List of Abbreviations
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models
Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER View of the abandoned Chrome Concentrating Company mill, opened in 1917, near the No. 5 chromite mine in Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photograph by Dan Mosier, 1972). Insets show (upper right) specimen of massive chromite ore from the Pillikin mine, El Dorado County, California, and (lower left) specimen showing disseminated layers of chromite in dunite from the No. 5 mine, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photographs by Dan Mosier, 2012). Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, Barry C. Moring, and John P. Galloway Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 This report and any updates to it are available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5157/ For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Galloway, J.P., 2012, Podiform chromite deposits—database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. -
17. Clay Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Sediments in the Northwestern Pacific, Dsdp, Leg 20
17. CLAY MINERALOGY OF DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC, DSDP, LEG 20 Hakuyu Okada and Katsutoshi Tomita, Department of Geology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890, Japan INTRODUCTION intensity of montmorillonite can be obtained by sub- tracting the (001) reflection intensity of chlorite from the Clay mineral study of samples collected during Leg 20 of preheating or pretreating reflection intensity at 15 Å. the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the western north Pacific In a specimen with coexisting kaolinite and chlorite, was carried out mainly by means of X-ray diffraction their overlapping reflections make it difficult to determine analyses. Emphasis was placed on determining vertical quantitatively these mineral compositions. For such speci- changes in mineral composition of sediments at each site. mens Wada's method (Wada, 1961) and heat treatment Results of the semiquantitative and quantitative deter- were adopted. minations of mineral compositions of analyzed samples are The following shows examples of the determination of shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. The mineral suites some intensity ratios of reflections of clay minerals. presented here show some unusual characters as discussed below. The influence of burial diagenesis is also evidenced Case 1 in the vertical distribution of some authigenic minerals. Montmorillonite (two layers of water molecules between These results may contribute to a better understanding silicate layers)—kaolinite mixture. of deep-sea sedimentation on the northwestern Pacific This is the situation in which samples contain both plate. montmorillonite and kaolinite. The first-order basal reflec- tions of these minerals do not overlap. When the (002) ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES reflection of montmorillonite, which appears at about 7 Å, Each sample was dried in air, and X-ray diffraction is absent or negligible, the intensity ratio is easily obtained. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
High Dose Dosimetry Using Antigorite-Teflon Composite
2011 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2011 Belo Horizonte,MG, Brazil, October 24-28, 2011 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 978-85-99141-04-5 HIGH DOSE DOSIMETRY USING ANTIGORITE-TEFLON COMPOSITE René R. Rocca 1, Sonia H. Tatumi 2 and Shigueo Watanabe 1 1 Instituto de Física Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão 187 – Travessa R. 05508-090 Butantã, SP [email protected] – [email protected] 2 Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo CEETESP Pça. Cel. Fernando Prestes - Bom retiro, 30 01124-060 São Paulo, SP [email protected] ABSTRACT Pellets of antigorite crystals (Mg 3-x [Si 2O5] (OH) 4-2x ) and teflon powder were obtained in order to investigate the thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetric characteristics. ICP analysis was performed showing the presence of 0.25 mol% of Fe 2O3, 0.07 mol% of Al 2O3 and 0.006 mol% of MnO impurities. These pellets show two prominent TL peaks at 150 oC and another broad one at 250 oC observed in samples previously irradiated with gamma-rays from 60 Co source. The 150 oC peak increased up to 2 kGy and after this dose the intensity reaches a maximum then decreases gradually. However the 250 oC peak increased up even with a dose of 172 kGy. A good reproducibility of TL results was obtained showing that these pellets can be used for high dose measurements. An excellent theoretical fit using second order kinects model [10] was obtained for all the peaks; however the theoretical deconvolution [4] showed the presence of two additional peaks at 206 and 316 oC. -
The Krásno Sn-W Ore District Near Horní Slavkov: Mining History, Geological and Mineralogical Characteristics
Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51/12(2006) 3 The Krásno Sn-W ore district near Horní Slavkov: mining history, geological and mineralogical characteristics Sn-W rudní revír Krásno u Horního Slavkova historie tìby, geologická a mineralogická charakteristika (47 figs, 1 tab) PAVEL BERAN1 JIØÍ SEJKORA2 1 Regional Museum Sokolov, Zámecká 1, Sokolov, CZ-356 00, Czech Republic 2 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, Prague 1, CZ-115 79, Czech Republic The tin-tungsten Krásno ore district near Horní Slavkov (Slavkovský les area, western Bohemia) belongs to the most important areas of ancient mining in the Czech Republic. The exceptionally rich and variable mineral associations, and the high number of mineral species, make this area one of the most remarkable mineralogical localities on a worldwide scale. The present paper reviews the data on geological setting of the ore district, individual ore deposits and mining history. Horní Slavkov and Krásno were known as a rich source of exquisite quality mineral specimens stored in numerous museum collections throughout Europe. The old museum specimens are often known under the German locality names of Schlaggenwald (= Horní Slavkov) and Schönfeld (=Krásno). The megascopic properties and paragenetic position of selected mineral classics are reviewed which include arsenopyrite, fluorapatite, fluorite, hübnerite, chalcopyrite, carpholite, cassiterite, quartz, molybdenite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, topaz and scheelite. Key words: Sn-W ores; tin-tungsten mineralization; mining history; ore geology; mineralogy; Slavkovský les; Krásno, Horní Slavkov ore district; Czech Republic. Introduction valleys dissected parts of the area. In the ore district area, the detailed surface morphology is modified by large de- In the mining history of Central Europe, Bohemia and pressions caused by the collapse of old underground Moravia are known as important source of gold, silver, workings and by extensive dumps. -
Heat Capacity of High Pressure Minerals and Phase Equilibria of Cretan Blueschists
Heat capacity of high pressure minerals and phase equilibria of Cretan blueschists by Matthew Rahn Manon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geology) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Eric J. Essene, Chair Professor Rebecca Ann Lange Professor Youxue Zhang Associate Professor Steven M. Yalisove Matthew Rahn Manon 2008 Acknowledgments Cheers to all the grad students who have gone and come through CC-Little over the years. Zeb, Steven, Jim, Chris, Katy, Phillip, Franek, Eric, Tom, Darius, Sarah, Sara, Abir, Laura, Casey, Sam, John and anyone else I’ve been to learned something from, or argued something with. From early nights at Dominicks for subductology “seminars” through to the FWC, Michigan has been a fun place to live. Thanks to Anne Hudon, whos made sure I haven’t been able to place myself in inextricable holes. Thanks also to those from earlier in my life. College professors like Ken Hess or Barbara Nimmersheim who, in their very different ways inspired me to explore what it is I know. I’ll always remember time spent with Bob Wiebe who introduced me to the wild unknown of geology. Immeasurable thanks go to Eric Essene. The fieldtrips we took the first few years were good adventures. He’s always put aside his own issues to be there for me to talk to, especially when I didn’t deserve it. Eric’s scientific curiosity, and mental rigor are deservedly well known. His patience with me may be one of his great, unsung virtues. -
Chemical and Structural Evolution of “Metamorphic Vermiculite” in Metaclastic Rocks of the Betic Cordillera, Málaga, Spain: a Synthesis
249 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 249-265 (2006) CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF “METAMORPHIC VERMICULITE” IN METACLASTIC ROCKS OF THE BETIC CORDILLERA, MÁLAGA, SPAIN: A SYNTHESIS MARÍA DOLORES RUIZ CRUZ§ Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Málaga, Spain JOSÉ MIGUEL NIETO Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, E-21071 Huelva, Spain ABSTRACT Vermiculite-like minerals from a metamorphic sequence of the Betic Cordillera, near Málaga, southeastern Spain, were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, electron-microprobe analysis, and transmission-analytical electron microscopy. Our results reveal that the chlorite-to-biotite transformation is much more complex than previously assumed. In addition to mixed- layer minerals with a mica:chlorite ratio of 2:1 and 1:1, which had previously been identifi ed, mixed-layer phases with very high and very low chlorite:vermiculite ratios have been identifi ed, together with true vermiculite, as intermediate steps in the chlorite-to-biotite transformation. The observed sequence is: chlorite → random to ordered 1:2 mica–chlorite mixed-layer phases → regular 1:1 chlorite–vermiculite mixed-layer phases → Vrm-rich chlorite–vermiculite mixed-layer phases → vermiculite → biotite. This sequence includes a continuous increase of interlayer cation content, and is similar to that described in the smectite- to-illite transformation. The high Na content of most of these phases suggests that in the absence of K-feldspar, two parallel sites of reactants, chlorite + phengite and chlorite + albite, account for the formation of vermiculitic phases, and later, of biotite. Keywords: mixed-layer minerals, metamorphic vermiculite, X-ray diffraction, electron-microprobe analysis, transmission elec- tron microscopy, analytical electron microscopy, Betic Cordillera, Spain. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
C:\Documents and Settings\Alan Smithee\My Documents\MOTM
