DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes on Petrography and Rock-Forming Mineralogy (8) Margarite-Bearing Metagabbro from the Iratsu Mass in the Sanbagawa Belt, Central Shikoku

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes on Petrography and Rock-Forming Mineralogy (8) Margarite-Bearing Metagabbro from the Iratsu Mass in the Sanbagawa Belt, Central Shikoku J. Japan. Assoc. Min.P etr. Econ. Geol. 76. 245-253, 1980. NOTES ON PETROGRAPHY AND ROCK-FORMING MINERALOGY (8) MARGARITE-BEARING METAGABBRO FROM THE IRATSU MASS IN THE SANBAGAWA BELT, CENTRAL SHIKOKU MASAKI ENAMI Department of Earth Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464, Japan Margarite-bearing metagabbro was found from the Iratsu epidote amphibolite mass in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt. The sample is a metamorphosed anorthosite layer and consists of zoisite, paragonite, kyanite, margarite, chlorite, quartz and clay mineral (kaolinite or dickite). The unit cell parameter of margarite is as follows: a0=5.11 A, b0=8.79 A, c0=19.15 A. ƒÀ=95.3•‹. Muscovite component in margarite is almost negligible, but paragonite content in it reaches about 27 mole%. Paragonite is divided into Ca-rich (CaO=0.4-1.1 wt%) and Ca-poor (CaO=0.2-0.4 wt%) types. Within the constitutent minerals, zoisite, kyanite and Ca-poor paragonite were formed with the decomposition of plagioclase in original anorthosite, and represent the equilibrium assemblage at the highest temperature stage during the Sanbagawa metamorphism. Margarite and Ca-rich paragonite were formed during the retrogressive metamorphism within the Sanbagawa stage. INTRODUCTION MODE OF OCCURRENCEAND PETROGRAPHY Margarite, a calcic dioctahedral mica, has been reported from numerous rock The Iratsu epidote amphibolite mass is types: namely ore deposits (Aoki and Shima a metamorphosed layered gabbro complex da, 1965), pelitic schists (Chinner, 1974; that occurs in the epidote amphibolite facies Frey and Orville, 1974; Hock, 1974; Guidotti area of the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt and Cheney, 1976; Frey, 1978), marbles in central Shikoku (Banno et al., 1976; 1978). (Jones, 1971; Okrush et al., 1976) and The mass consists mainly of epidote amphi amphibolites (Ackermand and Morteani, bolite, hornblende eclogite, quartz eclogite 1973). and zoisite rock. Recently, margarite was found from a Zoisite rock is a metamorphosed anorth metagabbro of the Iratsu epidote amphibolite osite layer in the metagabbro and consists mass in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of wide (7-30cm in width) zoisite-rich band in central Shikoku. This note is the first and thin (0.5-3cm) amphibole-rich band. report of margarite from the metamorphic The former consists mainly of zoisite, rocks in Japan, and will discuss the paragonite, kyanite and quartz and the petrogenesis of the margarite-bearing rock. latter is composed of hornblende, clinozo (Manuscript received March 13, 1980) 246 Masaki Enami the zoisite rock which was collected from a river bed on the Nikubuchi stream (Fig. 1). The sample is subdivided into two parts: paragonite-rich and zoisite-rich parts. The former consists mainly of paragonite and kyanite with subordinate amounts of zoisite, quartz and margarite, on which detailed chemical works have been done, and the latter consists of zoisite and quartz with subordinate amounts of chlorite and para gonite. Clay mineral is also found as a Fig. 1: Geological sketch map of the Iratsu mass minor constituent, and is probably kaolinite and the surrounding peridotites and or dickites judged from its chemical com schists (after Banno et al., 1976) with location of margarite-bearing rock. position (cf. Table 1). Coexistenceof marg arite and paragonite was confirmed ?? isite, chlorite, garnet, albite and quartz. the X-ray powder method. Two different Margarite is found in a zoisite-rich band of ways of distinguishing margarite from Table 1: Chemical compositions of minerals. Abbreviations for minerals: Ma: margarite, Pa(I): type I paragonite, Pa (II): type II paragonite, Zo: zoisite, Ky: kyanite, Chl: chlorite, Clay: clay mineral. * Total Fe as FeO . ?? Total Fe as Fe2O3. Margarite-bearing metagabbro from the Iratsu mass 247 paragonitehave been used in literatures alyses are shown in Table 1. (d (060)spacing, Velde, 1971; and d (0.0. 