DOCSLIB.ORG

Cu-Fe-S Phases in Lunar Rocks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cu-Fe-S Phases in Lunar Rocks American Mineralogist, Volume 58, pages 952-954, 1973 Cu-Fe-SPhases in LunarRocks LawnnNcn A. Tevronl Departmentol Geosciences,Purdue Uniuersity, Lalaye t te, I ndiana47 907 KBNNrrn L. Wnrrnus Departmentof Applied Earth Sciences,Stanlord Uniaersity, Stanford, Calilornia 943 0 5 Abstract The sulfide minerals reported to be present in lunar rocks include troilite, mackinawite, the discredited mineral "chalcopyrrhotite", sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite. Apollo 12 sam- ple l2D2l,l34 contains these last two minerals, and the first chemical analyses of the Cu-Fe-S phases are presented. These minerals occur along cracks and grain boundaries within troilite and are probably exsolution products formed at low temperatures (i.e, 100"-300'C) from a cupriferous troilite. Introduction Cu-Fe-S Minerals The opaqueminerals, although constituting only a "Chalcopyrrhotite", a discreditedmineral (Yund minor amount of a given sample,have proven useful and Kullerud, 1966; Cabri, 7967) , hasbeen reported as indicators of the genesisand cooling histories of from Apollo 12, 14, and 15 rocks (El Goresyet al, the lunar rocks (e.9., Reid, 1971; Taylor and Mc- l97la,b; 1972a,b). It wasdescribed as a yellowish, Callister, 19721,Taylor et al, I973b). The most chalcopyrite-coloredphase which appearsisotropic abundant opaque mineral is ilmenite, and many of and is alwaysfound within troilite. It is probablethat the oxide phasesin lunar rocks are unique (e.6'., this phase is either talnakhite, a mineral originally armalcolite as per Anderson et al, l97A). In addi- describedby Cabri (1967) andhaving a composition tion to native Fe metal, native Cu, and schreibersite, of CusFesSro(Cabri and Harris, 1971) near chal- the remaining opaqueminerals consistof sulfides. copyrite or cubaniteII, an isotropic form of cubanite The most abundantsulfide mineral in lunar rocks (Genkin et al, 1966). Theseare the only two iso- is troilite. It commonly occurs with native Fe in a tropic minerals in this portion of the Cu-Fe-S sys- eutectic texture and probably results from crystal- tem. Chalcopyrite was qualitatively identified as lization of an immiscible sulfide liquid (Skinner, occurring on the outside of native Cu rims around 1970). Other sulfideswhich have been reportedin- FeNi metal grainsin Apollo 15 sample 15475 (El clude mackinawite, (Fe,Ni)r.,S (Simpson and Goresy et al, 1972b). In light of the phaserelations Bowie, 1970; El Goresyet ql, l97Ia; Taylor et al, in the Cu-Fe-Ssystem (Barton and Skinner, 1967) l97l); the discredited mineral "chalcopyrrhotite" at low temperatures,the phase is more probably (El Goresyet al,l97la, b); chalcopyrite(El Goresy cubanite.The grain size was too small for positive et d, 1972b); and sphalerite(El Goresyet al, 1973; identification.None of theseCu-bearing phases had Taylor et aI, 1973a). However, becauseof the small been completely verified by quantitative chemical grain size of most of these minerals, troilite and analysesprior to this study.A preliminarydiscussion sphaleriteare the only sulfide minerals which have of this investigationwas presentedby Taylot et aI beenchemically analyzed prior to this study. (r973c). Within the Sample Library at the Lyndon B. 1 Present Address: Department of Geology, University of JohnsonSpace Center (formerly the Manned Space- Tennessee,Knoxville, Tennessee379 16. craft Center), Houston,Texas, an Apollo 12 sample 952 MINERALOGICAL NOTES 953 (12021,134; a porphyritic basalt) was found to con- Tesrs 1. Electron Microprobe Analyses of Chalcopyrite and Cubanite in Apollo 12 Sample tain yellow Cu-Fe-S phases up to 10 /am across in 12021,r34 association with troilite (Fig. 1). The phenocrysts, to 2 cm in length, consist of pyroxenes up with cpy (4)* CuFes, cub (3)* CuFerS, pigeonite cores mantled by augite-to-ferroaugite