DOCSLIB.ORG

Iron.Rich Amesite from the Lake Asbestos Mine. Black

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Canodian Mineralogist Yol.22, pp. 43742 (1984) IRON.RICHAMESITE FROM THE LAKE ASBESTOS MINE. BLACKLAKE. OUEBEC MEHMET YEYZT TANER,* AND ROGER LAURENT DAporternentde Gdologie,Universitd Loval, Qudbec,Qudbec GIK 7P4 ABSTRACT o 90.02(1l)', P W.42(12)',1 89.96(8)'.A notreconnais- sance,c'est la premibrefois qu'on ddcritune am6site riche Iron-rich amesite is found in a metasomatically altered enfer. Elles'ct form€ependant l'altdration hydrothermale granite sheet20 to 40 cm thick emplacedin serpentinite of du granitedans la serpentinite,dans les m€mes conditions the Thetford Mi[es ophiolite complex at the Lake Asbestos debasses pression et temperaturequi ont prdsid6d la for- mine (z16o01'N,11"22' W) ntheQuebec Appalachians.The mation de la rodingite dansle granite et de I'amiante- amesiteis associatedsdth 4lodingife 6semblage(grossu- chrysotiledans la serpentinite. lar + calcite t diopside t clinozoisite) that has replaced the primary minerals of the granite. The Quebec amesite Mots-clds:am6site, rodingite, granite, complexeophio- occurs as subhedral grains 2@ to 6@ pm.in diameter that litique, Thetford Mines, Qu6bec. have a tabular habit. It is optically positive with a small 2V, a 1.612,1 1.630,(t -'o = 0.018).Its structuralfor- INTRoDUc"iloN mula, calculated from electron-microprobe data, is: (Mg1.1Fe6.eA1s.e)(Alo.esil.df Os(OH)r.2. X-ray powder- Amesite is a raxehydrated aluminosilicate of mag- diffraction yield data dvalues that are systematicallygreater nesium in which some ferrous iron usually is found than those of amesitefrom Chester, Massachusetts,prob- replacingmapesium. The extent of this replacement ably becauseof the partial replacement of Mg by Fe. The calculatedunit-ceu parameters are: a 5.385(Q,b9.2gl(5), can be appreciable in some cases,so that the ideal composition of arnesiteis given in terms of AlrO3, c 14.124(16)A and o 90.02(ll)", B %.AQ2). afi 7 89.96(8)'. To our knowledge, this is the fhst specimenof (MgO, FeO), SiO2and HrO. Amesite, with chamo- iron-rich amesite to be described. It formed during site, greenalite and cronstedtite, is related chemical- hydrotiermal alteration of granite in serpentinite at the ly to the chlorite goup aud structurally to the samelow P-T conditions that prevailed during the forma- serpentineand kandite gfoup of minerals. The name tion of the rodingite suite and the chrysotile asbestosin the septechlorite has been proposed for these minerals serpentinite. (Nelson & Roy 1958)as they are structurally charap- terized by serpentine-like layers with d@r - 7 L. Keywords: amesite, lgdingrte, ophiolitic complex, Thet- Largely on the basisof thermal ford Mines, Quebec. studies, Orcel(1927) and Orcel et al. (1950)were the first to suggestthat Souuarnn amesitemust be regarded as distinct from the main group of chlorites. According to the AIPEA (Associ- On trouve une nm6site riche en fer dans une dcaille de ation Internationale Pour I'Etude des Argiles) 20 i 40 cm d'dpaisseurde granite mdtasomatiquementalt€r6 Nomenclature Committee, ,tmesitebelongs to the d la mine du lac d'Amiante (46'01'N, 71o22'W). Ce gra- kaolinite-serpentine group (Bailey 1980a);this com- place nite a 6td mis en dans la serpentinite du