DOCSLIB.ORG

Fagus (Fagaceae) Fruits, Foliage, and Pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fagus (Fagaceae) Fruits, Foliage, and Pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America 1509 Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America Steven R. Manchester and Richard M. Dillhoff Abstract: Fruits and leaves from the Middle Eocene of McAbee, British Columbia, and Republic, Washington, provide an earlier record for the genus Fagus than previously accepted for this member of the Fagaceae. The fruits are trigonal nuts borne within spiny four-valved cupules on long peduncles. The leaves are borne alternately on the twigs and are ovate to elliptic with craspedodromous secondary veins and simple teeth distributed one per secondary vein. The shale preserving these megafossils also contains dispersed pollen with morphology and ornamentation diagnostic of Fagus. Previously, the oldest Fagus occurrences confirmed by fruits were early Oligocene (ca. 32 Ma). The recognition of Middle Eocene (ca. 50 Ma) representatives helps to reduce the disparity between molecular evidence favoring Fagus as a primitive genus within Fagaceae, and fossil evidence, which had indicated older occurrences of Castanea and Quercus than Fagus. Key words: Eocene, Fagus, fossil, foliage, fruits, British Columbia. Résumé : Des fruits et des feuilles de l’Éocène moyen provenant de McAbee en Colombie-Britannique, et de Republic dans l’État de Washington, constituent une mention antérieure pour le genre Fagus, par rapport à ce qui est générale- ment accepté pour cette entité des Fagaceae. Les fruits sont des noix à trois côtés, développées dans des cupules à quatre valves portées sur de longs pédoncules. Les feuilles se forment en alternance sur les rameaux; ils sont ovés à el- liptiques avec des veines secondaires craspédodromes et des dents distribuées à raison d’une par veine secondaire. Le schiste préservant ces méga-fossiles contient également des pollens dispersés, avec une morphologie et une ornementa- tion caractéristiques des Fagus. Auparavant, la mention la plus ancienne des Fagus, confirmée par des fruits, provenait du début de l’Oligocène (ca 32 Ma). La reconnaissance de représentants de l’Éocène moyen (ca 50 Ma) aide à réduire la disparité entre les preuves moléculaires favorisant les Fagus comme genre primitif des Fagaceae, avec les preuves fossiles, qui indiquait une préséance des Castanea et des Quercus, par rapport aux Fagus. Mots clés : Éocène, Fagus, fossile, feuillage, fruits, Colombie-Britannique. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Manchester and Dillhoff 1517 Introduction years the earliest fruit records of other extant genera includ- ing Castanea (Middle Eocene of Tennessee; Crepet and Beech trees have an extensive fossil record in the North- Daghlian 1980; personal observations) and both Castanopsis ern Hemisphere based on foliage and fruits of the genus and Quercus (Middle Eocene of Oregon; Manchester 1994). Fagus. The fossil occurrences have been reviewed in system- The relatively late occurrence of Fagus compared with other atic treatments of this genus in the European (Kva ek and extant and fossil genera of the family seemed paradoxical in Walther 1991a, 1991b; Denk and Meller 2001) and Asian view of molecular data suggesting a basal divergence of (Tanai 1974, 1995; Iljinskaya 1982; Liu et al. 1996; Uemura Fagus from other Fagaceae species (Manos et al. 2001; Li et 1980) Tertiary. al. 2004). Cupules of Fagus are similar in appearance to Fagus pacifica Chaney from the early Oligocene Bridge those of the Southern Hemisphere genus Nothofagus, which Creek flora of Oregon (Chaney 1927; Meyer and Manchester formerly was also included in the Fagaceae; however, that 1997; Denk and Meller 2001) has been regarded as the old- genus differs substantially from Fagus and other genera of est occurrence of this genus based on both fruits and leaves. the family in pollen morphology, leaf architecture, and chro- However, the Oligocene age of about 32 Ma indicated for mosome number, supporting its recognition as a separate the Bridge Creek flora postdates by more than 22 million family, Nothofagaceae (Nixon 1989). Leaves resembling Fagus were previously recognized Received 19 March 2004. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://canjbot.nrc.ca on 9 November 2004. from the Middle Eocene of Republic Washington, One Mile Creek, British Columbia (Gandolfo 1996), and sites in China S.R. Manchester.1 Florida Museum of Natural History, (Liu et al. 1996), but until recently, the lack of convincing Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. reproductive structures caused us to regard the identification R.M. Dillhoff. Evolving Earth Foundation, P.O. Box 2090, of the leaves as Fagus as tentative. Recently, the fossil re- Issaquah, WA 98027, USA. cord of Fagus has been extended back to the Middle Eocene 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). based on cupule and nut impressions mentioned and figured Can. J. Bot. 82: 1509–1517 (2004) doi: 10.1139/B04-112 © 2004 NRC Canada 1510 Can. J. Bot. Vol. 82, 2004 by Pigg and Wehr (2002) from the Middle Eocene of Wash- ETYMOLOGY: This species is named to honor David Langevin ington, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. In the present whose love of the McAbee site has lead to the discovery and paper, we formally describe this new species, based on co- conservation of numerous important fossil specimens. occurring reproductive organs and leaves from the Middle Eocene lacustrine shales of McAbee, western British Colum- DIAGNOSIS: Pedunculate cupules. Cupule ovate, composed of bia. four ovate valves fully enclosing two trigonal nuts. External surface with spiny appendages occasionally bifurcate near tip. Peduncle long (up to 2.5 times as long as the cupule), Materials and methods thickened near junction with cupule. Nuts triangular in cross This investigation was based on specimens from three lo- section, ovate, elliptical, to obovate in face view, with a nar- calities of similar Middle Eocene age. Most of the speci- row wing or flange developed along the three angles of the mens of leaves and fruits were collected from the McAbee nut. Sepals arising from apex of nut and surrounding the locality, situated at N50°47.818′ W121°08.568′ near the town three styles. of Cache Creek, British Columbia. Additional leaves (e.g., Gandolfo 1996, Fig. 5) and a few nuts (e.g., Pigg and Wehr DESCRIPTION: Cupule (Figs. 1A–1I) ovate, 10–14 mm in 2002, Fig. 15) were observed in collections from Republic, length and 8–13 mm wide, composed of four ovate valves, Washington. Rare leaves of the same kind were also ob- fully enclosing two trigonal nuts. Appendages spiny, up to served from the One Mile Creek site, near Princeton, British 1.2 mm long, and occasionally bifurcate near tip (Fig. 1F), Columbia (e.g., Gandolfo 1996, Fig. 6). This analysis was often lacking basally (by abrasion). Peduncle long (up to based primarily on specimens deposited at the Burke Mu- 2.5 times the cupule length), up to 29 mm long and 1.9 mm seum (UWBM), Seattle, Washington, University College of thick, thickened near junction with base of cupule (Fig. 1C). the Cariboo, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (UCC), Nuts (Figs. 1J–1M) triangular in cross section, ovate, ellipti- and the Florida Museum of Natural History (UF), Gaines- cal, to obovate in face view, length 7.0–10.5 mm, width 4.5– ville, Florida. 7.5mm, a thin wing or flange developed along the three an- To determine whether Fagus pollen was deposited along gles of the nut (or apparently absent; see discussion). Sepals with the fruit and leaf remains, a small piece of shale bear- up to 1.3 mm long, arising from apex of nut and surrounding ing a Fagus leaf impression from McAbee was crushed and the three styles, which are 1.3–2.5 mm long (Fig. 1M). processed for dispersed pollen. The sample was digested in Leaves alternate, subtending enlarged, rounded, non- hydrofluoric acid and then washed in water. The organic res- stipitate, axillary buds. Petiole slender (0.8–1 mm thick), idue was extracted using heavy liquid (a saturated solution 7−13 mm long. Lamina ovate to elliptic, 52–193 mm long, of ZnCl). The resulting residue contains cuticle fragments as 27–74 mm wide, average L:W ratio 2.1:1, symmetrical well as pollen and spores. Attempts at further processing (Figs. 2B–2D) to asymmetrical (Figs. 2A, 2F, and 4B) at the (such as the standard treatment in Schultze’s solution fol- base; basal angle acute (Fig. 2C) to rarely obtuse (Fig. 2D), lowed by KOH) resulted in selective destruction of the more basal flanks typically convex, occasionally cuneate or decur- fragile palynomorphs including Fagus. Therefore, the un- rent; apex angle acute, with typically convex flanks. Margin macerated residue was simply washed in water and mounted serrate (Figs. 2A and 2B) to subtly crenate (Figs. 2C, 3A, for study by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). and 3B). Venation pinnate, craspedodromous. Primary vein A drop of the residue was evaporated onto a circular glass moderately thick, straight, not sinuous. Secondary veins 9– coverslip, which was temporarily mounted face-up on an 17 pairs, (mean 11), arising decurrently from the primary at aluminum stub for SEM. After locating and imaging Fagus angles of 40–60° (decreasing apically), markedly parallel grains by SEM, the coverslip was removed from the stub, and uniform, straight to slightly concave. Intersecondaries, and mounted face-down with a drop of glycerine jelly on a agrophic and fimbrial veins absent. Tertiary veins percurrent, glass microscope slide for light microscopy of the same pol- mostly opposite, occasionally alternate, straight to sinuous, len grains. spaced 1.4–3.5 mm apart (3 to 7 per cm) at angles of 135– 150° near base and 105–130° apically; increasing basally. Quaternary veins alternate percurrent to regular polygonal Systematics reticulate, 4th and 5th order veins forming an orthogonal Family Fagaceae reticulum, areolation well developed (Fig. 3E) consisting of Genus Fagus L.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quercus Robur (Fagaceae)