rims pyroxene Cu 33.6 34.6 22.8 23.4 set in a variolitic groundmass of and Fe 30.0 30.4 40,4 4L.2 plagioclase. The opaques consist of ilmenite, native Co 0.85 0.87 c ?q t 35.0 35.7 35.4 iron, troilite, titanian chromite, chromian ulviispinel, and the Cu-bearing phases. These latter are chal- Total 99.7 99.8 copyrite and cubanite (Figure 1). This is thus the Nwnber of analgses, first reported occurrence ol cubanite in lunqr rocks and the first confirmatkm ol the presence ol chal- copyrite. The chalcopyrite and cubanite appear to have similar genesis in that both occur along cracks and grain boundaries within troilite. Both show the ap- propriate anisotropism for the respective phases and, therefore, neither is the supposedly isotropic "chal- copyrrhotite." The microprobe analyses of these minerals, the first Cu-Fe-S mineral analyses reported from lunar rocks. are shown in Table 1. No other elements were detected in quantities >0.05 wt percent. It is noteworthy that this is the first report of the presence of cobalt in Cu,Fe sulfides. It would appear from the analyses that cobalt substitutes for iron in these structures. X-ray scans of an assemblage cLrBANlTfr1n 120?1"1'll, Frc. 1. Photomicrographsof (A) Chalcopyrite and (B) Fro. 2. X-ray scans of chalcopyrite within troilite in Cubanite in Apollo 12 sample nA21,134. Gray is troilite; Apollo 12 sample 12021,134.The same specimin as shown light gray to white is Cu,Fe sulfide. in Figure 1A. 954 MINERALOGICAL NOTES further verify the nature of the occunence of these AND_ (l97lb) The geochemistryof Cu,Fe sulfides (Figure 2). the opaque minerals in Apollo 14 crystalline rocks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13. 121-129. Chalcopyrite is not stable with troilite, FeS, but L. A. TAyLoR, er.roP. R*rpou*, (1972a) Fra Mauro is stable with pyrrhotite, Fe1-,S, (Yund below 334'C crystalline rocks: Mineralogy, geochemistry and sub- and Kullerud, 1966). It is possible that the Fe-S solidus reduction of the opaque minerals. Proc. Third phase immediately adjacent to the chalcopyrite is Lunar Sci. Conl., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl 3, pyrrhotite; however, if present it is less than 10 pm Vol. 1,333-349. AND - (1912b) in width. The troilite beyond this distance is stoichio- Apollo 15 opaque minerals: Geochemistry, mineralogy and subsolidus re- metric FeS, and the Fe sulfide within this 10 pm duction (abstr. ). Meteoritics, 8, 32. distance could not be accurately determined due to P. Reuooun, M. Plvrdpvri, O. MeonNnecr, O. the interference effect of the chalcopyrite and the Mrirrrn, eNo W. GrNrNen (1973) Zinc, lead, chlorine. diffuse contact with the Fe sulfide. and FeOOH-bearing assemblagesin the Apollo 16 sam- ple 66O95: Origin by impact of a comet It is possible that the troilite contained small or a carbonaceous chondrite? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 18, 4ll4l9. amounts of Cu at higher temperatures and that GENxrN, A. D., A. A. FrrruoNovl, T. N. SHepruN, S. V. exsolution of this Cu occurred at lower temperatures Sonoteve.,eNo N. V. TnoNpve (1966) On cubic cubanite as a result of slow subsoliduscooling. Subsolidusre- and cubic chalcopyrite. GeoI. Radnykh Mestorozhdenii, equilibration of sulfidesto temperaturesbelow 300'C 8,41-54. Rsro, J. B., Jn. (1971) is exemplified by the presence of mackinawite in Apollo 12 spinels as petrogenetic indicators.Earth Planet. Sci.Lett.10. 