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Crystal Structure of Hillebrandite: a Natural Analogue of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) Phases in Portland Cement
American Mineralogist, Volume 80, pages 841-844, 1995 Crystal structure of hillebrandite: A natural analogue of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases in Portland cement YONGSHAN DAI Garber Research Center, Harbison-Walker Refractories, 1001 Pittsburgh-McKeesport Boulevard, West Miffilin, Pennsylvania 15122, U.S.A. JEFFREY E. POST Departmentof MineralSciences,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC 20560,U.S.A. ABSTRACT The crystal structure of hillebrandite, Ca2Si03(OH)2, was solved and refined in space group Cmc21, a = 3.6389, b = 16.311, c = 11.829 A, to R = 0.041 using single-crystal X-ray data. The structure consists of a three-dimensional network of Ca-O polyhedra that accommodates wollastonite-type Si-O tetrahedral chains. Each of the wollastonite-type chains is an average of two symmetrically equivalent chains related by the mirror plane perpen- dicular to a. In a given structural channel of the Ca-O polyhedral network, only one chain orientation can be occupied to give reasonable Si-O distances. The 03 and 04 sites cor- responding to each vacant Si2 site are occupied by OH groups to achieve charge balance. The wollastonite-type Si-O tetrahedral chains in the hillebrandite structure resemble those reported for many calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases. INTRODUCTION brandite and comment upon the structural relationships Hillebrandite, Ca2Si03(OH)2, is one natural member of hillebrandite with other CSH phases. of the CaO-Si02-H20 ternary system, which includes nu- merous natural and synthetic calcium silicate hydrate EXPERIMENTAL METHODS (CSH) phases, most with a common unit-cell axis of about After an exhaustive examination of many hillebrandite 3.64 or 2 x 3.64 A and a fibrous crystal habit along this samples, a fragment ofa specimen (NMNH 95767-7) from axis. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
X-Ray Rietveld and 57Fe Mössbauer Study of Babingtonite from Kouragahana, Shimane Peninsula, Japan
Journal of MineralogicalBabingtonite and from Petrological Kouragahana, Sciences, Shimane Volume Peninsula, 108, pageJapan 121─ 130, 2013 121 X-ray Rietveld and 57Fe Mössbauer study of babingtonite from Kouragahana, Shimane Peninsula, Japan * * ** Masahide AKASAKA , Takehiko KIMURA and Mariko NAGASHIMA *Department of Geoscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan **Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan Babingtonite from Kouragahana, Shimane Peninsula, Japan, was investigated using electron microprobe, X-ray Rietveld, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectral analyses to characterize its chemical compositions, crystal structure, oxi- dation state of Fe, and distribution of Fe between two crystallographically independent octahedral Fe1 and Fe2 sites. _ The_ Kouragahana babingtonite occurs as single parallelohedrons with {100}, {001}, {001}, {111}, {110}, and {101} and sometimes shows penetration twinning. Both normal and sector-zoned crystals occur. Babing- tonite crystals with sector zoning consist of sectors relatively enriched in Fe and of sectors enriched in Mg, Mn, and Al. Babingtonite also shows compositional zoning with higher Fe2+ and Al core and higher Fe3+ and Mn 2+ rim. The average Fe content of the babingtonite without sector zoning is similar to the Fe -rich sector of the sector-zoned babingtonite. The chemical formula based on the average composition of all analytical data (n = 2+ 3+ - 193) is [Na0.01(2)Ca2.01(2)] [Mg0.11(4)Mn0.09(3)Fe0.76(7)Fe_ 0.93(5)Ti0.01(1)Al0.06(5)]Si5.01(4)O14(OH). X ray Rietveld refinement was carried out using a model of space group P1. -
Trolleite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Trolleite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Lamellar, massive, to 3 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: In two directions, indistinct. Fracture: Even to conchoidal. Hardness = 8.5 D(meas.) = 3.10 D(calc.) = 3.08 Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Pale green to bright blue. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Dispersion: r> v,weak. α = 1.619 β = 1.639 γ = 1.643 2V(meas.) = 49◦ Cell Data: Space Group: I2/c. a = 18.894(5) b = 7.161(1) c = 7.162(2) β =99.99(2)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Champion mine, California, USA. 3.208 (100), 3.095 (90), 3.075 (50), 2.519 (45), 3.336 (40), 6.667 (35), 1.983 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) P2O5 46.72 48.00 47.97 Al2O3 43.26 43.87 45.94 Fe2O3 2.75 0.34 CaO 0.97 0.02 H2O 6.23 [7.77] 6.09 Total 99.93 [100.00] 100.00 (1) V¨astan˚amine, Sweden. (2) H¨okens˚as, Sweden; by electron microprobe, total Fe as Fe2O3, H2O by difference. (3) Al4(PO4)3(OH)3. Occurrence: In amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks. Association: Berlinite, attakolite, augelite, lazulite (V¨astan˚amine, Sweden); scorzalite, augelite, vis´eite(Champion mine, California, USA); montebrasite, scorzalite, bertossaite, brazilianite, apatite, gatumbaite, samuelsonite, wyllieite (Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda). Distribution: In Sweden, from the V¨astan˚amine, near N¨asum,Sk˚ane; at H˚alsj¨oberg, V¨armland;from H¨okens˚as,V¨asterg¨otland.In the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. -
