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Identification of a Natural Hybrid Between Castanopsis Sclerophylla

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Article Identification of a Natural Hybrid between Castanopsis sclerophylla and Castanopsis tibetana (Fagaceae) Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences Xiaorong Zeng, Risheng Chen, Yunxin Bian, Xinsheng Qin, Zhuoxin Zhang and Ye Sun * Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (Y.B.); [email protected] (X.Q.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-4265-9676 Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 7 August 2020; Published: 11 August 2020 Abstract: Castanopsis kuchugouzhuiHuang et Y. T. Chang was recorded in Flora Reipublicae Popularis × Sinicae (FRPS) as a hybrid species on Yuelushan mountain, but it is treated as a hybrid between Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott. and Castanopsis tibetana Hance in Flora of China. After a thorough investigation on Yuelushan mountain, we found a population of C. sclerophylla and one individual of C. kuchugouzhui, × but no living individual of C. tibetana. We collected C. kuchugouzhui, and we sampled 42 individuals of × C. sclerophylla from Yuelushan and Xiushui and 43 individuals of C. tibetana from Liangyeshan and Xiushui. Weused chloroplast DNA sequences and 29 nuclear microsatellite markers to investigate if C. kuchugouzhui × is a natural hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana. The chloroplast haplotype analysis showed that C. kuchugouzhuishared haplotype H2 with C. sclerophylla on Yuelushan. The STRUCTURE analysis × identified two distinct genetic pools that corresponded well to C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana, revealing the genetic admixture of C. kuchugouzhui. Furthermore, the NewHybrids analysis suggested that × C. kuchugouzhuiis an F2 hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana. Our results confirm that × C. kuchugouzhuirecorded in FRPS is a rare hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana. × Keywords: Castanopsis kuchugouzhui; natural hybrid; molecular identification; chloroplast DNA × sequence; microsatellite 1. Introduction Hybridization is a process through which there is interbreeding of individuals from two genetically distinct populations or species [1]. It was estimated that at least 25% of plant species, mostly the youngest species, were involved in hybridization and potential introgression with other species [2]. A large number of studies showed that natural hybridization is ubiquitous in different taxa [3–6], and it plays a significant role in generating genetic diversity, even the origin of new ecotypes or species [7–10]. Research on natural hybridization has become a hot spot in the field of plant systematics and evolution in recent years [11–13]. Hybrid identification is the first step in exploring the intricate evolutionary history of natural hybridization. The morphological characteristics of natural hybrids are usually intermediate or more similar to one of their parents, and they form a gradually morphological transition that often causes the blurred and indistinguishable boundary of the species [14]. Chloroplast DNA is uniparentally inherited (maternal inheritance in most angiosperm) and nuclear DNA is biparentally inherited; thus, a comparative analysis of nuclear DNA and chloroplast DNA would provide complementary and often Forests 2020, 11, 873; doi:10.3390/f11080873 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forests 2020, 11, 873 2 of 11 contrasting information on the genetic structure and phylogenies. Interspecific hybrids are commonly identified by cytonuclear discordance that may indicate different parental contribution to the hybrid genome [4,15–17]. Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott. and Castanopsis tibetana Hance are dominant species in mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in China. Castanopsis sclerophylla is mainly distributed in the north of Nanling mountain, south of the Yangtze River, and east of Sichuan and Guizhou provinces [18]. Castanopsis tibetana is widely distributed in subtropical China and overlaps with the range of C. sclerophylla. Castanopsis tibetana grows together with C. sclerophylla in a forest on Yuelushan mountain of Changsha City in Hunan Province, where a specimen of Castanopsis kuchugouzhui × Huang et Y. T. Chang was collected according to Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) [18]. The leaves and cupules of C. kuchugouzhui show intermediate morphologies between C. sclerophylla × and C. tibetana; thus, it is recognized as a hybrid species in FRPS [18]. However, C. kuchugouzhui is × assumed to be a putative natural hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana in Flora of China [19]. Up to now, there is no molecular evidence for this putative hybrid. The purpose of this study was to verify whether C. kuchugouzhui is a natural hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana by using × chloroplast DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Plant Materials and DNA Extraction After a thorough investigation of this forest on Yuelushan mountain in 2017–2019, we found a population of C. sclerophylla and one individual of C. kuchugouzhui, but no living individual × of C. tibetana. According to the information obtained from Yuelushan Mountain Scenic Area Administration Bureau and Hunan Normal University, this C. kuchugouzhui is more than 100 years × old and it is the same individual reported by FRPS. We sampled C. kuchugouzhui and 20 individuals × of C. sclerophylla on Yuelushan. We further sampled 22 individuals of C. sclerophylla and 19 individuals of C. tibetana from Xiushui, as well as 24 individuals of C. tibetana from Liangyeshan (Table1). For each population, eight to 10 fresh leaves per tree were chosen and quickly dried with silica gel, and the individuals were sampled at least 20 m apart from each other. Voucher specimens were made for C. kuchugouzhui and each population, and they were stored in the Dendrological Herbarium of South × China Agricultural University (CANT). Table 1. Location, sample size, and genetic diversity of the investigated populations. Species Location/Population Code Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Sample Size AAR HFIS Castanopsis Xiushui/KZ-XS 28◦55023” 114◦43012” 22 5.6 5.426 0.629 0.103 * sclerophylla Yuelushan/KZ-YLS 28◦10049” 112◦56028” 20 5.5 5.430 0.580 0.052 Average 21 5.6 5.428 0.605 0.078 Castanopsis Yuelushan/KZGK-YLS 28 10 49” 112 56 28” 1 kuchugouzhui× ◦ 0 ◦ 0 Castanopsis Liangyeshan/GK-LYS 25 12 35” 116 10 48” 24 3.3 3.219 0.481 0.057 ◦ 0 ◦ 0 − tibetana Xiushui/GK-XS 28 55 23” 114 43 12” 19 2.9 2.862 0.427 0.068 ◦ 0 ◦ 0 − Average 22 3.1 3.041 0.454 0.063 − N: north, E: east, A: total number of alleles detected, AR: allelic richness for 19 diploid individuals, H: gene diversity, FIS: fixation index. * Deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium significantly (p < 0.01). Total genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and concentration of the genomic DNA were evaluated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels and NanoDropTM 2000 Spectrophotometers (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 2.2. Chloroplast DNA Sequencing and Nuclear Microsatellite Genotyping The chloroplast DNA of psbA-trnH and trnM-trnV intergenic spacers was amplified and sequenced with primers described in References [20,21]. The total volume of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Forests 2020, 11, 873 3 of 11 was 30 µL, which contained 1 ES Tag Master Mix (Cwbiotech, Beijing, China), 0.2 µM each of forward × and reverse primers, and 20 ng of DNA. PCR amplification was conducted for 33 cycles in a TaKaRa PCR Thermal Cycler Dice™ Gradient (TP600) (TAKARA, Kyoto, Japan). Each cycle included 45 s at 95 ◦C, 45 s at annealing temperature, and 45 s at 72 ◦C. An initial pre-denaturation for 5 min at 95 ◦C and a final extension for 7 min at 72 ◦C were added. Polymorphic nuclear microsatellites were screened from 173 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers originally developed in C. sclerophylla, Castanopsis fargesii, Castanopsis sieboldii, Castanopsis tribuloides, Castanea sativa, and Castanea mollissima [22–28]. One sample in each population and C. kuchugouzhui × were used in a preliminary experiment to test SSR amplification. PCR was performed in a total volume of 10 µL that consisted of 1 ES Tag Master Mix, 0.5 µM each of forward and reverse primers, and 20 ng × of DNA. The PCR program was the same as above apart from the annealing temperature. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 3% agarose gels. A total of 75 pairs of primers that generated a clear electrophoretic band were applied to the multiple PCR, in which the forward primers were labeled with fluorochromes TAMRA, HEX, 6-FAM, and ROX. The primers with different fluorescence were combined, and we tried to keep their predicted products 30–50 bp apart. The Type-it Microsatellite PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) was used to prepare the multiple PCR with a total volume of 10 µL, which contained 1 PCR Master Mix, × 1 Q-Solution, 0.2 µM each of forward and reverse primers, and 20 ng of DNA. Two samples in × each population and C. kuchugouzhi were used in this experiment. The PCR programs included an × initial pre-denaturation of 5 min at 95 ◦C, followed by 28 cycles of 30 s at 95 ◦C, 90 s at 57 ◦C, 30 s at 72 ◦C, and a final extension of 30 min at 60 ◦C. PCR products were visualized on an ABI-3730XL fluorescence sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using LIZ500 as an internal size standard. Alleles (Table S1) were scored using GeneMarker v 2.2.0 [29]. Finally, 32 pairs of primers with high polymorphism and stability were applied to genotype all samples. 2.3. Data Analyses DNA sequences of psbA-trnH (GenBank accession numbers: MT635060-MT635092) and trnM-trnV (GenBank accession numbers: MT635093-MT635125) were manually checked using BioEdit [30]. Multiple alignments were carried out using MEGA v 7 [31] with Castanopsis fabri (GenBank accession numbers: MF592976, MF592882) as the outgroup.
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  • Ray Imaging of a Dichasium Cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic Amber