351-356. many lunar troilites, a phase only stable below SrursoN, P. R., eNo S. H. U. Bowe (1970) Quantita- =150'C (Z6ka et al, 1973). tive optical and electron-probe studies of the opaque Taylor et al (1973b) recently investigated the phases.Science, 167, 619-621. cooling rates of rock l2O2I versus 12052. Based on SxrNNrn, B. J. (1970) High crystallization temperatures indicated for igneous the Zr partitioning between coexisting ilmenite, they rocks from Tranquillity Base. Proc. Apollo lI Lunor Sci. Conf ., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, concluded that rock l2A2I has undergone consider- Suppl l, Vol. l,891-897. able subsolidus re-equilibration as a result of slow TAyLoR, L. A., G. Kurlenuo, rNo W. B. BnveN (1971) subsolidus cooling. These data support the slow Opaque mineralogy and textural features of Apollo 12 cooling (i.e., re-equilibration) hypothesis for the samples and a comparison with Apollo 11 rocks. Proc. Second genesisof the Cu-Fe-S minerals. Lunar Sci. Conf., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl. 2, Vol. 1, 855-871. Acknowledgments eNb R. H. McCerusren (1972) An experimental investigation of the significance of zirconium partitioning We are grateful for the constructivecriticisms and sug- in lunar ilmenite and ulvospinel. Earth Ptanet. Sci. Lett. gestionsof Drs. L. J. Cabri, J. R. Craig,and W. Via. We 17.105-109. would like to thank the Departmentof Applied Earth Sci- H. K. Meo, lup P. M. BeLr (1973a) "Rust" in encesat StanfordUniversity for the useof their microprobe. Apollo 16 rocks. Proc. Fourth Lunar Sci. Conf., Geo- This studywas supported by NASA Grant NGL 15-005-175 chim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 4, VoI. l, (in press). andNSF GrantGA-31988 to L.A.T. R. H. McCerLrsrER, eNo O. Senor (1973b) Cool- ing histories lunar rocks References of based on opaque mineral geothermometerc. Proc. Fourth Lunar Sci. Conf., Geo' ANoensoN,A.T., et al (1970\ Armalcolite:a new mineral chim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 4, Vol. l, (in press). from Apollo 11 samples.Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. K. L. Wrrrreus, eNo O. Senor (1973c) Mineralogy Conf., Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. l, Vol. t, and geochemistry of opaque and non-opaque phases in 55-63. selectedApollo 17 samples.Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, BentoN,P. B., Jn.,eNo B. I. SrrNNrn(1967) Sulfide mineral 54, (in press). stabilities.In Geochemistryof HydrothermalOre De- YuNo, R. A., eNr G. Kurrrnut (1966) Thermal stability posits,Ed. H. L. Barnes.Holt, Rinehartand Winston, of assemblagesin the Cu-Fe-S system. I. Petrolo'g, 7, Inc.,New York, pp. 236-333. 454-488. Cennr,L. I. (1967) A new copper-ironsulfide. Econ. GeoI. Z6s.t, H., L. A. Teyron, er.roS. TexeNo (1973) Composi- 62,910-925. tional variations in natural mackinawites and the results of heating exp€riments.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paolovite Pd2sn C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Paolovite Pd2Sn c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As irregular grains embedded in other minerals. Twinning: Polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. VHN = 329–378 (10 g load). D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 11.08 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Lilac-rose. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Dark lilac-rose to pale rose. R1–R2: (400) — , (420) 44.4–46.5, (440) 44.6–47.2, (460) 45.0–48.2, (480) 45.5–49.1, (500) 45.9–50.3, (520) 46.7–51.6, (540) 47.7–52.8, (560) 49.0–54.1, (580) 50.9–55.4, (600) 52.9–56.7, (620) 55.3–57.7, (640) 57.7–59.2, (660) 59.8–59.5, (680) 61.5–60.3, (700) 62.7–60.6 Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 8.11(1) b = 5.662(6) c = 4.324(2) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Oktyabr deposit, Russia. 2.28 (100), 2.16 (70), 1.955 (50), 2.36 (40), 1.397 (40), 1.315 (40), 1.120 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pd 64.8 64.3 64.19 Pt 2.5 Sn 35.5 35.0 35.81 Sb 0.3 Bi 0.2 Total 103.3 99.3 100.00 (1) Oktyabr deposit, Russia; by electron microprobe, corresponding to (Pd1.98Pt0.04)Σ=2.02Sn0.98. (2) Western Platinum mine, South Africa; by electron microprobe, corresponding to Pd2.02Sn0.98. (3) Pd2Sn. Occurrence: In Cu–Ni sulfide ores; in cubanite–chalcopyrite, cubanite–talnakhite, and cubanite–mooihoekite assemblages (Oktyabr deposit, Russia).