Geochemical Modeling of Iron and Aluminum Precipitation During Mixing and Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage
minerals Article Geochemical Modeling of Iron and Aluminum Precipitation during Mixing and Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage Darrell Kirk Nordstrom U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; [email protected] Received: 21 May 2020; Accepted: 14 June 2020; Published: 17 June 2020 Abstract: Geochemical modeling of precipitation reactions in the complex matrix of acid mine drainage is fundamental to understanding natural attenuation, lime treatment, and treatment procedures that separate constituents for potential reuse or recycling. The three main dissolved constituents in acid mine drainage are iron, aluminum, and sulfate. During the neutralization of acid mine drainage (AMD) by mixing with clean tributaries or by titration with a base such as sodium hydroxide or slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, iron precipitates at pH values of 2–3 if oxidized and aluminum precipitates at pH values of 4–5 and both processes buffer the pH during precipitation. Mixing processes were simulated using the ion-association model in the PHREEQC code. The results are sensitive to the solubility product constant (Ksp) used for the precipitating phases. A field example with data on discharge and water composition of AMD before and after mixing along with massive precipitation of an aluminum phase is simulated and shows that there is an optimal Ksp to give the best fit to the measured data. Best fit is defined when the predicted water composition after mixing and precipitation matches most closely the measured water chemistry. Slight adjustment to the proportion of stream discharges does not give a better fit. Keywords: geochemical modeling; acid mine drainage; iron and aluminum precipitation; schwertmannite; basaluminite 1. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Mirabilite Na2so4 • 10H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Mirabilite Na2SO4 • 10H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals short to long prismatic, with complex form development, also crude, to 10 cm, in interlocking masses; crystalline, granular to compact massive, commonly as efflorescences. Twinning: Rare on {001} or {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {100}, perfect; on {010} and {001}, good to fair. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 1.5–2.5 D(meas.) = 1.464 D(calc.) = 1.467 Quickly dehydrates to th´enarditein dry air; very soluble in H2O, taste cool, then saline and bitter. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless to white; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c =31◦. Dispersion: r< v,strong, crossed. α = 1.391–1.394 β = 1.394–1.396 γ = 1.396–1.398 2V(meas.) = 75◦560 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/c (synthetic). a = 11.512(3) b = 10.370(3) c = 12.847(2) β = 107.789(10)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. (ICDD 11-647). 5.49 (100), 3.21 (75), 3.26 (60), 3.11 (60), 4.77 (45), 3.83 (40), 2.516 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 25.16 24.85 Na2O 18.67 19.24 H2O 55.28 55.91 Total 99.11 100.00 • (1) Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland, England. (2) Na2SO4 10H2O. Occurrence: Typically in salt pans, playas, and saline lakes, where deposition may be seasonal, and bedded deposits formed therefrom; rarely in caves and lava tubes; in volcanic fumaroles; a product of hydrothermal sericitic alteration; a post-mining precipitate. -
List of New Mineral Names: with an Index of Authors
415 A (fifth) list of new mineral names: with an index of authors. 1 By L. J. S~v.scs~, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the ~Iineral Department of the,Brltish Museum. [Communicated June 7, 1910.] Aglaurito. R. Handmann, 1907. Zeita. Min. Geol. Stuttgart, col. i, p. 78. Orthoc]ase-felspar with a fine blue reflection forming a constituent of quartz-porphyry (Aglauritporphyr) from Teplitz, Bohemia. Named from ~,Xavpo~ ---- ~Xa&, bright. Alaito. K. A. ~Yenadkevi~, 1909. BuU. Acad. Sci. Saint-P6tersbourg, ser. 6, col. iii, p. 185 (A~am~s). Hydrate~l vanadic oxide, V205. H~O, forming blood=red, mossy growths with silky lustre. Founi] with turanite (q. v.) in thct neighbourhood of the Alai Mountains, Russian Central Asia. Alamosite. C. Palaehe and H. E. Merwin, 1909. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, col. xxvii, p. 899; Zeits. Kryst. Min., col. xlvi, p. 518. Lead recta-silicate, PbSiOs, occurring as snow-white, radially fibrous masses. Crystals are monoclinic, though apparently not isom0rphous with wol]astonite. From Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Prepared artificially by S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges., 1909, col. xlii, p. 2969. Aloisiite. L. Colomba, 1908. Rend. B. Accad. Lincei, Roma, set. 5, col. xvii, sere. 2, p. 233. A hydrated sub-silicate of calcium, ferrous iron, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen, (R pp, R',), SiO,, occurring in an amorphous condition, intimately mixed with oalcinm carbonate, in a palagonite-tuff at Fort Portal, Uganda. Named in honour of H.R.H. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi. Aloisius or Aloysius is a Latin form of Luigi or I~ewis. -