    Quercus robur (Fagaceae) The map description EEBIO area The integrated map shows the distribution and changes in the areal’s boundaries of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Q. robur is the dominant forest- formative species in the belt of broadleaf and mixed 4 needleleaf-broadleaf forests in the plains of the European part of the former USSR (Sokolov et al. 1977). In the northern part of its areal Q. robur grows in river valleys. In the central part, it forms mixed forests with Picea abies; closer to the south – a belt of broadleaf forests where Q. robur dominates. At the areal’s south boundary it forms small (marginal) forests in ravines and flood-plains (Atlas of Areals and Resources… , 1976). Q. robur belongs to the thermophilic species. The low temperature bound of possible occurrence of oak forests is marked by an average annual of 2?C l (http://www.forest.ru – in Russian). Therefore, l l l l l l hypotretically, oak areal boundaries will shift along l ll l l l l l l l with the changes in the average annual temperature. l l l l l l l l l l l For Yearly map of averaged mean annual air l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l lll temperature (Afonin A., Lipiyaynen K., Tsepelev V., l l l l l l l ll ll l l l 2005) see http://www.agroatlas.spb.ru Climate. l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Oak forests are of great importance for the water l l l l l ll l lll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l regime and soil structure, especially on the steep l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l slopes of river valleys and in forest-poor areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Fagaceae Trees
    CHAPTER 5 5 Fagaceae Trees Antoine Kremerl, Manuela Casasoli2,Teresa ~arreneche~,Catherine Bod6n2s1, Paul Sisco4,Thomas ~ubisiak~,Marta Scalfi6, Stefano Leonardi6,Erica ~akker~,Joukje ~uiteveld', Jeanne ~omero-Seversong, Kathiravetpillai Arumuganathanlo, Jeremy ~eror~',Caroline scotti-~aintagne", Guy Roussell, Maria Evangelista Bertocchil, Christian kxerl2,Ilga porth13, Fred ~ebard'~,Catherine clark15, John carlson16, Christophe Plomionl, Hans-Peter Koelewijn8, and Fiorella villani17 UMR Biodiversiti Genes & Communautis, INRA, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France, e-mail: [email protected] Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita "La Sapienza", Piazza A. Moro 5,00185 Rome, Italy Unite de Recherche sur les Especes Fruitikres et la Vigne, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France The American Chestnut Foundation, One Oak Plaza, Suite 308 Asheville, NC 28801, USA Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA-Forest Service, 23332 Highway 67, Saucier, MS 39574-9344, USA Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universitk di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 1lIA, 43100 Parma, Italy Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Alterra Wageningen UR, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 47,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA lo Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for Butternut Or White Walnut (Juglans Cinerea) L. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region
    Conservation Assessment for Butternut or White walnut (Juglans cinerea) L. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region 2003 Jan Schultz Hiawatha National Forest Forest Plant Ecologist (906) 228-8491 This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on Juglans cinerea L. (butternut). This is an administrative review of existing information only and does not represent a management decision or direction by the U. S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was gathered and reported in preparation of this document, then subsequently reviewed by subject experts, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if the reader has information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Conservation Assessment for Butternut or White walnut (Juglans cinerea) L. 2 Table Of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION / OBJECTIVES.......................................................................7 BIOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION..............................8 Species Description and Life History..........................................................................................8 SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Quercus Bawanglingensis Huang, Li Et Xing, a Vulnerable Oak Tree in China