    [Show full text]
  • MACKINAWITE from SOUTH AFRICA W. C J. Van RDNSBU*.O, Geological Surtey Oj Soulh Africa, Preloria, Soulh A.[Ri Co, L. Lrbnunsbyc
    TI.IE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL 52, JULY AUGUST, 1967 MACKINAWITE FROM SOUTH AFRICA W. C J. vAN RDNSBU*.o,Geological Surtey oJ Soulh Africa, Preloria,Soulh A.[rico, AND L. LrBnuNsByc, Deparlment of Geology,Llnit:ersity of Pretoria, Pre!oria,Soul h Africa. ABSTRAcT Mackinawite has been identified in mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Bushveld igneous complex and Insizwa and also in the carbonatite and pegmatoid of Loolekop, Phalaborrva complex in South Africa. The mineral occurs predominantly as somewhat irregular to oriented intergrowths in pentlandite in all these occurrences and less commonly as regular oriented lamellae in chalcopyrite and rarely in cubanite. The textural evidence suggests that mackinawite may represent an exsolution product of pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite. INrnonucrroN The iron sulphide, mackinawite was recently named in a paper by Evans, et al, (1964). Natural occurrencesof this mineral f rom Finland were describedby- Kouvo et al (1963)and from the Muskox intrusion in Canada by Chamberlain and Delabio (1965). During the presentinvestigation mackinawite was distinguishedfrom valleriite in the carbonatite and pegmatoid of Loolekop, Phalaborwa complex, in the Bushveld igneous complex, and from Insizwa, Cape Province.The mode of occurrenceof the mackinawite in the carbonatite difiers somewhatfrom that in the mafic rocks of Insizwa and the Bush- veld complex. MrNnn.q.rocv The physicaland optical propertiesof mackinawitefrom the Bushveid complex,Insizwa and Loolekop are very similar and are in closeagree- ment with the propertiesgiven for the same mineral from the Muskox intrusion by Chamberlain and Delabio (1965). The mineral takes a fairly good polish,particularly after buffing with a chromic oxide slurry.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry of Cubanite, Cufers
    American Mineralogist, Volume 77, pages 937-944, 1992 High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite,CuFerS, CarnnnrNr McClvrmoNr* JrNvrrN ZruNG, RonBnr M. HlznNo Llnnv W. FrNcBn GeophysicalLaboratory and Centerfor High-PressureResearch, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251Broad Branch Road NW, Washington,DC 20015-1305,U.S.A. ABSTRACT We have studied cubanite, CuFerS, (orthorhombic, space gtoup Pcmn, a: 6.46, b : 11.10, c : 6.22 A), using single-crystalX-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell at room temperature from 0 to 3.68 GPa. Refinementswere performed aI 0, 1.76, and 3.59 GPa, and cell parameterswere measuredat 20 pressuresup to 3.68 GPa. The linear compress- ibilities of the a, b, and c crystalaxes are 0.00513(5),0.00479(5),and 0.00575(4)GPa ', respectively.Compressibility data were fitted to a Birch-Murnaghan equation of statewith parametersKo : 55.3 + 1.7 GPa with Ko' constrained to be 4. High-pressurerefinement data indicate that the principal responseof the crystal structure to compression is a re- duction in Cu-S bond lengths, whereasFe-S bond lengths remain essentiallyunchanged. Results are compared to bulk moduli and polyhedral bulk moduli of other sulfides. INrnonucrroN lography provides an excellent means for examining the effect of pressure on individual atomic configurations. The crystal structure of cubanite, CuFerSr, is ortho- Cubanite is a worthy candidate becauseof the interest in rhombic with ordered tetrahedral cation sites and S at- the effect ofpressure on intervalence transitions (see,for oms in approximately hexagonal closest packing. The example,Burns, I 98 l) and becausevery few sulfideshave structure was first determined by Buerger (1945, 1947) beenexamined with this technique.We undertook a crys- and described as slices of wurtzite structure parallel to tallographic study of cubanite at high pressurewith the (010) with widthb/2,joined such that every other slab is following goals: (l) to determine the relative axial com- inverted, resulting in edge-sharedpairs oftetrahedra.