10) Margarite: Three varieties of mode of spacing, Chatterjee, 1971). The d (060) occurrence are observed: (1). Most margarites and d(0.0. 10) spacingsof margarite in the built up rims around kyanite and measure sample studied are 1.465 and 1.908A, 10-50 ƒÊm in width (Fig. 2a), (2). It is respectively,and showgood agreementwith observed as veinlets cutting kyanite grains. the publisheddata (cf. Aoki and Shimada, The veinlets consist of medium-grained (50- 1965). Althoughcoexistence of paragonite 100 ƒÊm) margarite and paragonite and and muscoviteis common in the Iratsu aggregates of very fine-grained (2-3 ƒÊm) metagabbros(Iwata, 1975; Enami, 1978), silicate minerals (Fig. 2b). Minerals in the muscovitewas not found in the sample aggregates are too fine to be identified studied. microscopically and to be analyzed with Chemicalanalyses were carriedout by EPMA. With the EPMA analyses of the means of JXA-5A electronprobe micro aggregates, Si, Al, Ca and Na are detected - ?? analyzer (EPMA) of J. E.O. L. The ac as major components and Fig. 3 shows the celerating voltage, specimen current and relative concentrations of CaO and Na2O. beam diameter were kept at 15 kV, 0.02ƒÊA CaO and Na2O contents vary 7.5-11.5 wt% and 5 ƒÊm, respectively. Representative an and 1.1-3.5 wt%, respectively. CaO and Fig. 2: Photomicrographs of margarite and associated minerals. a) Margarite being observed as rims around kyanite. Crossed nicols. b) (Maragarite+paragonite) veinlets cutting kyanite. Crossed nicols. c) Margarite being observed at the boundary between zoisite inclusion and kyanite host. Open nicol. Abbreviations for minerals: Ma: margarite, Pa: paragonite, Ky: kyanite, Zo: zoisite, Mx: mixtures of margarite and paragonite. 248 Masaki Enami Fig. 3: CaO-Na2O relation of fine aggregates in veinlet. Open circles: compositions of fine aggregates. Solid circles: average compositions of independent margarite and type II paragonite. Na2O contents of numerous analyzed spots Table 2 shows the unit cell parameter of correspond to those of margarite , however, margarite obtained with the X-ray powder some analyzed spots are richer in Na2O and diffractometer. These values agree well poorer in CaO than independent margarites. with those given in literatures. The com The compositions of such Na-rich spots are positional range of margarite on the Na plotted on the paragonite-margarite join in -Ca-K diagram is shown in Fig. 4a. the present system, showing the presence of Muscovite component in margarite is almost mixture of margarite and subordinate negligible but paragonite solid solution amounts of paragonite. (3). Some margarites reaches about 27 mole%. Only minor con occur at the boundary between zoisite in tents of Fe and Mg were recorded, while clusion and kyanite host (Fig. 2c). Textural Mn and Ti were below the detection limit. relations described above strongly indicate Paragonite: Paragonite is divided in that margarite postdated kyanite and to two types, types I and II, by the dif zoisite. ference of mode of occurrence. Type I Table 2: Unit cell parameters of margarita. Notes: (1): Aoki and Shimada (1965), (2): Takeuchi (1965), (3): Hock (1974), (4): Guggenheim and Bailey (1975). Margarite-bearing metagabbro from the Iratsu ma ss 249 Type II paragonite shows prismatic form measuring about 2 ƒÊm-2.0mm in length and occurs as veinlets in kyanite or rims around kyanite (Fig. 5b). Chemical com position is also different between the two types of paragonites. Fig. 4b shows the compositional range of paragonite on the Na-Ca-K diagram. Muscovite components of types I and II paragonites vary 2.4-5.6 Fig. 4: Compositionsof the analyzed margarites and 2.2-5.1 mole%, respectively, and are and paragonitesin the diagram Na-Ca-K. similar to each other but are smaller than those of paragonites in the margaritefree paragonite occurs as independent and samples from the same mass. On the other prismatic form being parallel to the weak hand, margarite components of types I and foliation which is represented by the ar II paragonites vary 1.8-3.8 and 2.8-7.1 mole rangement of zoisite grains (Fig. 5a). Grain %, respectively, and type II paragonite is size varies from 0.1 to 1.5mm in length. richer in margarite component than type I Fig. 5: Photomicrographs of paragonite and associated minerals. a) Type I paragonite. b) Type II paragonite. Abbreviations for minerals: Pa (I): type I paragonite, Pa (II): type II paragonite, Zo: zoisite, Ky: kyanite, Qz: quartz. 