Iron.Rich Amesite from the Lake Asbestos Mine. Black
Canodian Mineralogist Yol.22, pp. 43742 (1984) IRON.RICHAMESITE FROM THE LAKE ASBESTOS MINE. BLACKLAKE. OUEBEC MEHMET YEYZT TANER,* AND ROGER LAURENT DAporternentde Gdologie,Universitd Loval, Qudbec,Qudbec GIK 7P4 ABSTRACT o 90.02(1l)', P W.42(12)',1 89.96(8)'.A notreconnais- sance,c'est la premibrefois qu'on ddcritune am6site riche Iron-rich amesite is found in a metasomatically altered enfer. Elles'ct form€ependant l'altdration hydrothermale granite sheet20 to 40 cm thick emplacedin serpentinite of du granitedans la serpentinite,dans les m€mes conditions the Thetford Mi[es ophiolite complex at the Lake Asbestos debasses pression et temperaturequi ont prdsid6d la for- mine (z16o01'N,11"22' W) ntheQuebec Appalachians.The mation de la rodingite dansle granite et de I'amiante- amesiteis associatedsdth 4lodingife 6semblage(grossu- chrysotiledans la serpentinite. lar + calcite t diopside t clinozoisite) that has replaced the primary minerals of the granite. The Quebec amesite Mots-clds:am6site, rodingite, granite, complexeophio- occurs as subhedral grains 2@ to 6@ pm.in diameter that litique, Thetford Mines, Qu6bec. have a tabular habit. It is optically positive with a small 2V, a 1.612,1 1.630,(t -'o = 0.018).Its structuralfor- INTRoDUc"iloN mula, calculated from electron-microprobe data, is: (Mg1.1Fe6.eA1s.e)(Alo.esil.df Os(OH)r.2. X-ray powder- Amesite is a raxehydrated aluminosilicate of mag- diffraction yield data dvalues that are systematicallygreater nesium in which some ferrous iron usually is found than those of amesitefrom Chester, Massachusetts,prob- replacingmapesium. The extent of this replacement ably becauseof the partial replacement of Mg by Fe. -
Salt Crystallization in Porous Construction Materials I Estimation of Crystallization Pressure
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by EPrints Complutense Salt crystallization in porous construction materials I Estimation of crystallization pressure A. La Iglesiaa,*, V. Gonzalezb, V. L6pez-Acevedoc, C. Viedmac , Inslituto de Geologia Economica del CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias Ge% gicas, UCM, E·280411 Madrid. Spain b Deparlamento de Quimica, ETSI, Agronomos, UPM, E·28IJ40 Madrid, Spain , Deparlamenlo de Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Facultad de Ciencias Ge% gicas, UCM. E·28040 Madrid, Spain Abstract The crystallization process of soluble salts inside the natural and artificial porous materials partially immersed in different saline solutions has been studied, This procedure is used to simulate the conditions of exposure to salt weathering in which foundations and lower walls of building structures are within the zone of capillary rise of saline ground water. Crystallization pressures that can develop in the samples, which are a function of the pore size and salt-solution interfacial tension, have been calculated and are compared with experimental values of the materials tensile strength. since both these parameters allow the prediction of porous materials behaviour against salt weathering. Keywords: Salt weathering; Porous media; Salt crystallization; Crystallization pressure 1. Introduction The problem of crystallization pressure of salt was first studied by Correns [6J, who presented The crystallization process of soluble salts in a workable equation based on the Riecke principle porous materials can generate pressures inside the from which the pressure generated P versus salt pores sufficient to exceed the elastic limit of the supersaturation may be calculated: material, causing its breakage. -
Llallagua Tin Ore Deposit (Bolivia)
resources Article Speculations Linking Monazite Compositions to Origin: Llallagua Tin Ore Deposit (Bolivia) Elizabeth J. Catlos * and Nathan R. Miller Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Sta. C9000, EPS 1.130, Austin, TX 78712, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-512-471-4762 Received: 3 May 2017; Accepted: 25 July 2017; Published: 29 July 2017 Abstract: Monazite [(Ce,Th)PO4] from the Llallagua tin ore deposit in Bolivia is characterized by low radiogenic element contents. Previously reported field evidence and mineral associations suggest the mineral formed via direct precipitation from hydrothermal fluids. Monazite compositions thus may provide insight into characteristics of the fluids from which it formed. Chemical compositions of three Llallagua monazite grains were obtained using Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA, n = 64) and laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS, n = 56). The mineral has higher amounts of U (123 ± 17 ppm) than Th (39 ± 20 ppm) (LA-ICP-MS, ±1σ). Grains have the highest amounts of fluorine ever reported for monazite (0.88 ± 0.10 wt %, EPMA, ±1σ), and F-rich fluids are effective mobilizers of rare earth elements (REEs), Y, and Th. The monazite has high Eu contents and positive Eu anomalies, consistent with formation in a highly-reducing back-arc environment. We speculate that F, Ca, Si and REE may have been supplied via dissolution of pre-existing fluorapatite. Llallagua monazite oscillatory zoning is controlled by an interplay of low (P + Ca + Si + Y) and high atomic number (REE) elements.