    [Show full text]
  • Covellite) Probed by NQR
    Phase transition and anomalous electronic behavior in layered dichalcogenide CuS (covellite) probed by NQR R.R. Gainov 1*, A.V. Dooglav 1, I.N. Pen’kov 2, I.R. Mukhamedshin 1,3, N.N. Mozgova 4, A.V. Evlampiev 1, and I.A. Bryzgalov 5 1 Department of Physics, Magnetic RadioSpectroscopy Laboratory, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008, Russian Federation 2 Department of Geology, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 4/5, 420111, Russian Federation 3 Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 4 Institute of geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry (Russian Academy of Science), Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow 109017, Russian Federation 5 Department of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Vorob’evy gory, 119991, Russian Federation * Corresponding author: tel.: 7-843-2315175; fax.: 7-843-2387201. Electronic address: [email protected] (R.R. Gainov). Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) on copper nuclei has been applied for studies of the electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional low-temperature superconductor CuS (covellite) in the temperature region between 1.47 and 290 K. Two NQR signals corresponding to two non- equivalent sites of copper in the structure, Cu(1) and Cu(2), has been found. The temperature dependences of copper quadrupole frequencies, line-widths and spin-lattice relaxation rates, which so far had never been investigated so precisely for this material, altogether demonstrate the structural phase transition near 55 K, which accompanies transformations of electronic spectrum not typical for simple metals. The analysis of NQR results and their comparison with literature data show that the valence of copper ions at both sites is intermediate in character between monovalent and divalent states with the dominant of the former.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of CRYSTALLIZATION PRODUCTS of CНALCOPYRITE SOLID SOLUTION Tatyana A
    86 New Data on Minerals. 2011. Vol. 46 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRYSTALLIZATION PRODUCTS OF CНALCOPYRITE SOLID SOLUTION Tatyana A. Kravchenko Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography Siberian Branch RAS, Novosibirsk, [email protected] In order to understand the conditions of formation of cubanite СuFe2S3, talnakhite Cu9Fe8S16, mooihoekite Cu9Fe9S16 and haycockite Cu4Fe5S8 in magmatic Cu-Fe ores of the Norilsk type the method of melt cooling from 1150–1100°C up to room temperature and subsequent annealing at 600 and 800°C phase associations of the cen- tral part of Cu-Fe-S system have been synthesized: 50 at.