™k of registry ˜etween l—yersD peEri™h mi™— —s — m—jor ™omponent —nd with some

is en™ountered in the sme™tite groupF es noted swelling ™h—r—™teristi™s m—y ˜e referred to —s

—˜oveD interstr—tifi™—tions in phyllosili™—tes ™—n r—ndomly interstr—tified gl—u™oniteEsme™tite @f—iley

o™™urY orderEdisorder in the —ltern—tion of the et —lFD IWUWAF

l—yers is often nonEperiodi™F sn —dditionD defe™ts

involving mos—i™ ™h—r—™ter @™oherent s™—ttering

gryst—llinity —nd ™ryst—llinity indi™es

dom—inAD interstiti—l impuritiesD therm—l or posiE

tion—l displ—™ementD dislo™—tionsD et™F m—y —lso quggenheim et —lF @PHHPA dis™ussed the terms

o™™ur @quggenheim et —lFD PHHPAF –™ryst—lline9 —nd –—morphous9 in some det—il when

fesides the v—riety of orderGdisorder phenomen—D developing ™on™epts of nomen™l—ture for different

the w—y the s—mple is —n—lysed —lso presents degrees of ™ryst—llinityF i—rlierD howeverD the

pro˜lems in defining the ™ryst—lline n—ture of — gs€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee @frindleyD IWTUA

m—teri—lF €owder ˆEr—y diffr—™tion methods provide re™ommended th—t the term –nonE™ryst—lline9 w—s

d—t— on ˜ulk m—teri—lD whi™h m—y suggest — l—™k of prefer—˜le to the term –—morphous9F sn ™ontr—stD the

periodi™ityD where—s ele™tron diffr—™tion d—t— —re present es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee h—s

gener—lly from finely divided m—teri—l where —n —greed th—t either –nonE™ryst—lline9 or the ™ommonly

individu—l gr—in in the ˜ulk m—y show ™onsider—˜le used –—morphous9 —re —™™ept—˜le termsF e –™ryst—lE

periodi™ityF ƒ—mple prep—r—tion or experiment—l line9 solid is defined —s — solid ™onsisting of —tomsD

™onditions ™—n —lso —ffe™t —pp—rent ™ryst—llinityF por ionsD or mole™ules p—™ked together in — periodi™

ex—mpleD — powder ˆEr—y diffr—™tion p—ttern with —n —rr—ngement @eFgF longEr—nge orderAF e –nonE™ryst—lE

improper ™ounting time per step m—y le—d to —n line9 solid is where the ™onstituent ™omponents —re

in™orre™t ™on™lusion ˜—sed on unresolved pe—ksD r—ndomly p—™kedF w—ny v—ri—tions ™—n o™™ur

—lthough these pe—ks m—y ˜e™ome resolved with — ˜etween the two extremes of ™ryst—lline vsF nonE

longer ™ounting time @quggenheim et —lFD PHHPAF ™ryst—llineF por ex—mpleD — nonE™ryst—lline m—teri—lD

e –™ryst—llinity index9 is — misnomer ˜e™—use the su™h —s m—ny gl—ssesD ™onsists of —toms —rr—nged —s

term suggests th—t the ™omplex ide— of ™ryst—llinity groups of tetr—hedr— or o™t—hedr—lF roweverD

m—y ˜e represented ˜y — single v—lueF quggenheim —lthough su™h groups h—ve —lmost the s—me

et —lF @PHHPA re™ommended th—t the use of — mutu—l —rr—ngementsD they —re displ—™ed without

–™ryst—llinity index9 should ˜e —voidedD —lthough it periodi™ity with respe™t to e—™h other @iFeF limited

m—y˜epl—™edwithinquot—tionm—rkswhen order or shortEr—nge orderAF „husD this l—tter

referring in — limited w—y to previously referen™ed m—teri—l differs from — simple r—ndom —rr—ngement

workF ƒome indi™es —re — useful indi™—torD eFgF for of —tomsF histur˜—n™e of order —nd periodi™ity m—y