complexe mittee recommendedthat the nameskandite andsep ophiolitique de Thetford Mines. L'am€site est associ€ei techlorite not be used for kaolinite- and un assemblagersdingitigue Grossulaire + calcite * diop- side t clinozoisite) qui remplace les min&1ux primaires serpentine-group minerals. du granite. L'am6site qudbdcoiseapparait en grains sub- We found an iron-rich variety of amesiteassociat- idiomorphes i facies tabulaire de 200 d 600 m de diam&- ed with gxossular,calcite and, more rarely, diopside tre. EIle est optiquement positive av*, faible2V et a 1.612, and clinozoisite in a rodingitized body of granite en- - 1 1.630 (r o : 0.018). Sa formule structurale esl closedwithin the serpentinizedperidotite of the Lake partir calcul6e i des donndes de la microsonde: Asbestos mine, at Black Lake in the Ap- (Mg1.1Fe0.eAb.t(Ab.eSi1.dO5(OH)r.u. par Quebec Les donndes palachians. We report here the description of this diffraction des rayons X (mdthode des poudres) indiquenr que les espacementsd sont systdmatiquementplus grands occurTence. pour l'am€site du lac d'Amiante que pour celle de Ches- ter, Massachusetts,ce qui est probablement dOau rempla- GEoLocIcAL SETrING cementpartiel de Mg par Fe. La maille 6l6mentairea pogr The Lake Asbestosmine is located at 46'01 'N, param&trescalcut6s: a 5.385(6),b9.291(5), c 14.12-4lAL, 71"22'W rnthe Black Lake areanear Thetford Mine (Frg. l). The serpentinized peridotite bearing the *Present address:Mineral Exploration ResearchInstitute, chrysotile-asbestosore forms the lower strustural Casepostale @79, SuccursaleA, Montrdal, eudbec H3C unit of the Thetford Mines ophiolite complex (Lau- 3N rent l95a). This ophiolite was tectonically emplaced 437 438 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST :=-:-:€loct t =_:-:_:-_-,---------=l ./I EXPLANATION ffi cotcrellGroup f] Porldoilirlcclonllc @ Grcnlrr nr Thrult toult C? Opcnplt lo.l8ea.> *n-/:+ l63ellc-rich drkc ['"{W/ o I -.\ :-tlo.l898l -l- \gl I LAKEAsBEsTos MNEI / oLi-t' LocATroNtvrAp Ftc. l. Geological map of the Lake Asbestos mine at Black Lake and location of the amesite-bearingrodingrte. in the internal tectonic domain of the Quebec Ap- palachians during late Early or Early Middle Ordo- vician time (St-Julien & Hubert 1975).The ophiolite has been thrust over regionally metamorphosed Cambrian rocks known as the Caldwell Formation. The thrust fault dips at a high angleto the soutleast. The asbestosmines are located near this tectonic con- tact in the peridotitic lower unit of the ophiolite. The serpentinizedperidotite of the Lake Asbestos mine @ig. l) is a tectonite harzburgite grading lo- cally to dunite. The rock is strongly serpentinized along shear zones, which trend in a northeasterly direction parallel to the basaltectonic contact. Sheet- like and lenticular bodiesofgranite' from lessthan I m to more than 100 m thick, occur especiallywi- thin the shear zones. They are deformed and hydrothermallyaltered (Cooke 1937,Riordon 1953' De 1972,Laurent 1975b,Laurent & H|bett 1979, Laurent 1982, Laurent et al. 1984). is found 11 a l6dingife lo- Ftc.2. View ef tfus thin and lenticular body of amesite- The iron_rich amesite bearing rodingrte within the highly serpentinizedharz- catedinthe southeasterncorner of the LakeAsbestos burgite of the Lake Asbestosmine (ocation of