% of S, Cu/Fe = 1.22–0.25, 47 at.% S, Cu/Fe = 1.12–0.63 and 45 at.% S, Cu/Fe = 1.44–0.69. According to the received results, cubic cubanite enriched in cop- per (Cu/Fe і 0.5) crystallizes in associations with tetragonal chalcopyrite Cu1xFe1+xS2 and cubic talnakhite. The new data concerning steady phase equillibriums of mooihoekite with bornite Cu5FeS4 and cubic pc phase of the haycockite composition with cubic cubanite enriched in iron (Cu/Fe Ј 0.5) bornite and pyrrhotite Fe1xS are received. 1 figure, 1 table, 20 references. Key words: Cu-Fe-S system, chalcopyrite solid solution, crystallization of melt. Introduction system for determination of phase composi- tions and phase equillibriums in the sphere of Cubic talnakhite Cu9Fe8S16 (Bud`ko, Kula - chalcopyrite solid solution. gov, 1963; Cabri, 1967), tetragonal mooihoekite Cu9Fe9S16 (Cabri, Hall, 1972; Muraviova et al., Methodics 1972), rhombic haycockite Cu4Fe5S8(Cabri, Hall, 1972) and cubic cubanite CuFe2S3 (Cabri, 1973) Up to now the most complete experimental are attributed to the products of crystallization of research of phases from the sphere of chalcopy- chalcopyrite (Yund, Kullerud, 1966) intermedi- rite solid solution is the work by L.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Troilite Fes C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Troilite FeS c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m. Massive, granular; nodular. Physical Properties: Hardness = 3.5–4.5 VHN = 250(3) D(meas.) = 4.67–4.79 D(calc.) = 4.85 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Pale grayish brown, tarnishes rapidly on exposure. Streak: Dark grayish brown. Luster: Metallic. Anisotropism: Strong. R1–R2: (400) 24.3–28.4, (420) 24.9–29.6, (440) 25.8–30.9, (460) 27.1–32.6, (480) 28.4–34.0, (500) 29.9–35.5, (520) 31.3–36.7, (540) 32.7–37.9, (560) 34.2–39.0, (580) 35.5–40.0, (600) 36.9–41.0, (620) 38.1–41.7, (640) 39.2–42.4, (660) 40.2–43.1, (680) 41.1–43.5, (700) 42.0–44.0 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/mmc. a = 5.958 c = 11.74 Z = 12 X-ray Powder Pattern: Del Norte Co., California, USA. 2.09 (100), 2.66 (60), 1.719 (50), 2.98 (40), 1.331 (40), 1.119 (40), 1.923 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Fe 62.70 63.0 63.53 S 35.40 35.0 36.47 Total 98.10 98.0 100.00 (1) Del Norte Co., California, USA. (2) Cranbourne meteorite. (3) FeS. Occurrence: In serpentine (Del Norte Co., California, USA); with Fe–Cu–Ni sulfides in a layered ultramafic intrusive (Sally Malay deposit, Australia); and as nodules in meteorites. Association: Pyrrhotite, pentlandite, mackinawite, cubanite, valleriite, chalcopyrite, pyrite (Wannaway deposit, Australia); daubr´eelite,chromite, sphalerite, graphite, various phosphates and silicates (meteorites).
