Background Data for the Chemical Elements
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Paolovite Pd2sn C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Paolovite Pd2Sn c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As irregular grains embedded in other minerals. Twinning: Polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. VHN = 329–378 (10 g load). D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 11.08 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Lilac-rose. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Dark lilac-rose to pale rose. R1–R2: (400) — , (420) 44.4–46.5, (440) 44.6–47.2, (460) 45.0–48.2, (480) 45.5–49.1, (500) 45.9–50.3, (520) 46.7–51.6, (540) 47.7–52.8, (560) 49.0–54.1, (580) 50.9–55.4, (600) 52.9–56.7, (620) 55.3–57.7, (640) 57.7–59.2, (660) 59.8–59.5, (680) 61.5–60.3, (700) 62.7–60.6 Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 8.11(1) b = 5.662(6) c = 4.324(2) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Oktyabr deposit, Russia. 2.28 (100), 2.16 (70), 1.955 (50), 2.36 (40), 1.397 (40), 1.315 (40), 1.120 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pd 64.8 64.3 64.19 Pt 2.5 Sn 35.5 35.0 35.81 Sb 0.3 Bi 0.2 Total 103.3 99.3 100.00 (1) Oktyabr deposit, Russia; by electron microprobe, corresponding to (Pd1.98Pt0.04)Σ=2.02Sn0.98. (2) Western Platinum mine, South Africa; by electron microprobe, corresponding to Pd2.02Sn0.98. (3) Pd2Sn. Occurrence: In Cu–Ni sulfide ores; in cubanite–chalcopyrite, cubanite–talnakhite, and cubanite–mooihoekite assemblages (Oktyabr deposit, Russia). -
Trolleite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Trolleite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Lamellar, massive, to 3 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: In two directions, indistinct. Fracture: Even to conchoidal. Hardness = 8.5 D(meas.) = 3.10 D(calc.) = 3.08 Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Pale green to bright blue. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Dispersion: r> v,weak. α = 1.619 β = 1.639 γ = 1.643 2V(meas.) = 49◦ Cell Data: Space Group: I2/c. a = 18.894(5) b = 7.161(1) c = 7.162(2) β =99.99(2)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Champion mine, California, USA. 3.208 (100), 3.095 (90), 3.075 (50), 2.519 (45), 3.336 (40), 6.667 (35), 1.983 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) P2O5 46.72 48.00 47.97 Al2O3 43.26 43.87 45.94 Fe2O3 2.75 0.34 CaO 0.97 0.02 H2O 6.23 [7.77] 6.09 Total 99.93 [100.00] 100.00 (1) V¨astan˚amine, Sweden. (2) H¨okens˚as, Sweden; by electron microprobe, total Fe as Fe2O3, H2O by difference. (3) Al4(PO4)3(OH)3. Occurrence: In amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks. Association: Berlinite, attakolite, augelite, lazulite (V¨astan˚amine, Sweden); scorzalite, augelite, vis´eite(Champion mine, California, USA); montebrasite, scorzalite, bertossaite, brazilianite, apatite, gatumbaite, samuelsonite, wyllieite (Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda). Distribution: In Sweden, from the V¨astan˚amine, near N¨asum,Sk˚ane; at H˚alsj¨oberg, V¨armland;from H¨okens˚as,V¨asterg¨otland.In the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. -
Cu-Fe-S Phases in Lunar Rocks
American Mineralogist, Volume 58, pages 952-954, 1973 Cu-Fe-SPhases in LunarRocks LawnnNcn A. Tevronl Departmentol Geosciences,Purdue Uniuersity, Lalaye t te, I ndiana47 907 KBNNrrn L. Wnrrnus Departmentof Applied Earth Sciences,Stanlord Uniaersity, Stanford, Calilornia 943 0 5 Abstract The sulfide minerals reported to be present in lunar rocks include troilite, mackinawite, the discredited mineral "chalcopyrrhotite", sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite. Apollo 12 sam- ple l2D2l,l34 contains these last two minerals, and the first chemical analyses of the Cu-Fe-S phases are presented. These minerals occur along cracks and grain boundaries within troilite and are probably exsolution products formed at low temperatures (i.e, 100"-300'C) from a cupriferous troilite. Introduction Cu-Fe-S Minerals The opaqueminerals, although constituting only a "Chalcopyrrhotite", a discreditedmineral (Yund minor amount of a given sample,have proven useful and Kullerud, 1966; Cabri, 7967) , hasbeen reported as indicators of the genesisand cooling histories of from Apollo 12, 14, and 15 rocks (El Goresyet al, the lunar rocks (e.9., Reid, 1971; Taylor and Mc- l97la,b; 1972a,b). It wasdescribed as a yellowish, Callister, 19721,Taylor et al, I973b). The most chalcopyrite-coloredphase which appearsisotropic abundant opaque mineral is ilmenite, and many of and is alwaysfound within troilite. It is probablethat the oxide phasesin lunar rocks are unique (e.6'., this phase is either talnakhite, a mineral originally armalcolite as per Anderson et al, l97A). In addi- describedby Cabri (1967) andhaving a composition tion to native Fe metal, native Cu, and schreibersite, of CusFesSro(Cabri and Harris, 1971) near chal- the remaining opaqueminerals consistof sulfides. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Mirabilite Na2so4 • 10H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Mirabilite Na2SO4 • 10H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals short to long prismatic, with complex form development, also crude, to 10 cm, in interlocking masses; crystalline, granular to compact massive, commonly as efflorescences. Twinning: Rare on {001} or {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {100}, perfect; on {010} and {001}, good to fair. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 1.5–2.5 D(meas.) = 1.464 D(calc.) = 1.467 Quickly dehydrates to th´enarditein dry air; very soluble in H2O, taste cool, then saline and bitter. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless to white; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c =31◦. Dispersion: r< v,strong, crossed. α = 1.391–1.394 β = 1.394–1.396 γ = 1.396–1.398 2V(meas.) = 75◦560 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/c (synthetic). a = 11.512(3) b = 10.370(3) c = 12.847(2) β = 107.789(10)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. (ICDD 11-647). 5.49 (100), 3.21 (75), 3.26 (60), 3.11 (60), 4.77 (45), 3.83 (40), 2.516 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 25.16 24.85 Na2O 18.67 19.24 H2O 55.28 55.91 Total 99.11 100.00 • (1) Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland, England. (2) Na2SO4 10H2O. Occurrence: Typically in salt pans, playas, and saline lakes, where deposition may be seasonal, and bedded deposits formed therefrom; rarely in caves and lava tubes; in volcanic fumaroles; a product of hydrothermal sericitic alteration; a post-mining precipitate. -
Download the Scanned
American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 906-918, 1974 Domainsin Minerals Rosnnr E. NpwNnarvr Materials ResearchLaboratory, The PennsylaaniaState Uniuersity, Uniuersity Park, Pennsyluania16802 Abstract Mimetic twinning in minerals is reviewed in terms of the tensor properties of the orientation states, showing which forces are eftective in moving domain walls. Following the Aizu method, various types of ferroic species are developed frorn the free energy function. Examples of ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, ferroelastic, ferrobielectric, ferrobimagnetic, ferrobielastic, ferro- elastoelectric, ferromagnetoelastic, and ferromagnetoelectric minerals are described. Introduction and ferromagnetoelectric.As explained later, each Twinning is widely used in mineral identification type of domain reorientationarises from a particular and in elucidating the formation conditions of rocks. term in the free energy function. The distribution of transformation twins in rock- A ferroic crystal contains two or more possible forming minerals enables one to establish the orientationstates or domains;under a suitably chosen thermal processes that have occurred in the rock. driving force the domain walls move, switching the Mechanical twinning is studied by petrologists in crystal from one orientation stateto another. Switch- the analysis of flow effects. In rock magnetism, it ing may be accomplishedby mechanicalstress (a), is the arrangement of ferromagnetic domains which electricfield (E), magneticfield (I/), or somecombina- determines remanent magnetization. These are but tion of the three. Ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and a few examples of twin phenomena in minerals. ferromagneticmaterials are well known examplesof In the past twinned crystals have been classified primary ferroic crystals in which the orientation according to twin-laws and morphology, or accord- statesdiffer respectivelyin spontaneouspolarization ing to their mode of origin, or on a structural basis, P,",, spontaneousstrain 6r"r and spontaneous but there is another classification scheme which magnetizatiorrMr"t. -
Salt Crystallization in Porous Construction Materials I Estimation of Crystallization Pressure
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by EPrints Complutense Salt crystallization in porous construction materials I Estimation of crystallization pressure A. La Iglesiaa,*, V. Gonzalezb, V. L6pez-Acevedoc, C. Viedmac , Inslituto de Geologia Economica del CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias Ge% gicas, UCM, E·280411 Madrid. Spain b Deparlamento de Quimica, ETSI, Agronomos, UPM, E·28IJ40 Madrid, Spain , Deparlamenlo de Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Facultad de Ciencias Ge% gicas, UCM. E·28040 Madrid, Spain Abstract The crystallization process of soluble salts inside the natural and artificial porous materials partially immersed in different saline solutions has been studied, This procedure is used to simulate the conditions of exposure to salt weathering in which foundations and lower walls of building structures are within the zone of capillary rise of saline ground