    Article Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Quercus bawanglingensis Huang, Li et Xing, a Vulnerable Oak Tree in China Xue Liu 1 , Er-Mei Chang 1, Jian-Feng Liu 1,* , Yue-Ning Huang 1, Ya Wang 1, Ning Yao 1 and Ze-Ping Jiang 1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China 2 Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 June 2019; Accepted: 12 July 2019; Published: 15 July 2019 Abstract: Quercus bawanglingensis Huang, Li et Xing, an endemic evergreen oak of the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) in China, is currently listed in the Red List of Chinese Plants as a vulnerable (VU) plant. No chloroplast (cp) genome information is currently available for Q. bawanglingensis, which would be essential for the establishment of guidelines for its conservation and breeding. In the present study, the cp genome of Q. bawanglingensis was sequenced and assembled into double-stranded circular DNA with a length of 161,394 bp. Two inverted repeats (IRs) with a total of 51,730 bp were identified, and the rest of the sequence was separated into two single-copy regions, namely, a large single-copy (LSC) region (90,628 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,036 bp). The genome of Q. bawanglingensis contains 134 genes (86 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNAs and eight rRNAs). More forward (29) than inverted long repeats (21) are distributed in the cp genome.
    [Show full text]
  • Non Standardized Allergenic Extracts Pollens, Molds, Epidermals, Insects, Dusts, Foods, and Miscellaneous Inhalants
    BIRCH POLLEN MIX- betula lenta, betula nigra and betula populifolia solution CENTRAL EASTERN 4 TREE POLLEN MIX- ulmus americana, acer negundo, carya illinoinensis and quercus virginiana solution EASTERN OAK POLLEN MIX- quercus velutina, quercus rubra and quercus alba solution ELM POLLEN MIX- ulmus americana and ulmus pumila solution HICKORY POLLEN MIX- carya glabra, carya ovata, carya laciniosa and carya tomentosa solution HICKORY-PECAN POLLEN MIX- carya illinoinensis and carya ovata solution JUNIPER POLLEN MIX- juniperus monosperma and juniperus scopulorum solution PINE POLLEN MIX- pinus taeda, pinus strobus and pinus echinata solution WESTERN 3 TREE POLLEN MIX- olea europaea, ulmus pumila and platanus racemosa solution MAPLE-BOX ELDER POLLEN MIX- acer saccharum and acer negundo solution WESTERN 10 TREE POLLEN MIX- acacia dealbata, acer negundo, populus fremontii, olea europaea, ulmus pumila, betula occidentalis, juniperus occidentalis, platanus racemosa, quercus garryana and morus alba solution EASTERN 6 TREE POLLEN MIX- fagus grandifolia, populus deltoides, quercus rubra, betula nigra, carya ovata and fraxinus americana solution 11 TREE POLLEN MIX- fagus grandifolia, platanus occidentalis, ulmus americana, juglans nigra, salix nigra, populus deltoides, quercus rubra, betula nigra, carya ovata, acer saccharum and fraxinus americana solution 2 MAPLE POLLEN MIX- acer rubrum and acer saccharum solution WESTERN OAK POLLEN MIX- quercus kelloggii, quercus agrifolia and quercus garryana solution 11 TREE POLLEN MIX- fagus grandifolia, platanus
    [Show full text]
  • York Campus Trees for Sale: 1.& 2
    York Campus Trees for Sale: 1.& 2. Ginkgo biloba ‘Princeton Sentry’ Common Name– Ginkgo 3. Prunus Snow Fountains Common Name: Weeping higan cherry 1 4. Picea orientalis ‘Gowdy’ 2 Common Name -Oriental spruce 5&6. Hamamelis virginiana Commmon Name— Common Witch-Hazel 7. Fagus grandifolia Common Name—American beech 8. & 9. Gladitzia triacanthos Common Name —Honey locust 3 10. Cornus kousa 9 Common Name: Kousa dogwood 8 4 11. Acer palmatum ‘Sango-kaku’ 5 & 6 Common Name –Japanese coral bark maple ‘Sango-kaku’ 10 11 7 12 12, & 13. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Pink Velour’ Common Name-– Crape myrtle ‘Pink Velour’ 13 14 14. Cercis canidensis ‘Pink Heartbreaker’ 15 Commn Name—Weeping redbud ‘Pink Heartbreaker’ 15. Acer palmatum var. dissectum ‘Tamukeyama’ Common Name-Japanese maple Tamukeyama’ 16 16. Acer rubrum 17 Common Name—Red Maple 18 17.Ulmus americana Commn Name—Jefferson elm 18. Prunus pendula— Common Name- Weeping cherry 19. Quercus phellos Common Name- Willow oak 19 Location # Common name Botanical name Location Status Y 1 Ginkgo “Princeton Sentry” Ginkgo biloba ‘Princeton Sentry’ Cytec Building Available Y 2 Ginkgo “Princeton Sentry” Ginkgo biloba ‘Princeton Sentry’ Cytec Building Available Y 3 Weeping higan cherry Prunus Snow Fountains William F Goodling Center Available Y 4 Oriental spruce “Gowdy” Picea orientalis ‘Gowdy’ William F Goodling Center Available Y 5 Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana William F Goodling Center Available Y 6 Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana William F Goodling Center Available Y 7 American beech Fagus grandifolia