    [Show full text]
  • Metals from Ores: an Introduction
    CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Mini Review Aspects Min Miner Sci ISSN 2578-0255 Metals from Ores: An Introduction Fathi Habashi* Department of Mining, Laval University, Canada *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Submission: October 09, 2017; Published: December 11, 2017 Introduction of metallic lustre. Of these about 300 are used industrially in the chemical industry, in building materials, in fertilizers, as fuels, etc., chemical composition, constant physical properties, and a A mineral is a naturally occurring substance having a definite characteristic crystalline form. Ores are a mixture of minerals: they are processed to yield an industrial mineral or treated chemically and are known as the industrial minerals Figure 3. to yield a single or several metals. Ores that are generally processed for only a single metal are those of iron, aluminium, chromium, tin, mercury, manganese, tungsten, and some ores of copper. Gold ores may yield only gold, but silver is a common associate. Nickel ores are always associated with cobalt, while lead and zinc always occur together in ores. All other ores are complex yielding a number of metals. before being treated by chemical methods to recover the metals. Ores undergo a beneficiation process by physical methods and grinding then separation of the individual mineral by physical Figure 2: Metals and metalloids obtained from ores. Beneficiation processes involve liberation of minerals by crushing methods (gravity, magnetic, etc.) or physicochemical methods pyrometallurgical, and electrochemical methods. Metals and (flotation) Figure 1. Chemical methods involve hydrometallurgical, metalloids obtained from ores are shown in Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    Tnn AuERTcAN M rxuRAr,ocrsr JOURNAL OT'THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 19 JULY, 1934 No. 7 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CUBAN- ITE SEGREGATION PLATES, CHALCOPYRITE MATRIX, AND SECONDARY CHALCO- PYRITE TWINS N. W. Buancnn eNn M. J. Burncrn, M assachusettsInstitute of T echnology, Cambrid. ge, M ass. ABsrnncr The orientation of cubanite plates unmixed from chalcopyrite have been said to parallel | 111 | of the chalcopyrite matrix, but the best method hitherto used to determine this does not lead to a unique solution. rn this paper, the orientations of the cubanite plates as well as certain twin lamellae, occurring in the coarse grained chalcopyrite from Corinth, Vermont, are uniquely determined by a study of the traces of these features on two polished surfaces. The general method of determining the pole of a plane making traces on two datum planes is discussed with the aid of the stereographic projection. The method is then applied to the cubanite and twin lamellae traces, resulting in a composite stereographic projection of these features. The orientation of the chalcopyrite crystal containing these is determined from the symmetry of this composite pro- jection. This, in turn, permits the poles to be easily indexed. cubanite plates are found to be parallei to {1111, as previously surmised. Two new twin lamellae are discovered, the first, parallel to {1101, called grid twins, the second parallel to { 101 }, called erhelon twins, the names being desciiptive of the habit of the lamellae. Both groups of lamellae are secondary, resulting from plastic deformation. The possible causes of this include external forces, unmixing stresses) and possible in- version stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • And Associated Ni-PGE Mineralization from Gondpipri Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Bastar Craton, Central India
    Cent. Eur. J. Geosci. • 6(4) • 2014 • 506-517 DOI: 10.2478/s13533-012-0185-9 Central European Journal of Geosciences Tsumoite (BiTe) and associated Ni-PGE mineralization from Gondpipri mafic-ultramafic complex, Bastar Craton, Central India: mineralogy and genetic significance Topical issue M.L. Dora1∗, H. Singh1, A .Kundu2, M.Shareef3, K.R. Randive4, S. Joshi2 1 Geological Survey of India, Shillong, 793003, India 2 Geological Survey of India, Faridabad, India 3 Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, India 4 Dept of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, India Received 25 March 2014; accepted 19 June 2014 Abstract: This paper reports the occurrence of Tsumoite (a bismuth telluride) in the Heti Cu-Ni-PGM prospect, Gondpipri mafic-ultramafic complex, Central India. The Gondpipri complex consists of several tectonically dismembered gabbronorite-gabbro- anorthositic gabbro - olivine gabbro -websterite disposed in ~10 km long tonalite-trondhjemite- granodiorite (TTG) and charnockite-enderbite suite of rocks. The mineralization occurs in the sulphide zone hosted by gabbro variants. The host rocks have been deformed and metamorphosed to granulite