outcrop mine at 3500N and 9250E (Fig. 1). This ro.lingite given in Figure l). oscupiesa northwest-striking fault plane (oblique to AMESITE FROM TIIE LAKE ASBESTOS MINE, QUEBEC 439 Fro.3. Samplela,l898l of iron-rich amesitein thin sectionunder crossednicols. a. Single crystal showing a perfect cleavageparallel to (@l) and sector twinning on (@l), surroundedby isotropic grossular.b. Group of amesitecrystals (A) with different optical orientations, showing cleavageand twinning, in associationwith calcite (C) and grossular (G), Bar represents0.1 mm. the main shear-zone)that dips subvertically within 2 m, hydrothermal alteration is limited to their mar- hiebly serpentinizedharzburgite. The body of roding- gins. This alteration id thought to be associatedwith ite is thin and lenticular (Fig. 2), between 20 and the episode of serpentinization that led to the de- 40 cm thick and at least l0 to 20 m long. The pro- velopment of chrysotile-asbestosin the enclosing tolith of the redingite was a calcalkatinebiotite-rich peridotite (Laurent & Hdbert 1979,Laurent 1980, eranite sirnilar in composition to the thick and well- Laurent et al. 1984). preservedsheets of granite tlat crop out in the mine; they have been describedrecently by Laurent et al. PBTROGRAPHY (1984).In thosegranite sheetsthat are thicker than Rodingite sample la. 18981containing the iron- 440 TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST TABLE I. CHE}'IICAL @}TPOSITION OF A'1F.9ITE-BEARINC NODINGITE HABIT AND OPucel PnoPsnuEs AND OF CROSSI'LAR Samle la.l898l crosaular 10 contact Gruner (1944) described the macroscopic and samle zonei rlth [email protected] physical properties of amesite. Becauseof the small core @r91tr ;ize of the crystals, our observations of the sior 37.35 33.18 | 2 Quebec rro; o.o? 0.09 sto2 40.20 40.27 iron-rich amesite are limited to their microscopic Al2d1 23.3E 24.71 AIZ03 22.04 20.65 O.44 features. fer-oe- 0.33 0.14 Feo 0.28 re6 l.6I o.a7 Mno o.o9 o.l7 The iron-rich amesiteoccurs as groups of euhedral MgO l.2l 0.97 cao 37.A4 38.45 600 pm lino 0.19 O.ll to anhedral crystals oftabular habit, 200 to cao 34.24 34.5I T0TAL 100.45 99.97 wide and 50 to 100 1r.mthick, occupying the inter- Naro - O.3l No. of toc o ttE ba81sof 24(0) xr6 o.o9 o. 19 si 6.ot 6.07 sticesbetween clusters of grossular grains. The ane- H;o r.r5 4.lo Al 3.88 1.67 site crystalshave a perfect cleavageparallel to {001} c6r o.57 0.43 Fe 0.03 0.05 roiAl 16:ZZ ld6;ZT lh o.ol o.o2 6pical of phyllosilicats, and display sectortwinning Ca 6.07 6.21 on (01) as well as hourglasstexture @ig. 3a, b). The sattole la.1898l: Frossulat (-902)' dlopslde' aneslte' calclte' amesite is biaxial positive, with a 2V of about Z)o ctLnozoldtte, hlottte (pri@ry), chlortte' sPhene"!rcon (prtury), opaque phaae. and positive elongation. It has weak dispersion, r < Gro66u1ar amlyzed by electron idcroplobe' rodloglte aoal)€eg v. XRF AA. by and Indices of refraction were measlued with immer- sion oils calibrated with a refractometer:a 1.612, "y 1.630(t 0.002), cu- y 0.018. The small crystal- rich amesiteis a white, homogeneous,fine-grained size of our sampleshas allowed us to measureonly rock with a ganoblastic textue. A daxk margin ttrat the maximum and the minimum indices.
Recommended publications
  • Washington State Minerals Checklist