    [Show full text]
  • (Castanea) Cultivar 'Yanshanzaofeng'
    Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 5(9): 1192-1197, 2013 ISSN: 2042-4868; e-ISSN: 2042-4876 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2013 Submitted: May 20, 2013 Accepted: June 11, 2013 Published: September 05, 2013 A Morphological and Histological Characterization of Male Flower in Chestnut (Castanea) Cultivar ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ Feng Zou, Su-Juan Guo, Huan Xiong, Peng Xie, Wen-Jun Lv and Guang-Hui Li Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, P.R. China Abstract: Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume.) is a widely distributed fruit tree and well known for its ecological and economic value. In order to evaluate obstacles to male reproductive in the C. mollissima, a morphological and histological characterization of male flower of chestnut cultivar ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ were examined by paraffin section technique and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that male catkins with floral primordia were formed in the buds of one-year olds shoots in later April. Later, a protoderm, ground meristem and a procambium had differentiated in young anthers. Each young anther soon developed to four microsporangia. The anther wall layers developed completely by mid-May and consisted of one-cell-layered epidermis, one-cell-layered endothecium, two or three middle layers and one-cell-layered tapetum. The tapetum was of glandular type. Microspore mother cells underwent meiosis through simultaneous cytokinesis in later May and gave rise to tetrads of microspores, which were tetrahedrally arranged. Mature pollens contained two cells with three germ pores. Anthers were dehiscent and pollen grains shed by early June. Based our results, we did not find the abnormal male flower in the C.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids
    Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids . oaks, birches, evening primroses . a major group of the woody plants (trees/shrubs) present at your sites The Wind Pollinated Trees • Alternate leaved tree families • Wind pollinated with ament/catkin inflorescences • Nut fruits = 1 seeded, unilocular, indehiscent (example - acorn) *Juglandaceae - walnut family Well known family containing walnuts, hickories, and pecans Only 7 genera and ca. 50 species worldwide, with only 2 genera and 4 species in Wisconsin Carya ovata Juglans cinera shagbark hickory Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Leaves pinnately compound, alternate (walnuts have smallest leaflets at tip) Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic to other plants Carya ovata Juglans cinera shagbark hickory Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family The chambered pith in center of young stems in Juglans (walnuts) separates it from un- chambered pith in Carya (hickories) Juglans regia English walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Trees are monoecious Wind pollinated Female flower Male inflorescence Juglans nigra Black walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous (drooping) catkins or aments on last year’s woody growth Calyx small; each flower with a bract CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0 Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut *Juglandaceae - walnut family Female flowers apetalous and terminal Calyx cup-shaped and persistant; 2 stigma feathery; bracted CA (4) CO 0 A 0 G (2-3) Juglans cinera Juglans nigra Butternut, white
    [Show full text]
  • NGS Report Explained
    Jonah Ventures NGS Report Files Explained Summary data The % of base pairs in the Sample identifiers Exact Sequence Variant sequence that match to the The detected Exact Sequence Variant Consensus Taxonomy The detected Numbers after the decimal point unique identifier species in the library. sequence. represent lab replicates of the same Taxonomic ranking from the Number of species sample. library matched to each sequence. matching the sequence at a given level. ESV Family Genus Species %match # Species Sequence S10001.1 S10002.1 S10003.1 S10003.2 ESV_000080 Fagaceae Quercus NA 100 7 AAAAAG… 3066 1340 5780 3462 ESV_000818 Orobanchaceae Orthocarpus Orthocarpus luteus 100 1 AAAAAG… 0 2582 249 0 ESV_000006 Poaceae