™ryst—llite sizeD gr—de of di—genesisD et™F sndi™es o™™ur in ™ryst—lline m—teri—lsF „he degree of su™h

were derived ˜y rin™kley @IWTQA to distinguish distur˜—n™es ™—n ˜e des™ri˜ed only qu—lit—tively ˜y

˜etween different s—mples of k—olinite —nd ˜y the terms –order9 —nd –disorder9F „he terms –™ryst—lE

uu˜ler @IWTRA to des™ri˜e ™ert—in origins of line9 —nd –nonE™ryst—lline9 do not h—ve simple È

 s—mples of illiteF erk—i @IWWIA initi—lly —nd in definitionsD if they —re to ˜e expl—ined fullyF

l—ter p—pers referen™ed —n index involving ™hloriteF „he n—ture of order —nd disorder in phyllosiliE

st w—s re™ommended to refer to —n index ˜y rel—ting ™—tes m—y involve st—™king sequen™esD isomorphous

it to the —uthor des™ri˜ing the pro™edures ne™ess—ry su˜stitutions where v—rious ions or v—™—n™ies o™™ur

to define the v—lueD reg—rdless of wh—t the index in ™ert—in ™oordin—tion sitesD —nd in the —rr—ngement

m—y —™tu—lly ˜e des™ri˜ingF „husD it is —ppropri—te of m—teri—l in the interl—yerF ƒt—™king disorder

VUR ƒF quggenheim et —lF

trio™t—hedr—l vermi™ulite in — IXI r—tio with to refer to — –rin™kley index9D –uu˜ler index9D È

 trio™t—hedr—l ™hloriteF ‡here trio™t—hedr—l –erk—i index9D et™FD ˜ut none of these indi™es —re

sme™tite is involvedD the term ––lowE™h—rge truly –™ryst—llinity indi™es9F sn —dditionD ˜e™—use of

™orrensite99 —ppliesD —nd where trio™t—hedr—l the ™ontinuum ˜etween –™ryst—lline9 —nd –nonE

vermi™ulite o™™ursD the term ––highE™h—rge ™ryst—lline9 @or –—morphous9AD it w—s further

™orrensite99 should ˜e used @f—ileyD IWVIAF re™ommended to ™l—rify these l—tter two terms

˜eidelliteF ƒee nontroniteF when usedD su™h —s —n —™™omp—nying des™ription

PC

˜erthierineF ƒerpentine miner—l with pe of the diffr—™tion effe™tsD s—mpleEprep—r—tion domin—nt

te™hniquesD experiment—l ™onditionsD et™F —s the o™t—hedr—l ™—tionD sometimes

previously referred to —s ™h—mosite @™h—moE

site is now ™l—ssified —s — ™hlorite miner—lAF

gommer™i—l n—mes —nd syntheti™ m—teri—l QC

ferthierine m—y ™ont—in pe Dwg—ndel

@frindleyD unpu˜lished es€ie gommittee „he es€ie xomen™l—ture gommittee

reportD IWTUAF @quggenheim et —lFD IWWUA endorsed the use of

™h—mositeF ghloriteD — PXI phyllosili™—teD miner—l ™ommer™i—l n—mes —nd syntheti™En—me nomen™l—E

PC

with pe ture est—˜lished ˜y the gxwwx @xi™kelD IWWTAF domin—nt —s the o™t—hedr—l ™—tion

ƒyntheti™ m—teri—l th—t is ™ommer™i—lly —v—il—˜le is @f—iley et —lFD IWUI—AY sometimes previously

referen™ed ˜y en™losing the n—me in quot—tion referred to —s — IXI @serpentineA miner—lF

m—rksD unless the syntheti™ m—teri—l h—s ˜een highE™h—rge ™orrensiteF ƒee ™orrensiteF

re™orded —s — tr—dem—rkD in whi™h ™—se the n—me imogoliteF e hydrous —luminosili™—te @€edroD IWUHA

st—rts with — ™—pit—l letterF por ex—mpleD — syntheti™ h—ving — fine thre—dElike morphology —nd

mi™—Elike m—teri—l where the n—me h—s ˜een diffr—™tion ™h—r—™teristi™s des™ri˜ed ˜y ‡—d—

re™orded —s — tr—dem—rkD perh—ps ™—lled 8 ‰oshin—g— @IWTWAF f—yliss @IWVUA des™ri˜ed