    Washington State Minerals Checklist

    Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite
  • NMAM 9000: Asbestos, Chrysotile By

    NMAM 9000: Asbestos, Chrysotile By

    ASBESTOS, CHRYSOTILE by XRD 9000 MW: ~283 CAS: 12001-29-5 RTECS: CI6478500 METHOD: 9000, Issue 3 EVALUATION: FULL Issue 1: 15 May 1989 Issue 3: 20 October 2015 EPA Standard (Bulk): 1% by weight PROPERTIES: Solid, fibrous mineral; conversion to forsterite at 580 °C; attacked by acids; loses water above 300 °C SYNONYMS: Chrysotile SAMPLING MEASUREMENT BULK TECHNIQUE: X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION SAMPLE: 1 g to 10 g ANALYTE: Chrysotile SHIPMENT: Seal securely to prevent escape of asbestos PREPARATION: Grind under liquid nitrogen; wet-sieve SAMPLE through 10 µm sieve STABILITY: Indefinitely DEPOSIT: 5 mg dust on 0.45 µm silver membrane BLANKS: None required filter ACCURACY XRD: Copper target X-ray tube; optimize for intensity; 1° slit; integrated intensity with RANGE STUDIED: 1% to 100% in talc [1] background subtraction BIAS: Negligible if standards and samples are CALIBRATION: Suspensions of asbestos in 2-propanol matched in particle size [1] RANGE: 1% to 100% asbestos OVERALL PRECISION ( ): Unknown; depends on matrix and ESTIMATED LOD: 0.2% asbestos in talc and calcite; 0.4% concentration asbestos in heavy X-ray absorbers such as ferric oxide ACCURACY: ±14% to ±25% PRECISION ( ): 0.07 (5% to 100% asbestos); 0.10 (@ 3% asbestos); 0.125 (@ 1% asbestos) APPLICABILITY: Analysis of percent chrysotile asbestos in bulk samples. INTERFERENCES: Antigorite (massive serpentine), chlorite, kaolinite, bementite, and brushite interfere. X-ray fluorescence and absorption is a problem with some elements; fluorescence can be circumvented with a diffracted beam monochromator, and absorption is corrected for in this method. OTHER METHODS: This is NIOSH method P&CAM 309 [2] applied to bulk samples only, since the sensitivity is not adequate for personal air samples.
  • State County Historic Site Name As Reported Development Latitude

    State County Historic Site Name As Reported Development Latitude

    asbestos_sites.xls. Summary of information of reported natural occurrences of asbestos found in geologic references examined by the authors. Dataset is part of: Van Gosen, B.S., and Clinkenbeard, J.P., 2011, Reported historic asbestos mines, historic asbestos prospects, and other natural occurrences of asbestos in California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1188, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1188/. Data fields: State, ―CA‖ indicates that the site occurs in California. County, Name of the county in which the site is located. Historic site name as reported, The name of the former asbestos mine, former asbestos prospect, or reported occurrence, matching the nomenclature used in the source literature. Development, This field indicates whether the asbestos site is a former asbestos mine, former prospect, or an occurrence. "Past producer" indicates that the deposit was mined and produced asbestos ore for commercial uses sometime in the past. "Past prospect" indicates that the asbestos deposit was once prospected (evaluated) for possible commercial use, typically by trenching and (or) drilling, but the deposit was not further developed. "Occurrence" indicates that asbestos was reported at this site. The occurrence category includes (1) sites where asbestos-bearing rock is described in a geologic map or report and (2) asbestos noted as an accessory mineral or vein deposit within another type of mineral deposit. Latitude, The latitude of the site's location in decimal degrees, measured using the North American Datum of
  • Chrysotile Asbestos

    Chrysotile Asbestos

    This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 203 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS First draft prepared by Dr G. Gibbs, Canada (Chapter 2), Mr B.J. Pigg, USA (Chapter 3), Professor W.J. Nicholson, USA (Chapter 4), Dr A. Morgan, UK and Professor M. Lippmann, USA (Chapter 5), Dr J.M.G. Davis, UK and Professor B.T. Mossman, USA (Chapter 6), Professor J.C. McDonald, UK, Professor P.J. Landrigan, USA and Professor W.J. Nicholson, USA (ChapterT), Professor H. Schreier, Canada (Chapter 8). Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Progralnme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 1998 The International Programme on chemicat safety (Ipcs), esrablished in 1980, is a joint venture of the united Nations Environment programme (uNEp), the International l-abour organisation (ILo), and the world ueatttr orginization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure rc chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisiie for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance
  • Chrysotile Asbestos As a Cause of Mesothelioma: Application of the Hill Causation Model