NA NA 100 77 GAAAAG… 584 101 0 1039 ESV_000050 Poaceae NA NA 100 12 GAAAAG… 1328 0 0 0 ESV_000308 Polygonaceae Polygonum Polygonum humifusum 100 2 AAAAAG… 902 0 0 278 ESV_000027 Polygonaceae Eriogonum Eriogonum umbellatum 100 1 ATAAAG… 341 124 282 381 ESV_000520 Polygonaceae Fallopia Fallopia multiflora 99 1 AAAAAG… 126 0 0 994 “NA” at a taxonomic ranks means multiple species present in The number in each cell is the absolute number of the sample differ in that taxonomic rank times a given sequence was read by the sequencer. ESV detail Exact Sequence Variant The % of base pairs in the sequence that match to the species. Index identification number. that match to the species. Each sample has an Species Taxonomy 100% indicates all base pairs matched individual index number. ESV GB_ID Phylum Order Family Genus Species %match ESV_000818
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudodidymellaceae Fam. Nov.: Phylogenetic Affiliations Of
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 87: 187–206 (2017). Pseudodidymellaceae fam. nov.: Phylogenetic affiliations of mycopappus-like genera in Dothideomycetes A. Hashimoto1,2, M. Matsumura1,3, K. Hirayama4, R. Fujimoto1, and K. Tanaka1,3* 1Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan; 2Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan; 3The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18–8 Ueda 3 chome, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan; 4Apple Experiment Station, Aomori Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre, 24 Fukutami, Botandaira, Kuroishi, Aomori, 036-0332, Japan *Correspondence: K. Tanaka, [email protected] Abstract: The familial placement of four genera, Mycodidymella, Petrakia, Pseudodidymella, and Xenostigmina, was taxonomically revised based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA SSU, LSU, tef1, and rpb2 sequences. ITS sequences were also provided as barcode markers. A total of 130 sequences were newly obtained from 28 isolates which are phylogenetically related to Melanommataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) and its relatives. Phylo- genetic analyses and morphological observation of sexual and asexual morphs led to the conclusion that Melanommataceae should be restricted to its type genus Melanomma, which is characterised by ascomata composed of a well-developed, carbonaceous peridium, and an aposphaeria-like coelomycetous asexual morph. Although Mycodidymella, Petrakia, Pseudodidymella, and Xenostigmina are phylogenetically related to Melanommataceae, these genera are characterised by epi- phyllous, lenticular ascomata with well-developed basal stroma in their sexual morphs, and mycopappus-like propagules in their asexual morphs, which are clearly different from those of Melanomma.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
    [Show full text]
  • System for Satellite-Based Classification of Plant
    ecologies Article Genus-Physiognomy-Ecosystem (GPE) System for Satellite-Based Classification of Plant Communities Ram C. Sharma Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4-1 Onaridai, Wakaba, Chiba 265-8501, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-43-236-4603 Abstract: Vegetation mapping and monitoring is important as the composition and distribution of vegetation has been greatly influenced by land use change and the interaction of land use change and climate change. The purpose of vegetation mapping is to discover the extent and distribution of plant communities within a geographical area of interest. The paper introduces the Genus-Physiognomy- Ecosystem (GPE) system for the organization of plant communities from the perspective of satellite remote sensing. It was conceived for broadscale operational vegetation mapping by organizing plant communities according to shared genus and physiognomy/ecosystem inferences, and it offers an intermediate level between the physiognomy/ecosystem and dominant species for the organi- zation of plant communities. A machine learning and cross-validation approach was employed by utilizing multi-temporal Landsat 8 satellite images on a regional scale for the classification of plant communities at three hierarchical levels: (i) physiognomy, (ii) GPE, and (iii) dominant species. The classification at the dominant species level showed many misclassifications and undermined its application for broadscale operational mapping, whereas the GPE system was able to lessen the complexities associated with the dominant species level classification while still being capable of distinguishing a wider variety of plant communities. The GPE system therefore provides an easy-to-understand approach for the operational mapping of plant communities, particularly on a Citation: Sharma, R.C.
    [Show full text]