    Ray Imaging of a Dichasium Cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic Amber

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Synchrotron X- ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic amber Eva-Maria Sadowski1,4 , Jörg U. Hammel2 , and Thomas Denk3 Manuscript received 30 May 2018; revision accepted 6 September PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Eocene Baltic amber deposit represents the largest 2018. accumulation of fossil resin worldwide, and hundreds of thousands of entrapped 1 Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, arthropods have been recovered. Although Baltic amber preserves delicate plant Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany structures in high fidelity, angiosperms of the “Baltic amber forest” remain poorly studied. 2 Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, We describe a pistillate partial inflorescence of Castanopsis (Fagaceae), expanding the Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany knowledge of Fagaceae diversity from Baltic amber. 3 Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden METHODS: The amber specimen was investigated using light microscopy and 4 Author for correspondence (e-mail: eva-maria.sadowski@ synchrotron- radiation- based X- ray micro- computed tomography (SRμCT). geo.uni-goettingen.de) KEY RESULTS: The partial inflorescence is a cymule, consisting of an involucre of scales Citation: Sadowski, E.-M., J. U. Hammel, and T. Denk. 2018. Synchrotron X- ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis that surround all four pistillate flowers, indicating a dichasium cupule. Subtending bracts from Eocene Baltic amber. American Journal of Botany 105(12): are basally covered with peltate trichomes. Flowers possess an urecolate perianth of 2025–2036. six nearly free lobes, 12 staminodia hidden by the perianth, and a tri-locular ovary that doi:10.1002/ajb2.1202 is convex- triangular in cross section.