grade and subjected to various degrees of hydrothermal alteration. The mineralization comprises chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, cubanite, millerite, and pyrite. In addition to these, occur (1) tsumoite (2) PGM in the form of moncheite, merenskyite, Pd-mellonite, and Pt-Pd-Te-Bi-Fe-S alloy. The present study indicates that the mineralization occurs in two stages related to: (i) magmatic and (ii) hydrothermal remobilization and transport of Cu-rich sulphides, tsumoite and PGM, and their re-deposition in hydrosilicate alteration zones. It is possible that the mineralization at Heti formed at different stages of bismuth activity under variable fS , T, and fTe conditions due to change in total concentration of Te and S and /or cooling.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, MINERAL CHEMISTRY, and SULFUR ISOTOPES1 Katsuo Kase,2 Masahiro Yamamoto,2 and Tsugio Shibata2
    Detrick, R., Honnorez, J., Bryan, W. B., Juteau, T., et al., 1990 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 106/109 13. COPPER-RICH SULFIDE DEPOSIT NEAR 23°N, MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, MINERAL CHEMISTRY, AND SULFUR ISOTOPES1 Katsuo Kase,2 Masahiro Yamamoto,2 and Tsugio Shibata2 ABSTRACT In Snake Pit massive sulfide fragments and friable, unconsolidated material recovered during ODP Leg 106, isocubanite and pyrite are generally the predominant phases, followed by marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite. Detailed analyses of paragenetic relations of minerals indicate that isocubanite first precipitated together with pyrrhotite. With decreasing temperature, chalcopyrite and sphalerite precipitated, and at the latest stage colloform sphalerite-pyrite (or colloform marcasite) formed. Isocubanite usually has exsolution lamellae of chalcopyrite and less commonly of pyrrhotite. The average bulk chemical composition of the friable, unconsolidated material indicates that it is rich in copper, reflecting the dominance of isocubanite in the specimens, and is characterized by high Co, low Pb, and Ag contents. Sulfur isotope ratios are very uniform, ranging in S34S from +1.2 to +2.8%c. The obtained values are apparently low, compared to those for the eastern Pacific sulfide samples, reflecting a smaller contribution of seawater sulfate in the Snake Pit sulfide deposit. INTRODUCTION from the Snake Pit sulfide deposit and examine its depositional conditions. During ODP Leg 106, an active high-temperature vent field was discovered on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) rift valley ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES near 23°22'N, 44°57'W. The active vent field named the Snake Data acquisition for this study consisted of ore microscopy, Pit hydrothermal area is located on a small terrace near the microprobe analyses, bulk major and trace element analyses, and crest of the median ridge about 25 km south of the Kane sulfur isotope analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Datolite and Associated Minerals from the Iwato Copper Mine, Miyazaki Prefecture (Supplement to the Studies on Title Japanese Boron Minerals)
    Datolite and Associated Minerals from the Iwato Copper Mine, Miyazaki Prefecture (Supplement to the Studies on Title Japanese Boron Minerals) Author(s) Harada, Zyunpéi Citation Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, 7(3), 217-226 Issue Date 1950-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/35834 Type bulletin (article) File Information 7(3)_217-226.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP x pA[ffroLxrKrE AND AssocxA'scEx) MxNERAms waoM ffrme EWATO COPPER MXNE,･ MEYAZA.KX PREFECrrcKmJRE6 - ' ' <Sgppiemeltt to tke Ssczdies on Japa!}ese Boroft Mi{ierals) By Zytmp6i }IARADA Contribution from the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Faeulty of Seienee, I{okkaido University, No, 386 1. Ifttrodzict{oix. The Iwato eopper mine is gituated in Kawachi, Iwato village, West- Usul<i County, Miyazaki Prefecture and is about 6 kilometers southwest of the Mitaee till mine. The geologie s'truetures of this distriet, the geologic i'elai;ions of the ore deposits a･nd the pi"incipal miRerals in the ore deposits were investigated anCl described by K. IXff.yrsursm[riN(') of the Kyushu University ancl T. MAmC'2" of thls Department. The roel<s of thi.s distriet eompvise li!nestone, elayslate and quartzite, all o£ }'alaeozoic age. [i]he Palaeozoic roeks are intrLided by granite, At the contact of the granite with the ]knestone, the copper ore boclies and groups of skarn minerals aiid of pnezmiatolytie mineyals have been developed. The ivinerals, being found in this mine, are chalcopyrite, eubniee, pyitite, pyrrh.otite, galena,, zincblende, molybcleiiite, aysenopyrite, ealeite, mag'ltetite, gari}ets, epidote, wollastonite, vesuviani'te, axinite, 1//evrite, hedenbeygite, tozu"maliite, diopside, clatolite and prehnite.
    [Show full text]