250 Masaki Enami paragonite. Type I paragonite is in equilibrium and two stages of equilibration equilibrium with zoisite and kyanite because are recognized. any textures of replacing kyanite by type I 1) The first stage: Yokoyama (1976a) paragonite were not observed. Type II has shown that the zoisite+kyanite+ paragonite postdated kyanite because it quartz assemblage was formed with the occurs as psuedomorph after kyanite. decomposition of original plagioclase. Type Ca-rich composition of type II paragonite I paragonite is considered to be also formed indicates that type II paragonite is saturated with the decomposition of the plagioclase in margarite component and is in equilib and to be in equilibrium with zoisite, kyanite rium with margarite. and quartz on the following reasons. First, Zoisite: Zoisite occurs as rounded and type I paragonite does not show any subhedral form (50-500 ƒÊm in size) forming textures of replacing kyanite, and secondly, small domains within the paragonite-rich albite component in the plagioclase is the parts. It also occurs as inclusions in only candidate to supply Na2O for the forma kyanite. Any zonal structures were not tion of type I paragonite. observed with the microscopic observations. An example for the reaction to form XPs (=Fe3+/Fe3++Al) content of zoisite is the assemblage of the first stage from the about 0.026-0.030 and is fairly constant original plagioclase is as follows: within a thin section. 40(Na0.1,Ca0.9)(Al1.9,Si2.1)O8+13H2O Kyanite: Kyanite occurs as sub hedral grain measuring 0.5-3.0mm in size , =18Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)+2Na2Al6Si6O20(OH)4 and contains zoisite and quartz as inclusions .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microstructures and Interlayering in Pyrophyllite from the Coastal Range of Central Chile: Evidence of a Disequilibrium Assemblage
    Clay Minerals (2004) 39,439–452 Microstructures and interlayering in pyrophyllite from the Coastal Range of central Chile: evidence of a disequilibrium assemblage 1, 2 3 2 2 M. D. RUIZ C RUZ *,D. M ORATA ,E. P UGA ,L. A GUIRRE AND M. VERGARA 1 Departamento de Quı´mica Inorga´nica, Cristalografı´a y Mineralogı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma´laga, 29071 Ma´laga, Spain, 2 Departamento de Geologı´a, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla, 803, Santiago, Chile, and 3 Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (C.S.I.C.-U.G.R.), Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain (Received 5 December 2003; revised 19 April 2004) ABSTRACT: Pyrophyllite from a Triassic sedimentary formation from the Coastal Range of Chile has been investigated by transmission/analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). The mineral assemblage includes pyrophyllite,muscovite,paragonite,a kaolin mineral,boehmite,rutile and hematite. The textures indicate that the protolith was a volcanoclastic rock. Petrographic evidence, chemistry,and the mineral assemblage suggest the intense leaching of the parent rock by a weathering process,before the metamorphic episode,to create the protolith for the pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite always grows from the kaolin mineral,and both phases show close orientation relationships. The presence of parallel intergrowths of pyrophyllite and muscovite indicate that muscovite also grew from the kaolin mineral. Nevertheless,the composition of muscovite suggests that this phase must also form from another precursor,probably Al smectite. The AEM data and textural relationships between pyrophyllite and muscovite reveal the presence of two generations of muscovite and suggest that Na-rich muscovite recrystallized into a Na-free muscovite and paragonite.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTE Synthesis of a Regularly Interstratified 2:1 Margarite And