    Chrysotile Asbestos As a Cause of Mesothelioma: Application of the Hill Causation Model

    Commentary Chrysotile Asbestos as a Cause of Mesothelioma: Application of the Hill Causation Model RICHARD A. LEMEN, PHD Chrysotile comprises over 95% of the asbestos used this method, researchers are asked to evaluate nine today. Some have contended that the majority of areas of consideration: strength of association, tempo- asbestos-related diseases have resulted from exposures rality, biologic gradient, consistency, specificity, bio- to the amphiboles. In fact, chrysotile is being touted as logic plausibility, coherence, experimental evidence, the form of asbestos which can be used safely. Causa- and analogy. None of these considerations, in and of tion is a controversial issue for the epidemiologist. How itself, is determinative for establishing a causal rela- much proof is needed before causation can be estab- tionship. As Hill himself noted, “[n]one of my nine lished? This paper examines one proposed model for establishing causation as presented by Sir Austin Brad- view points can bring indisputable evidence for or ford Hill in 1965. Many policymakers have relied upon against the cause and effect hypothesis, and none can this model in forming public health policy as well as be required as a sine qua non.” In the same vein, it is deciding litigation issues. Chrysotile asbestos meets not necessary for all nine considerations to be met Hill’s nine proposed criteria, establishing chrysotile before causation is established. Instead, Hill empha- asbestos as a cause of mesothelioma. Key words: sized that the responsibility for making causal judg- asbestos; chrysotile; amphiboles; causation; mesothe- ments rested with a scientific evaluation of the totality lioma; Hill model. of the data.
  • Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetry in Layer Silicates'

    Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetry in Layer Silicates'

    I A merican M ineralogist, Volume60. pages175-187, 1975 Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetryin Layer Silicates' S. W. BerI-nv Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin5 3706 Abstract The particular sequenceof sheetsand layers present in the structure of a layer silicate createsan ideal symmetry that is usually basedon the assumptionsof trioctahedralcompositions, no significantdistor- tion, and no cation ordering.Ordering oftetrahedral cations,asjudged by mean l-O bond lengths,has been found within the constraints of the ideal spacegroup for specimensof muscovite-3I, phengile-2M2, la-4 Cr-chlorite, and vermiculite of the 2-layer s type. Many ideal spacegroups do not allow ordering of tetrahedralcations because all tetrahedramust be equivalentby symmetry.This includesthe common lM micasand chlorites.Ordering oftetrahedral cations within subgroupsymmetries has not beensought very often, but has been reported for anandite-2Or, llb-2prochlorite, and Ia-2 donbassite. Ordering ofoctahedral cations within the ideal spacegroups is more common and has been found for muscovite-37, lepidolite-2M", clintonite-lM, fluoropolylithionite-lM,la-4 Cr-chlorite, lb-odd ripidolite, and vermiculite. Ordering in subgroup symmetries has been reported l-oranandite-2or, IIb-2 prochlorite, and llb-4 corundophilite. Ordering in local out-of-step domains has been documented by study of diffuse non-Bragg scattering for the octahedral catlons in polylithionite according to a two-dimensional pattern and for the interlayer cations in vermiculite over a three-cellsuperlattice. All dioctahedral layer silicates have ordered vacant octahedral sites, and the locations of the vacancies change the symmetry from that of the ideal spacegroup in kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, and la-2 donbassite Four new structural determinations are reported for margarite-2M,, amesile-2Hr,cronstedtite-2H", and a two-layercookeite.
  • Cr3+ in Phyllosilicates

