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Flora of Australia, Volume 3, Hamamelidales to Casuarinales

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Flora of Australia, Volume 3, Hamamelidales to Casuarinales FLORA OF AUSTRALIA HAMAMELIDACEAE H.J.Hewson Shrubs or trees, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite, simple to palmately lobed, petiolate; stipules usually present. Inflorescence usually a spike, sometimes a raceme or panicle, bracteate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, usually regular. Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate, small, sometimes absent. Petals 4 or 5, ligulate, small, sometimes absent. Stamens 4 or 5, free, often in 2 whorls with inner whorl staminodal; anthers usually basifixed, the connective often produced into an appendage, each locule (in Australia) with 2 pollen sacs and 1 valve. Ovary usually inferior, sometimes superior, with 2, rarely 3, carpels; styles 2, rarely 3, free, usually persistent in fruit; ovules 1 or 2, pendulous, or 5–many, anatropous. Fruit (in Australia) a loculicidal capsule, woody. Seeds sometimes winged; endosperm present. A family of 26 genera and c. 100 species, of subtropical to warm temperate regions around the world but predominantly in eastern Asia. Three monotypic genera endemic in Australia. All 3 genera are in the tribe Hamamelideae of the subfamily Hamamelidoideae. The family has a long fossil record and many representatives may be relictual. Species of Hamamelis L. (Witch-hazel) and Liquidambar L. are important ornamental plants. Species of Distylium Sieber & Zucc. and Loropetalum R.Br. have also been cultivated in Australia. H.Harms, Hamamelidaceae, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2nd edn, 18a: 303–345 (1930); L.S.Smith, Hamamelidaceae in New species of and notes on Queensland plants. III, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 69: 43–48 (1958); W.Vink, Hamamelidaceae, Fl. Males. 5: 363–379 (1958). KEY TO GENERA 1 Stipules bristle-like, less than 5 mm long, leaving an obscure scar; flowers in open spikes, cream or white; staminodes absent 2. NEOSTREARIA 1: Stipules not bristle-like, more than 5 mm long, leaving an obvious scar; flowers in dense closed spikes, purple, red or green; staminodes present or absent 2 Stipules lanceolate, c. 7 mm long, leaving a curvilinear scar; petals expanding, pale green or yellow-green; staminodes 5 1. OSTREARIA 2: Stipules asymmetrically ovate, to 2 cm long, leaving an elliptic scar; petals inrolled, purple or red; staminodes absent 3. NOAHDENDRON 1. OSTREARIA Ostrearia Baillon, Adansonia 10: 131 (1871); from the Latin ostrea (oyster), in reference to the bivalve-like form of the fruits. Type: O. australiana Baillon Trees. Leaves entire, penniveined; stipules small, caducous leaving curvilinear scars. Spikes terminal, pedunculate, short and dense. Calyx 5-lobed above a short tube. Petals 5, linear. Stamens 5; anthers broad, cordate-ovate; connective developed to cover back of anther sacs and form an upcurved appendage; staminodes 5. Ovary half-inferior, bilocular; styles 2; ovule 1 per locule. Capsule sessile, woody, compressed, obovoid, 2-locular, free or adnate with calyx tube leaving upper 2/3 free. Seeds obovoid or ellipsoidal. A monotypic genus endemic in northern Qld. 1 1. Ostrearia HAMAMELIDACEAE Ostrearia australiana Baillon, Adansonia 10: 131 (1871) T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, ?J.Dallachy (ex herb. F.Mueller); holo: P n.v., fide L.S.Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 69: 43 (1958). Illustrations: L.S.Smith, op. cit. fig. 1i–p (1958); B.D.Morley & H.R.Toelken, Fl. Pl. Australia fig. 28a, b (1983). Tree to 25 m tall; indumentum stellate. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate; lamina to 17 cm long and 6 cm wide; petiole 7–12 mm long; stipules lanceolate, to 7 mm long. Spike on peduncle to 1 cm long; rachis to 3 cm long; bracts to 2 mm long; bracteoles to 1.5 mm long. Calyx lobes ovate, 3 mm long. Petals 7–9 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, pale green or yellow-green. Stamens c. 2 mm long; anther appendage c. 0.2 mm long; staminodes incurved, longer than stamens. Styles c. 0.3 mm long. Capsule glabrescent, 1.2–1.7 cm long, 1.2–2.4 cm wide, adnate with calyx tube for 3–5 mm. Seeds ellipsoidal, 1–1.5 cm long. Fig. 25A–C. Occurs from near Cooktown S to near Tully, Qld, near streams in rainforest at altitudes to 900 m. Region: CYRK. Map 1. Qld: Upper Parrot Ck, Annan R., L.J.Brass 20266 (BRI, CANB); Zarda, 16°27'S, 145°15'E, B.Hyland 2887 (BRI); Mt Finnigan, J.M.Powell 684 & J.A.Armstrong (NSW); Gap Ck, SSE of Cooktown, L.S.Smith \11209 (BRI); Jarrah Ck, near Tully, L.S.Smith & L.J.Webb 4897 (BRI). This species is the most common of the 3 Australian members of the family. The vestigial petal lobes which are usually absent place it close to the SE Asian genus Embolanthera Merr. 2. NEOSTREARIA Neostrearia L.S.Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 69: 46 (1958); from the latin neo- (new) and Ostrearia (a closely related genus). Type: N. fleckeri L.S.Smith Trees. Leaves simple, penniveined; stipules small, caducous leaving obscure scars. Spikes terminal, pedunculate, elongate and open. Calyx 3-lobed above a short tube. Petals 5, linear. Stamens 5; anthers broad, cordate-ovate; connective developed to cover back of anther sacs and form a short apical appendage; staminodes absent. Ovary half-inferior, bilocular; styles 2; ovules 3 per locule. Capsule sessile, woody, compressed, obovoid, 2-locular, free from calyx tube in upper half. Seeds obovoid. A monotypic genus endemic in northern Qld. Neostrearia fleckeri L.S.Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 69: 46, fig. 1a–h (1958) T: Babinda Ck, Happy Valley, Qld, May 1949, H.Flecker 12775; holo: BRI. Illustrations: L.S.Smith, loc. cit.; B.D.Morley & H.R.Toelken, Fl. Pl. Australia fig. 28c (1983). Tree to 12 m tall; indumentum stellate or lepidote. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; lamina to 18 cm long and 7 cm wide; petiole 3–12 mm long; stipules bristle-like, to 4 mm long; petiole 3–12 mm long. Spikes on peduncle to 3.5 cm long; rachis to 10 cm long; bracts to 2.5 mm long. Calyx lobes ovate, c. 3.5 mm long. Petals 1–1.3 cm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, cream to white. Stamens c. 1.5 mm long; anther appendage c. 0.1 mm long. Styles c. 0.2 mm long. Capsule 1–1.5 cm long, 1 mm wide. Seeds c. 1 cm long. Fig. 25D. Occurs from near Daintree S to near Tully, Qld, near streams in lowland rainforest. Region: CYRK. Map 2. Qld: Whyanbeel, 16°20'S, 145°20'E, B.Hyland 3028 R.F.K. (BRI); Boonjie, 17°25'S, 145°45'E, B.Hyland 6679 (BRI); The Boulders, near Babinda, J.G.Tracey 6302 (BRI). This genus is close to the SE Asian genera Maingaya Oliver and Embolanthera Merr. but differs from Maingaya in its elongate inflorescence and lack of staminodes and from 2 Figure 25. A–C, Ostrearia australiana. A, fruit ×0.5; B, stipule ×5; C, stipule scar ×5 (A–C, L.S.Webb & L.J.Webb 4897, BRI). D, Neostrearia fleckeri, stipule ×5 (B.Hyland 6679, BRI). E–F, Noahdendron nicholasii. E, habit ×0.5; F, stipule ×5 (E–F, K.Williams 82132, BRI). Drawn by D.Boyer. 3 2. Neostrearia HAMAMELIDACEAE Embolanthera in its simple leaves and 2-valved anthers. 3. NOAHDENDRON Noahdendron Endress, B.Hyland & Tracey, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 372 (1985); from Noah Ck (the type locality) and the Greek dendron (a tree). Type: N. nicholasii Endress, B.Hyland & Tracey Trees. Leaves distichous, simple, penniveined; stipules large, some persistent, others caducous leaving elliptic scars. Spikes terminal, pedunculate, dense, shorter than those of Neostrearia. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, narrowly oblong, tightly inrolled. Stamens 5; anthers cordate-ovate; connective developed to cover back of anther sacs and form an apical appendage; staminodes absent. Ovary superior to half-inferior, bilocular; styles 2; ovules 3 per locule, 1 fertile. Capsule sessile, woody, 2-locular. Seeds ovoid. A monotypic genus endemic in northern Qld. Noahdendron nicholasii Endress, B.Hyland & Tracey, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 372 (1985) T: Noah Ck, Qld, 16°07'S, 145°26'E, J.G.Tracey 14945; holo: Z n.v., fide P.K.Endress et al., loc. cit. Illustrations: P.K.Endress et al., op. cit. figs 1–29 (1985). Tree to 10 m tall; indumentum stellate. Leaves oblong to elliptic, acuminate; lamina to 30 cm long and 10 cm wide, attenuate at base; petiole 0.8–1.5 cm long; stipules asymmetrically ovate, attenuate at base, to 2 cm long, 1 cm wide. Spikes on peduncle to 5 cm long, pendent; rachis to 7 cm long; inflorescence bracts to 1 cm long; flower bracts c. 4 mm long. Sepals ovate-triangular, c. 3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Petals glabrous, c. 5 mm long (unrolled), red or purple. Stamens c. equal to unrolled petals, red; anther appendage long-apiculate, c. 1 mm long. Styles c. 1 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule 1 cm long and wide. Seeds c. 7 mm long. Fig. 25E–F. Restricted to the Cape Tribulation area, Qld, near streams in rainforest at altitudes to 100 m. Region: CYRK. Map 3. Qld: Cape Tribulation, 16°05'S, 145°29'E, K.A.W.Williams 82132 (BRI). This species is unique in the family with its inrolled and bent petals. The large stipules are not characteristic of the subfamily Hamamelidoideae. ULMACEAE H.J.Hewson Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, often distichous, pinnately nerved or 3-nerved at base, entire or serrate, petiolate; base often oblique; stipules extra- or intrapetiolar, free or connate, usually caducous. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose or cymose. Flowers small, inconspicuous, regular, hypogynous or perigynous, unisexual or bisexual. Perianth 1-whorled with 4–8 lobes, usually 5.
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