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Nanoidentation Behavior of Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Nonstructured Multilayers" (2009)

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Nanoidentation Behavior of Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Nonstructured Multilayers Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 Nanoidentation behavior of clay minerals and clay- based nonstructured multilayers Zhongxin Wei Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Wei, Zhongxin, "Nanoidentation behavior of clay minerals and clay-based nonstructured multilayers" (2009). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3033. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3033 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. NANOINDENTATION BEHAVIOR OF CLAY MINERALS AND CLAY-BASED NANOSTRUCTURED MULTILAYERS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Zhongxin Wei B.S., Tsinghua University, China, 1989 M.S., Tsinghua University, China, 1994 December, 2009 DEDICATION To my parents and my wife ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Guoping Zhang, my advisor, who provided me the opportunity and guided me to pursue my Ph.D degree in the academic area of geotechnical engineering. I have learned a lot from his outstanding knowledge and professional attitude, and I am grateful of his patient guidance and multiaspect supports which attribute to the accomplishment of this dissertation. I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to my committee members: Dr. George Voyiadjis, Dr. Ray E. Ferrell, Dr. Khalid Alshibli, and Dr. Mette Gaarde for their help and support all the time. I benefit not only from the impressive courses offered by them, such as Plasiticity/viscoelasticity and Damage Mechanics by Dr. Voyiadjis, Clay Mineralogy by Dr. Ferrell, Deep Foundation by Dr. Alshibli, but also from the guidance for my dissertation. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Jian Luo and Ph.D. candidate Hao Chen (Clemson University, Clemson, SC) for their support in preparing clay-based nanostructured multilayers, Dr. Stephen Guggenheim (University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL) for providing samples of large size clay minerals, and Dr. Randall T. Cygan (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM) for providing molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data. I also thank Ms. Wanda LeBlanc for helping me to conduct X-ray diffraction of all the samples, and Dr. Xiaogang Xie for helping me to scan SEM images. I am also very grateful to all my friends and fellow graduate students who always gave me encouragement when I was in difficulties. Last but not least, my heartfelt gratefulness goes to my parents, my wife, and my son. This dissertation would not appear without their consistent encouragement, support, and love. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................x ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1 1.1 Background..........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................2 1.3 Organization of Dissertation................................................................................................2 1.4 References............................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................5 2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Clay Minerals......................................................................................................................5 2.2.1 General Structure Features.........................................................................................5 2.2.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)............................................................................................6 2.2.3 Classifications.............................................................................................................8 2.3 Clay-based Nanocomposites................................................................................................8 2.3.1 Clay-based Bulk Nanocomposites..............................................................................9 2.3.2 Clay-based Nanostructured Multilayers.....................................................................9 2.4 Mechanical Testing Methods for Clay Minerals and Clay-based Nanocomposites..........11 2.4.1 Acoustic Method.......................................................................................................11 2.4.2 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation....................................................................12 2.4.3 Brillouin Scattering Method.....................................................................................14 2.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)............................................................................15 2.4.5 Buckling-based Method............................................................................................16 2.4.6 X-ray Diffraction with Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC).................................................16 2.4.7 Nanoindentation........................................................................................................17 2.5 Principles of Indentation Testing.......................................................................................17 2.5.1 Conventional Indentation..........................................................................................17 2.5.2 Nanoindentation........................................................................................................19 2.6 Summary of Literature Review.........................................................................................24 2.7 References.........................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 3. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR EVALUATING ELASTIC MODULUS OF THIN FILMS BY NANOINDENTATION...................................................35 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................35 3.2 Methods of Analysis..........................................................................................................37 3.2.1 Available Analysis Methods.....................................................................................37 3.2.2 Proposed Analysis Method.......................................................................................40 iv 3.3 Experiments.......................................................................................................................41 3.3.1 Film Preparation.......................................................................................................41 3.3.2 Determination of Film Thickness.............................................................................42 3.3.3 Sample Mounting.....................................................................................................44 3.3.4 Nanoindentation Testing..........................................................................................44 3.3.5 Data Analysis and Curve Fitting..............................................................................45 3.4 Analysis of Results............................................................................................................47 3.4.1 Soft Films on Hard Substrates..................................................................................47 3.4.2 Hard Films on Soft Substrates..................................................................................51 3.5 Discussion..........................................................................................................................52 3.5.1 Advantages of the New Method................................................................................52 3.5.2 Comparison among Analysis Methods.....................................................................55 3.5.3 Limitations................................................................................................................55 3.5.4 Source of Errors........................................................................................................56
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