    Clay Minerals (1998) 33, 363–367 NOTE Synthesis of a regularly interstratified 2:1 margarite and beidellite (34 A˚ phase) Regularly interstratified mica-smectites and The conditions of composition and temperature chlorite-smectites have been synthesized by Ueda under which the 34 A˚ phase formed as a single & Sudo (1966), Frank-Kamenetskij et al. (1972), phase were fairly limited. The compositions ranged Matsuda & Henmi (1973, 1974)and by Eberl from margarite to margarite and beidellite in a ratio (1978). Only a few studies have been carried out, of 2:1. The temperatures were 400À5008C, and run however, on regularly interstratified minerals whose durations were >2 weeks. The 25 A˚ phase often spacings exceed 30 A˚ (Lazarenko & Korolev, 1970; formed during short runs despite the optimal Sato & Kizaki, 1972). compositions for formation of the 34 A˚ phase. Regularly interstratified minerals with basal Experimental results at 4508C are shown in a ˚ ˚ spacings of 25 A and 30 A have been synthesized triangular diagram of CaOÀAl2O3ÀSiO2 with from kaolinite by means of hydrothermal treatments starting compositions (Fig. 1). As a Ca starting ˚ and by the addition of various oxides or carbonates material, CaCO3 formed the 34 A phase within a (Matsuda & Henmi, 1974, 1983). In these studies a shorter time than did CaO. Compositions richer in phase with a basal spacing of 33À34 A˚ was Ca and Al than ideal margarite led to margarite accompanied by a 25 A˚ mineral after hydrothermal formation at 400À5008C, and to the formation of treatment of kaolinite plus calcium carbonate. The the 25 A˚ phase and boehmite at lower temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetry in Layer Silicates'
    I A merican M ineralogist, Volume60. pages175-187, 1975 Cation Ordering and Pseudosymmetryin Layer Silicates' S. W. BerI-nv Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin5 3706 Abstract The particular sequenceof sheetsand layers present in the structure of a layer silicate createsan ideal symmetry that is usually basedon the assumptionsof trioctahedralcompositions, no significantdistor- tion, and no cation ordering.Ordering oftetrahedral cations,asjudged by mean l-O bond lengths,has been found within the constraints of the ideal spacegroup for specimensof muscovite-3I, phengile-2M2, la-4 Cr-chlorite, and vermiculite of the 2-layer s type. Many ideal spacegroups do not allow ordering of tetrahedralcations because all tetrahedramust be equivalentby symmetry.This includesthe common lM micasand chlorites.Ordering oftetrahedral cations within subgroupsymmetries has not beensought very often, but has been reported for anandite-2Or, llb-2prochlorite, and Ia-2 donbassite. Ordering ofoctahedral cations within the ideal spacegroups is more common and has been found for muscovite-37, lepidolite-2M", clintonite-lM, fluoropolylithionite-lM,la-4 Cr-chlorite, lb-odd ripidolite, and vermiculite. Ordering in subgroup symmetries has been reported l-oranandite-2or, IIb-2 prochlorite, and llb-4 corundophilite. Ordering in local out-of-step domains has been documented by study of diffuse non-Bragg scattering for the octahedral catlons in polylithionite according to a two-dimensional pattern and for the interlayer cations in vermiculite over a three-cellsuperlattice. All dioctahedral layer silicates have ordered vacant octahedral sites, and the locations of the vacancies change the symmetry from that of the ideal spacegroup in kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, and la-2 donbassite Four new structural determinations are reported for margarite-2M,, amesile-2Hr,cronstedtite-2H", and a two-layercookeite.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoidentation Behavior of Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Nonstructured Multilayers" (2009)
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 Nanoidentation behavior of clay minerals and clay- based nonstructured multilayers Zhongxin Wei Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Wei, Zhongxin, "Nanoidentation behavior of clay minerals and clay-based nonstructured multilayers" (2009). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3033. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3033 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. NANOINDENTATION BEHAVIOR OF CLAY MINERALS AND CLAY-BASED NANOSTRUCTURED MULTILAYERS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Zhongxin Wei B.S., Tsinghua University, China, 1989 M.S., Tsinghua University, China, 1994 December, 2009 DEDICATION To my parents and my wife ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Guoping Zhang, my advisor, who provided me the opportunity and guided me to pursue my Ph.D degree in the academic area of geotechnical engineering. I have learned a lot from his outstanding knowledge and professional attitude, and I am grateful of his patient guidance and multiaspect supports which attribute to the accomplishment of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Abbreviations