    Cr3+ in Phyllosilicates

    Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Bums © The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No.5, ]996 Editors: M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon and M. W. Schaefer 3 Cr + in phyllosilicates: Influence of the nature of coordinating ligands and their next cationic neighbors on the crystal field parameters I 2 2 A. N. PLATONOV , K. LANGER , M. ANDRUT .3, G. CALAS4 'Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation, Academy of Science of Ukraine, 252680 Kiev, Ukraine 2Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Technical University, D-10623 Berlin, Germany 3GeoForschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Deutschland "Laboratoire de Mineralogie et de Cristallographie, Universite de Paris 6 et 7, F-7525l Paris, France 3 Abstract- The electronic absorption spectra of Cr + -bearing clinochlore (I, kammererite), amesite (II), muscovite (III, fuchsite), dickite (IV), and montmorillonite (V, volkonskite) analysed by electron microprobe were obtained on single crystals. Microscope-spectrometric techniques and polarized radiation in the spectral range 10000-38000 cm " (I, II, III) or (on fine grained material) diffuse reflectance spectrometry in the spectral range 8000-50000 cm-I (IV, V) were used. The ligand field theoretical evaluation of the spectra showed the following: (i) The fl.o = 10Dq = f(1/R5) relation, wherein fl.o is the octahedral crystal field parameter and R the mean cation ligand distance, is valid within each series of layer silicates containing octahedral Cr3+ either in a trioctahedral layer (I, II and phlogopite) or in a dioctahedral layer (III, IV, V). Between the two functions, fl.o.trioct = f(1lR~ioct) and fl.o.di=t = f(1/R~ioct), there exists an energy difference of about 2200 em -I.
  • Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications

    Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications

    minerals Review Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications Marina Fomina * and Iryna Skorochod Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny str., 154, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 August 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 Abstract: Clay minerals are very common in nature and highly reactive minerals which are typical products of the weathering of the most abundant silicate minerals on the planet. Over recent decades there has been growing appreciation that the prime involvement of clay minerals in the geochemical cycling of elements and pedosphere genesis should take into account the biogeochemical activity of microorganisms. Microbial intimate interaction with clay minerals, that has taken place on Earth’s surface in a geological time-scale, represents a complex co-evolving system which is challenging to comprehend because of fragmented information and requires coordinated efforts from both clay scientists and microbiologists. This review covers some important aspects of the interactions of clay minerals with microorganisms at the different levels of complexity, starting from organic molecules, individual and aggregated microbial cells, fungal and bacterial symbioses with photosynthetic organisms, pedosphere, up to environmental and biotechnological implications. The review attempts to systematize our current general understanding of the processes of biogeochemical transformation of clay minerals by microorganisms. This paper also highlights some microbiological and biotechnological perspectives of the practical application of clay minerals–microbes interactions not only in microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of pollutants but also in areas related to agronomy and human and animal health.
  • List of Abbreviations

    List of Abbreviations

    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
  • Nepouite Isomorphous Series

    Nepouite Isomorphous Series

    N¶epouite Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Orthorhombic, probable. Point Group: n.d. As crude pseudohexagonal vermiform crystals, to 1 cm; massive. Physical Properties: Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 3.24 D(calc.) = [3.07{3.40] Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Intense dark green to dull green. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Pleochroism: Weak; X = dark green; Z = yellow-green. ® = 1.622 ¯ = 1.576{1.579 ° = 1.645 2V(meas.) = n.d. Cell Data: Space Group: n.d. a = 5.27{5.31 b = 9.14{9.20 c = 7.24{7.28 Z = [2] X-ray Powder Pattern: Letovice, Czech Republic. 7.31 (100), 3.63 (90), 2.501 (70), 2.894 (60), 1.530 (60), 4.55 (50b), 2.321 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) SiO2 32.84 37.0 31.60 Al2O3 0.97 0.21 Fe2O3 0.22 FeO 1.90 NiO 49.05 44.9 58.92 MgO 3.64 5.95 CaO 0.50 0.22 Na2O 0.10 K2O 0.07 + H2O 9.64 11.9 9.48 Total 98.54 100.6 100.00 (1) N¶epoui, New Caledonia. (2) Nakety, New Caledonia. (3) Ni3Si2O5(OH)4: Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with pecoraite; forms a series with lizardite. Mineral Group: Kaolinite-serpentine group. Occurrence: An alteration product of nickel-rich ultrama¯c rocks. Association: Serpentine, chlorite, hydrous nickel silicates, iron oxides. Distribution: From the Reis II mine, N¶epoui; near Nakety, and at Thio, New Caledonia. In the 132 North nickel mine, Widgiemooltha district, Western Australia. From Pavlos, Greece.
  • Does Low Exposure to Chrysotile Pose a Health Risk?