water. Crystallization pressures that can develop in the samples, which are a function of the pore size and salt-solution interfacial tension, have been calculated and are compared with experimental values of the materials tensile strength. since both these parameters allow the prediction of porous materials behaviour against salt weathering. Keywords: Salt weathering; Porous media; Salt crystallization; Crystallization pressure 1. Introduction The problem of crystallization pressure of salt was first studied by Correns [6J, who presented The crystallization process of soluble salts in a workable equation based on the Riecke principle porous materials can generate pressures inside the from which the pressure generated P versus salt pores sufficient to exceed the elastic limit of the supersaturation may be calculated: material, causing its breakage. -
Electrochemical Synthesis of Ceb6 Nanotubes
Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 2014, 2, 57-62 Published Online January 2014 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/msce) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2014.210010 Electrochemical Synthesis of CeB6 Nanotubes H. B. Kushkhov, M. K. Vindizheva, R. A. Mukozheva, A. H. Abazova, M. R. Tlenkopachev Kabardino-Balkar State University, Nalchik, Russia Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received November 2013 ABSTRACT This work presents the results of joint electroreduction of tetrafluorborate and cerium-ions, and determines the conditions of electrochemical synthesis of cerium borides in KCl-NaCl melts at the 973 K on tungsten electrode by the linear and cyclic voltammetry. Based on the current-voltage studies the optimal modes of cerium boride electrodeposition were found. KEYWORDS Molten Chloride; Linear and Cyclic Voltammetry; Cerium Borides; High Temperature Electrosynthesis; Nanotubes 1. Introduction and viscosity of the bath. Temperature electrolysis mix- ture was 1223 K - 1273 K, the voltage on the bath was Borides of rare earth metals (REM) are widely used in 3.0 - 15.0 V, current density was 0.3 - 3.0 A/cm2. The various fields of modern technology. The electrochemi- composition of the bath for cerium hexaboride obtaining cal synthesis of rare-earth borides at moderate tempera- was: CeO2 + 2B2O3 + CeF3. tures (973 - 1023 K) is a cost-effective alternative to the As noted in work [3], the obtaining of the individual direct solution-phase synthesis. The increased interest in boride phase is practically impossible or very difficult. the development of new efficient methods of producing The disadvantages are also high temperature of synthesis rare earth borides are due to remarkable properties of and complexity of the product separation from the mol- these materials, such as chemical inertness, heat resis- ten electrolyte due to the low solubility of borates and tance, a wide range of electrochemical and magnetic pro- fluoride, contamination by-products, such as borates. -
74275 Oriented Ilmenite Basalt 1493 Grams
74275 Oriented Ilmenite Basalt 1493 grams 74275 Figure 1: Location of basalt sample 74275 at Shorty Crater - also see 74220. (falce color) AS17-137-20990 Introduction 1981). This sample has proven useful to studies that 74275 is a fine-grained, high-Ti mare basalt with require known lunar orientation with extended significant armalcolite content (Hodges and Kushiro exposure history to the extra-lunar environment 1974; Neal and Taylor 1993). It contains vesicles, vugs (micrometeorites, cosmic rays, solar irradiation). The and unusual olivine megacrysts (Fo82) (Meyer and sample is relatively flat 17 by 12 cm and 4 cm thick. Wilshire 1974). The top (T1) surface is somewhat rounded and has many micrometeorite pits (figure 4), while the bottom 74275 was collected from the rim of Shorty Crater (B1) surface is flat and angular and without any (figure 1) and was photographed both on the lunar evidence of exposure to the micrometeorites (figure surface and in the laboratory (with similar lighting) to 5). Fink et al. (1998) have carefully considered the document the exact lunar orientation. (Wolfe et al. exact orientation (30 deg tilt), shielding (nearby Lunar Sample Compendium C Meyer 2011 boulder) and detailed exposure history (complex) of 74275 74275. Di Hd This basalt has been determined to be very old (> 3.8 b.y.). Based on trace element analysis it is a type C Apollo 17 basalt. Petrography Perhaps the best petrographic description of 74275 is En Fs given by Hodges and Kushiro (1974): “Rock 74275 is a fine-grained ilmenite basalt with microphenocrysts Fo Fa of olivine (Fo80-71), titanaugite (up to 6.8 wt. -
Nickel Minerals from Barberton, South Africa: I