    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Minerals
    American Minetralogist, Volume 65, pages 1-7, 1980 Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals S. W. BAILEY, CHAIRMAN1 Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Wisconsin-Madison Madi~on, Wisconsin 53706 Introduction This summary of the recommendations made to Because of their small particle sizes and v~riable date by the international nomenclature committees degrees of crystal perfection, it is not surprisi4g that has been prepared in order to achieve wider dissemi- clay minerals proved extremely difficult to character- nation of the decisions reached and to aid clay scien- ize adequately prior to the development of ~odem tists in the correct usage of clay nomenclature. Some analytical techniques. Problems in charactetization of the material in the present summary has been led quite naturally to problems in nomenclatute, un- taken from an earlier summary by Bailey et al. doubtedly more so than for the macroscopic~ more (1971a). crystalline minerals. The popular adoption ~ the early 1950s of the X-ray powder diffractometer for Classification . clay studies helped to solve some of the probl ms of Agreement was reached early in the international identification. Improvements in electron micro copy, discussions that a sound nomenclatur~ is necessarily electron diffraction and oblique texture electr ;n dif- based on a satisfactory classification scheme. For this fraction, infrared and DT A equipment, the de elop- reason, the earliest and most extensive efforts of the ment of nuclear and isotope technology, of high- several national nomenclature committees have been speed electronic computers, of Mossbauer spec rome- expended on classification schemes. Existing schemes ters, and most recently of the electron micr probe were collated and discussed (see Brown, 1955, Mac- and scanning electron microscope all have ai ed in kenzie, 1959, and Pedro, 1967, for examples), sym- the accumulation of factual information on clays.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mineralogical Approach to Use the Non-Qualified Fine Aggregates in Asphalt Concrete Pavement
    UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-EST ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Sciences, Ingénierie et Environnement Thèse de doctorat Spécialité : géotechnique Chi-Wei CHEN A MINERALOGICAL APPROACH TO USE THE NON-QUALIFIED FINE AGGREGATES IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT Thèse dirigée par Jean-Pierre MAGNAN Soutenue le 29 Mars 2016 Jury : Rapporteurs : George E. CHRISTIDIS Technical University of Crete Véronique SCHMITT Université de Bordeaux Examinateurs : Anne PANTET Université du Havre Jean-Eric POIRIER Colas Groupe Directeur de thèse : Jean-Pierre MAGNAN IFSTTAR Co-Directeur de thèse : Yannick DESCANTES IFSTTAR Co-encadrant de thèse : Myriam DUC IFSTTAR Vincent GAUDEFROY IFSTTAR © 2016 Chi-Wei CHEN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To my grandmother, every word was crafted while missing you. I know you are sitting on a rainbow and being pround of me. Preface and acknowledgments My curiosity started growing by encountering the construction problem in pile foundation while I was working as a geotechnical Engineer 8 years ago. My engineering background was unable to explain the occurrence of construction damage, but I knew there was a better solution than pouring more and more concrete into the foundation: it is finding the solution by seeing problem through scientific and engineering aspects. Therefore, I left my engineer position and started the journey of completing my Geo-scientific knowledge. Time was too fast to rewind the life after it – warming up for living abroad through working holiday at Australia, learning Geomaterials and Geosciences through International Master of Advanced Clay Science (IMACS), seeing the world through traveling and living in foreign countries, and being tough through finding my own strength. There was nothing easy, but these experiences fertilized me to have hands-on competence for completing the PhD in Geotechnical engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Mineralogy of the Margarite- and Muscovite-Bearing Pseudomorphs After Topaz in the Juurakko Pegmatite, Orivesi, Southern Finland