–vondonshireite9D would ˜e properly referen™ed imogolite —s h—ving — ™hemi™—l ™omposition

initi—lly —sX –vondonshireite9 @— syntheti™ mi™—Elike of el ƒiy @yrA D —nd he provided ˆEr—y d—t—F P Q R

m—teri—lD vondonshire w—nuf—™turing goFD ghi™—goD kulkeiteF ‚egul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of t—l™ —nd

sllinoisD ƒeFA —nd there—fter —s –vondonshireite9F trio™t—hedr—l ™hlorite in — IXI r—tio @f—ileyD

ƒyntheti™ m—teri—l m—y ˜e referred to —s –he™toriteE IWVIAF

like9D ˜ut never —s –he™torite9Y the miner—l n—me lowE™h—rge ™orrensiteF ƒee ™orrensiteF

implies — n—tur—lly o™™urring ph—seF st is permissi˜le nontroniteF gomp—res to ˜eidellite with —ll o™t—heE

QC

to use the des™ription modifier –syntheti™9 with — dr—l el repl—™ed ˜y pe —nd with el

miner—l n—meD —s in –syntheti™ qu—rtz9D ˜e™—use su˜stitutions for ƒiF e series exists from

–syntheti™9 is un—m˜iguous —nd spe™ifi™—lly neg—tes endEmem˜er ˜eidellite to endEmem˜er nontroE

the n—tur—lly o™™urring —spe™t of the miner—lF niteF sn the ™orresponding montmorillonite

QC

seriesD the term pe Eri™h montmorillonite is

QC

—ppropri—te until pe ex™eeds elF eddition—l

wsƒgivvexiy ƒ

™onsider—tion of the terminology for nontroE

QC

nite m—y ˜e needed if pe dehydroxyl—teF eny ph—se o˜t—ined ˜y elimin—tion ex™eeds el in

of the hydroxyl from phyllosili™—tes prior to o™t—hedr—l sites @frindley 8 f—ileyD unpu˜E

re™ryst—lliz—tion @frindleyD unpu˜lished lished es€ie gommittee reportD IWUVAF

es€ie reportD IWUIA pe™or—iteF xiEri™h ™lino™hrysotile @f—iley et —lFD

IWUI˜Y p—ust et —lFD IWTWAF

re™toriteF e regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of dio™t—heE

xonEmi™— spe™ies n—mes spe™ifi™—lly dis™ussed

dr—l mi™— —nd dio™t—hedr—l sme™tite in — IXI

in v—rious nomen™l—ture reportsF @sf more th—n

r—tioF „he type of dio™t—hedr—l sme™tite is not

one ™it—tion is provided in — sequen™eD the

required in the des™riptionF „he domin—nt

first ™it—tion refers to the ™ommittee reportFA

interl—yer ™—tion —sso™i—ted with the mi™— ™—n

˜e spe™ified in the des™ription ˜y using —liettiteF ‚egul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of t—l™ —nd

—dje™tiv—l modifiersD su™h —s x—Eri™hD uEri™hD trio™t—hedr—l sme™tite in — IXI r—tio @f—ileyD

et™F @f—ileyD IWVIAF IWVIAF

tosuditeF e regul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of ™hlorite —nd ™orrensiteF ‚egul—r interstr—tifi™—tion of either

sme™tite in — IXI r—tioF „he sme™tite isD on trio™t—hedr—l sme™tite in — IXI r—tio or

VUS ‚e™ommend—tions of nomen™l—ture ™ommittees relev—nt to ™l—y miner—logyD PHHT

—ver—geD dio™t—hedr—l in n—tureF hio™t—hedr—l ‚ipi‚ixgiƒ

is defined —s ˜etween TFH —nd UFH on the ˜—sis

 erk—i €F @IWWIA ghlorite ™ryst—llinityX —n empiri™—l

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