    Does Low Exposure to Chrysotile Pose a Health Risk?

    Does Low Exposure to Chrysotile Pose a Health Risk? Dr. Tom Hesterberg Principal Toxicologist Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health American Conference Institute’s Asbestos Claims and Litigation January 30-31, 2014 San Francisco, California 5120 North Shore Drive | North Little Rock, AR 72118 | Main Line: 501.801.8500 Overview of Fiber Toxicology Studies • Basics of Fiber Toxicology • Chromosomal Effects • Fiber Biopersistence • Rodent Inhalation Studies • Thresholds for Fiber Toxicity 2 Basics of Fiber Toxicology 3 Dose The Cornerstone of Toxicology “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.” Paracelsus (1493-1541). 4 Definition of Threshold The dose below which a given effect is not observed A threshold is a result of our bodies’ protective mechanisms 5 Doses of Common Substances Substance Normal Lethal Water 1.5 qts 15 qts Aspirin 2 tablets 90 tablets Table Salt 3 tsp. 60 tsp. Cyanide in Lima Beans 0.5 cups 11 cups Toxicity is the adverse effect caused when a chemical reaches a sufficient dose—threshold. 6 Asbestos Types Chrysotile Asbestos Crocidolite Asbestos The Three Ds of Fiber Toxicology Dose - Amount reaching the deep lung Dimension - Thin fibers deposit in the deep lung; long fibers are more toxic Durability - Dissolution and breakage; more durable fibers are more toxic Hesterberg and Hart., Inhal. Tox., 2001 8 Biopersistence Determines Toxic Potential of Fibers Long Fiber (> 20 µm) Incongruent Dissolution Congruent Dissolution Transverse Breakage Complete Altered Biological Translocation Dissolution Reactivity Macrophage Uptake Mucociliary Clearance Epithelial Cell Uptake Intracellular Degradation Translocation to Interstitium Hesterberg and Hart., Inhal.
  • Characterization of Fibrous Mordenite: a First Step for the Evaluation of Its Potential Toxicity

    Characterization of Fibrous Mordenite: a First Step for the Evaluation of Its Potential Toxicity

    crystals Article Characterization of Fibrous Mordenite: A First Step for the Evaluation of Its Potential Toxicity Dario Di Giuseppe 1,2 1 Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, I-42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy Received: 4 August 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 31 August 2020 Abstract: In nature, a huge number of unregulated minerals fibers share the same characteristics as asbestos and therefore have potential adverse health effects. However, in addition to asbestos minerals, only fluoro-edenite and erionite are currently classified as toxic/pathogenic agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Mordenite is one of the most abundant zeolites in nature and commonly occurs with a fibrous crystalline habit. The goal of this paper is to highlight how fibrous mordenite shares several common features with the well-known carcinogenic fibrous erionite. In particular, this study has shown that the morphology, biodurability, and surface characteristics of mordenite fibers are similar to those of erionite and asbestos. These properties make fibrous mordenite potentially toxic and exposure to its fibers can be associated with deadly diseases such as those associated with regulated mineral fibers. Since the presence of fibrous mordenite concerns widespread geological formations, this mineral fiber should be considered dangerous for health and the precautionary approach should be applied when this material is handled. Future in vitro and in vivo tests are necessary to provide further experimental confirmation of the outcome of this work.