    OCCURRENCE AND MINERALOGY OF THE MARGARITE- AND MUSCOVITE-BEARING PSEUDOMORPHS AFTER TOPAZ IN THE JUURAKKO PEGMATITE, ORIVESI, SOUTHERN FINLAND SEPPO I. LAHTI LAHTI, SEPPO I., 1988: Occurrence and mineralogy of the margarite- and muscovite-bearing pseudomorphs after topaz in the Juurakko pegmatite, Orivesi, southern Finland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 60, Pari 1, 27—43. Margarite- and muscovite-bearing pseudomorphs after topaz are described from the Juurakko pegmatite dyke, Orivesi, southern Finland. A supercritical vapour phase rich in calcium and alkalies caused alteration of topaz and some other sili- cates during final phase of crystallization of the dyke. The original columnar form of topaz crystals is characteristic in the pseudo- morphs, although roundish or irregular mica aggregates are also common. The pseu- domorphs are composed of fine-scaled, light-brown muscovite, but they may have a topaz-margarite or margarite core. Coarse-scaled pink, lilac or yellow muscovite forms a rim around the pseudomorphs. The muscovites are nearly ideal dioctahedral. The amount of paragonite and phengite substitution is minute. The pink muscovite is slightly enriched in Mn, but the mica is poor in Fe. Margarite is fibrous or massive, fine-scaled and white in colour. The fibre axis is either a crystallographic a or b axis. Microprobe analyses show that the composition of margarite varies largely from one crystal to the other. The mineral has appreciable paragonite and ephesite as solid solution. Fine-scaled muscovite is also a main mineral in the pseudomorphs after schorl and garnet. The pseudomorphs after topaz and tourmaline may be similar. The pris- matic form and the hexagonal cross-section is, however, often well-preserved in the pseudomorphs after tourmaline and the muscovite is richer in Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ti.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0093986 A1 Bramoulle Et Al
    US 2012O093986A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0093986 A1 Bramoulle et al. (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 19, 2012 (54) METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGHLY (30) Foreign Application Priority Data PALATABLE DRY CAT FOOD Jun. 19, 2009 (EP) .................................. O9305580.4 (76) Inventors: Loic Bramoulle, Sarzeau (FR): Publication Classification Isabelle Guiller, Le Tour Du Parc (51) Int. Cl. (FR); Julien Ruaud. Pleucadeuc A23K L/18 (2006.01) (FR) A23P I/08 (2006.01) A23PI/2 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/378,856 (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 426/302: 426/442: 426/656: 426/531; 426/650 (57) ABSTRACT (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 15, 2010 The present invention relates to a method for producing highly palatable dry cat foods, by providing dry cat food (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2010/0584.05 preparations having specific compositions and/or texture properties, and by adding thereto palatability enhancers, so as S371 (c)(1), to obtain highly palatable dry cat foods. Preferably, the (2), (4) Date: Dec. 16, 2011 present invention provides highly palatable dry cat foods having a rigidity below or equal to about 100 N/mm. Also is Related U.S. Application Data the present invention related to a method for increasing the palatability effect of a liquid palatability enhancer for use in (60) Provisional application No. 61/218,765, filed on Jun. dry cat food preparation, and to kits useful for enhancing 19, 2009. palatability of dry cat foods. Patent Application Publication Apr. 19, 2012 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2012/0093986 A1 A) FIGURE 1 Patent Application Publication Apr.
