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Home , Fagaceae, Populus deltoides, Salix caroliniana

Phylogeny of (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates) “Basal eudicots”

Asterids Buxales Caryophyllales RanunculalesProteales

After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Phylogeny of Rosids

Rosids

I II

Eurosids Eurosids Vitaceae Saxifragales

Eurosids I: Eurosids II: Zygophyllales Brassicales Celastrales Malvales Sapindales Oxalidales Myrtales Fabales Geraniales Rosales Cucurbitales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Fagaceae ( or family)

Quercus sp. Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

There are 450 spp. of Quercus (Oak), note the tremendous variation. Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Textbook DVD DLN

Quercus sp. are unisexual, males flowers are in a dangling (Inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers) Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Textbook DVD DLN ; staminate inflorescences

Tepals usually 6, reduced and inconspicuous; Stamens 4-numerous

Quercus sp.; Staminate (male) Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Carpellate inflorescence Carpellate inflorescence

Quercus sp.;

Note that both staminate and carpellate

Textbook DVD DLN (female) inflorescence are on the same individual; are monoecious. ; Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Quercus sp.;

Carpellate flowers usually in group of 1-3 and associated with a scaly cupule. Carpels 3-12, connate.

Cupule: any cup-shaped structure, such as the scaly to spiny “cup” associated with Textbook DVD KRR & DLN the of members of Fagaceae. ; Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Textbook DVD WSJ ;

Fruit a nut, closely associated with a spiny to scaly cupule.

Quercus sp.; Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA

Fagus grandifolia

Textbook DVD KRR Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)

Fagaceae - 9 genera/900 species.

Trees or shrubs, mostly , temperate region simple, alternate; often lobed, entire or serrate, or evergreen. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious; Tepals usually 6, reduced. Male flowers in dangling ; Stamens 4-numerous, subtended by a bract; Females flowers in groups of 1-3; Carpels 3(-12), connate; surrounded by an scaly or spiny cupule of many overlapping bracts Fruit a nut (fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick bony wall surrounding a single ), closely associated with a scaly or spiny cupule Betulaceae ( family)

Betula papyrifera (paper birch)

Textbook DVD WSJ Betulaceae (Birch family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Betula pendula; Note that both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins; Plants are monoecious. Betulaceae (Birch family)

Alnus sp. (alder)

Again, note that both staminate and carpellate flowers are in Catkins; Plants are monoecious.

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Betulaceae (Birch family)

Textbook DVD JRA Carpinus caroliniana Note the doubly serrate leaf margin. Betulaceae (Birch family)

Textbook DVD CSC Textbook DVD WSJ Alnus rubra Corylus cornuta

Fruit an achene, nut, or 2-winged samara, associated with variously fused and developed bract-bracteole complex.

Textbook DVD KRR Ostrya virginiana Betulaceae (Birch family)

Betulaceae - 6 genera/157 species.

Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with doubly serrate margins. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious; Both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins (except Corylus); Tepals 1-4, sometimes lacking and always very reduced. Stamens 4; carpels 2, connate. Fruit: dry, single-seeded indehiscent fruit- achene nut (Corylus) 2-winged samara (Alnus and Betula) (Willow family)

Your textbook expanded Salicaceae dramatically to include most of “Flacourtiaceae”, a mostly tropical family with much more diverse morphology.

Salicaceae (Salix and ) as covered here (and in FPNW) is monophyletic and is either nested within “Flacourtiaceae” or sister to “Flacourtiaceae”.

Textbook DVD KRR Salix babylonica Salicaceae (Willow family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Salix caroliniana Populus deltoides Note the hairy (wind dispersal) - “cottonwood” Salicaceae (Willow family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Salix interior Note that staminate and carpellate inflorescence are in different individuals; are dioecious. Salicaceae (Willow family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Populus deltoides; Populus alba; Staminate inflorescence carpellate inflorescence Salicaceae (Willow family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Salix interior Note that perianth absent, each flower is subtended by a hairy bract Salicaceae (Willow family)

Salicaceae - 2 genera/435 species.

Trees or shrubs, often found along banks, due to their mode of vegetative reproduction. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with salicoid teeth (gland at tip of vein along serrated leaf margin). Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants dioecious; Both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins; Perianth lacking, flowers are subtended by a hairy bract; Stamens 2-4; carpels 2-4, connate, with many ovules; Fruit: capsule - dry, dehiscent, many-carpeled fruit; seeds are typically with woolly hairs Wind pollination syndrome

Textbook DVD WSJ

Textbook DVD DLN

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation? Wind pollination syndrome

Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year.

Often unisexual flowers;

Flowers often aggregated in catkins;

Individual flowers small and inconspicuous;

Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen;

Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen;

Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1);