American Mineralogist, Volume 58, pages 733-735, 1973 NickelMinerals from Barberton,South Africa: Vl. Liebenbergite,A NickelOlivine SvsneNoA. nn Wnar Nationnl Institute lor Metallurgy, I Yale Road.,Milner Park, I ohannesburg,South Alrica Lnwrs C. ClI.x Il. S. GeologicalSuruey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 Abstract Liebenbergite, a nickel olivine from the mineral assemblage trevorite-liebenbergite-nickel serpentine-nickel ludwigite-bunsenite-violarite-millerite-gaspeite-nimite, is described mineral- ogically.Ithasa-1.820,P-1.854,7-1.888,ZVa-88",specificgravity-4'60,Mohs hardness- 6 to 6.5, a - 4.727, b - 10.191,c = 5.955A, and Z - 4. X-ray powder data (48 lines) were indexed according to the space grottp Pbnm. The mean chemical composi- tion, calculated from electron microprobe analyses of eight separate liebenbergite grains, gives the mineral formula: (NL eMgoaCoo,sFeo o)Sio "nOn The name is for W. R. Liebenberg, Deputy Director-General of the National Institute for Metallurgy, South Africa. Introduction mission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (rMA). A re-investigationof the trevorite deposit at Bon Accord in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Experimental Methods Africa, led to the discovery of two peculiar but distinct nickel mineral assemblages.Minerals from The refractive indices were determined by the the assemblagewillemseite-nimite-feroan trevorite- conventional liquid immersion method using a reevesite-millerite-violarite-goethitehave been de- sodium lamp as light source.The optical and crystal scribed in earlier papers in this series (de Waal, morphologicalparameters were studiedwith the aid 1969, l97oa, 1970b;de Waal and Viljoen, I97L). of a universal stage. -
Llallagua Tin Ore Deposit (Bolivia)
resources Article Speculations Linking Monazite Compositions to Origin: Llallagua Tin Ore Deposit (Bolivia) Elizabeth J. Catlos * and Nathan R. Miller Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Sta. C9000, EPS 1.130, Austin, TX 78712, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-512-471-4762 Received: 3 May 2017; Accepted: 25 July 2017; Published: 29 July 2017 Abstract: Monazite [(Ce,Th)PO4] from the Llallagua tin ore deposit in Bolivia is characterized by low radiogenic element contents. Previously reported field evidence and mineral associations suggest the mineral formed via direct precipitation from hydrothermal fluids. Monazite compositions thus may provide insight into characteristics of the fluids from which it formed. Chemical compositions of three Llallagua monazite grains were obtained using Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA, n = 64) and laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS, n = 56). The mineral has higher amounts of U (123 ± 17 ppm) than Th (39 ± 20 ppm) (LA-ICP-MS, ±1σ). Grains have the highest amounts of fluorine ever reported for monazite (0.88 ± 0.10 wt %, EPMA, ±1σ), and F-rich fluids are effective mobilizers of rare earth elements (REEs), Y, and Th. The monazite has high Eu contents and positive Eu anomalies, consistent with formation in a highly-reducing back-arc environment. We speculate that F, Ca, Si and REE may have been supplied via dissolution of pre-existing fluorapatite. Llallagua monazite oscillatory zoning is controlled by an interplay of low (P + Ca + Si + Y) and high atomic number (REE) elements. -
Scandiobabingtonite, a New Mineral from the Baveno Pegmatite
American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 1330-1334, 1998 Scandiobabingtonite,a new mineral from the Bavenopegmatite, Piedmont, Italy Ploro ORl.tNnIrr'* Ma,nco PasERorr and GrovlNNa Vn,zzllrNr2 rDipartimento di Scienzedella Terra, Universitd di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53,1-56126 Pisa, Italy '?Dipartimento di Scienzedella Terra, Universitd di Modena, Via S Eufemia 19, I-41 100 Modena, Italy Ansrntcr Scandiobabingtonite,ideally Ca,(Fe,*,Mn)ScSi,O,o(OH) is the scandium analogue of babingtonite; it was found in a pegmatitic cavity of the Baveno granite associatedwith orthoclase, albite, muscovite, stilbite, and fluorite. Its optics are biaxial (+) with 2V : : ^v: 64(2)",ct 1.686(2),P: 1.694(3), 1.709(2).D-"." : 3.24(5)slcm3, D.",.:3.24 sl cm3, and Z : 2. Scandiobabingtoniteis colorless or pale gray-green, transparent,with vitreous luster. It occurs as submillimeter sized, short, tabular crystals, slightly elongated on [001],and characterizedby the associationof forms {010}, {001}, {110}, {110}, and {101}. It occurs also as a thin rim encrustingsmall crystals of babingtonite.The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pauern are at2.969 (S), 2.895 (S), 3.14 (mS), and 2.755 (mS) 4. fn" mineralis triclinic, ipu.. g.oup PT, with a : 7.536(2),b : 1L734(2),c : 6.t48(Z) A, : 91.10(2), : 93.86(2), : lO+.S:(2)'. Scandiobabingtoniteis isostructural " B r with babingtonite, with Sc replacing Fe3* in sixfold coordination, but no substitution of Fer* by Sc takes place. Due to the lack of a suitably large crystal of the new species, such a replacementhas been confirmed by refining the crystal structure of a Sc-rich babingtonite (final R : O.O47)using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) data.