    [Show full text]
  • An EMP and TEM-AEM Study of Margarite, Muscovite
    JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 37 NUMBER 2 PAGES 201-233 1996 ANNE FEENSTRA* MINERALOGISCH-PETROGRAPHISCHES INSTITUT, UNIVERSITY OF BERNE, BALTZERSTRASSE 1, CH-J012 BERNE, SWITZERLAND An EMP and TEM-AEM Study of Margarite, Muscovite and Paragonite in Polymetamorphic Metabauxites of Naxos (Cyclades, Greece) and the Implications of Fine-scale Mica Interlayering and Multiple Mica Generations Coexisting white micas and plagioclase were studied by electron covite-paragonite solvus thermometry. Chemical data for Co— microprobe (EMP), and transmission and analytical electron Na micas from this study and literature data indicate that microscopy (TEM-AEM) in greenschist- to amphibolite- naturally coexisting margarite—paragonite pairs display con- grade metabauxites from Naxos. The TEM—AEM studies siderably less mutual solubility than suggested by experimental indicate that sub-micron scale (0-01-1-0 jim thick) semi- work. The variable and irregular Na partitioning between coherent intergrowths ofmargarite, paragonite and muscovite are margarite and muscovite as observed in many metamorphic common up to lower amphibolite conditions. If unrecognized, rocks could largely be related to opposing effects of pressure on such small-scale mica interlayering can easily lead to incorrect Na solubility in margarite and paragonite and/or non-equili- interpretation of EMP data. Muscovite and paragonite in M2 brium between micas. greenschist-grade Naxos rocks are mainly relics of an earlier high-pressure metamorphism (M.\). Owing to the medium- KEY WORDS: Ca—Na—K mica; margarite; mctabauxite; Naxos; sub- pressure M2 event, margarite occurs in middle greenschist-grade micron-scale mica interlayering metabauxites and gradually is replaced by plagioclase + cor- undum in amphibolite-grade metabauxites. The margarite dis- IV VI 3+ VI plays minor Al3 (Fe ,Al)SL3 O-i and considerable INTRODUCTION (Na,K) SiCa-iALj substitution, resulting in up to 44 mol% Since 1970, many new occurrences of the brittle paragonite and 6 mol % muscovite in solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of the Micas
    Mineralogical Magazine, April 1999, Vol. 63(2), pp. 267-279 Nomenclature of the micas M. RIEDER (CHAIRMAN) Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic G. CAVAZZINI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universith di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy Yu. S. D'YAKONOV VSEGEI, Srednii pr., 74, 199 026 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia W. m. FRANK-KAMENETSKII* G. GOTTARDIt S. GUGGENHEIM Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7059, USA P. V. KOVAL' Institut geokhimii SO AN Rossii, ul. Favorskogo la, Irkutsk - 33, Russia 664 033 G. MOLLER Institut fiir Mineralogie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, Technische Universit/it Clausthal, Postfach 1253, D-38670 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany A. M, R. NEIVA Departamento de Ci6ncias da Terra, Universidade de Coimbra, Apartado 3014, 3049 Coimbra CODEX, Portugal E. W. RADOSLOVICH$ J.-L. ROBERT Centre de Recherche sur la Synth6se et la Chimie des Min6raux, C.N.R.S., 1A, Rue de la F6rollerie, 45071 Od6ans CEDEX 2, France F. P. SASSI Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Universit~t di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 1-35122 Padova, Italy H. TAKEDA Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino City, Chiba 275, Japan Z. WEISS Central Analytical Laboratory, Technical University of Mining and Metallurgy, T/'. 17.1istopadu, 708 33 Ostrava- Poruba, Czech Republic AND D. R. WONESw * Russia; died 1994 t Italy; died 1988 * Australia; resigned 1986 wUSA; died 1984 1999 The Mineralogical Society M. RIEDER ETAL. ABSTRACT I I End-members and species defined with permissible ranges of composition are presented for the true micas, the brittle micas, and the interlayer-deficient micas.
    [Show full text]