I`mt`qx1/00Lhmdq`knesgdLnmsg9Rbnkdbhsd This month’s mineral, scolecite, is an uncommon zeolite from India. Our write-up explains its origin as a secondary mineral in volcanic host rocks, the difficulty of collecting this fragile mineral, the unusual properties of the zeolite-group minerals, and why mineralogists recently revised the system of zeolite classification and nomenclature. OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Chemistry: Ca(Al2Si3O10)A3H2O Hydrous Calcium Aluminum Silicate (Hydrous Calcium Aluminosilicate), usually containing some potassium and sodium. Class: Silicates Subclass: Tectosilicates Group: Zeolites Crystal System: Monoclinic Crystal Habits: Usually as radiating sprays or clusters of thin, acicular crystals or Hairlike fibers; crystals are often flattened with tetragonal cross sections, lengthwise striations, and slanted terminations; also massive and fibrous. Twinning common. Color: Usually colorless, white, gray; rarely brown, pink, or yellow. Luster: Vitreous to silky Transparency: Transparent to translucent Streak: White Cleavage: Perfect in one direction Fracture: Uneven, brittle Hardness: 5.0-5.5 Specific Gravity: 2.16-2.40 (average 2.25) Figure 1. Scolecite. Luminescence: Often fluoresces yellow or brown in ultraviolet light. Refractive Index: 1.507-1.521 Distinctive Features and Tests: Best field-identification marks are acicular crystal habit; vitreous-to-silky luster; very low density; and association with other zeolite-group minerals, especially the closely- related minerals natrolite [Na2(Al2Si3O10)A2H2O] and mesolite [Na2Ca2(Al6Si9O30)A8H2O]. Laboratory tests are often needed to distinguish scolecite from other zeolite minerals. Dana Classification Number: 77.1.5.5 NAME The name “scolecite,” pronounced SKO-leh-site, is derived from the German Skolezit, which comes from the Greek sklx, meaning “worm,” an allusion to the tendency of its acicular crystals to curl when heated and dehydrated. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals
RESEARCH BULLETIN 614 SEPTEMBER, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. H. Longwell, Director The Surface Reactions Of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. V. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL (Publication authorized September 5, 1956) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... .. 3 The Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions . .. 4 The Interaction of Anorthite with Salt Solutions ........ .. 7 Relative Effectiveness of Ammonium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride on the Release of Sodium from Albite . .. 9 Surface Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions in Methanol . .. 13 Experiments on Cationic Fixation ............................... 16 Detailed Exchange and Activity Studies with Individual Feldspars .......... .. 19 Procedure .. .. 20 Microcline . .. 21 Albite .................................................... 22 Oligoclase . .. 23 Andesine . .. 24 Labradori te . .. 25 Bytownite ................................................. 25 Anorthite . .. 27 Discussion ........ .. 28 Summary ..................................................... 35 References .. .. 36 Most of the experimental material of this and the preceding Research Bulletin is taken from the Ph.D. Thesis of Victor Nash, University of Missouri, June 1955. The experiments on cation fixation were carried our with the aid of a research grant from the Potash Rock Company of America, Lithonia, Georgia, for which the authors wish to record their appreciation. The work was part of Department of Soils Research Project No.6, entitled, "Heavy Clays." The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. v. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL INTRODUCTION The review of literature cited in Part I of this series indicates that little is known of the interaction of feldspar surfaces with salt solutions. The work of Breazeale and Magistad (1) clearly demonstrated that ex change reactions between potassium and calcium occur in the case of or thoclase surfaces. -
Fluid Inclusions Confirm Authenticity of Tibetan Andesine Date
GEMOLOGY Fluid Inclusions Confirm Authenticity of Tibetan Andesine Can Tibetan andesine now be certified? By Adolf Peretti1, Willy Bieri1, Kathrin Hametner2 and Detlef Günther2 with Richard W. Hughes and Ahmadjan Abduriyim Introduction Untreated copper-bearing feldspar of a rich red color is found in nature, but gem-quality pieces are scarce. For decades the major occurrence has been in Oregon (USA), but gem-quality red feld- spar also occurs in Japan (Furuya & Milisenda, 2009) and elsewhere. Beginning in 2002, gem-quality red plagioclase feldspar en- tered world gem markets. The source was originally stated as the Congo and later morphed into Tibet. By 2007, suspicions that such stones were the result of a treatment were widespread. These suspicions were confirmed in early 2008 (Furuya, 2008), when the treatment was revealed as one of copper diffusion into otherwise lightly-colored plagioclase. This was confirmed by laboratory experiments which replicated the treatment (Emmett & Douthit, 2009). Still, the question remained. Was there a genuine red feldspar mine in Tibet? If so, how would one separate such stones from the treated material? This question challenged the gemological community, resulting in several expeditions to the alleged Tibet- an localities for sample collection and subsequent testing. Figure 2. Copper-bearing red collected by Abduriyim from Yu Lin Gu and view into the valley. (Photos: Ahmadjan Abduriyim) The first of these forays was in 2008 to Bainang, southeast of Shigatse. A group led by Ahmadjan Abduriyim collected numer- ous samples and found the deposit to be credible. However, two subsequent visits (to two widely separated deposits, one of which was adjacent to Bainang) suggested copper-bearing an- desine occurrences in Tibet were being “salted” (Fontaine et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010).