sign in sign up
<<
Home , Vyborg

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 1149–1157, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_114 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AND : ASSESSMENTS AND PROJECTIONS

Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva St.Petersburg State University of Economics Sadovaya Street, 21, St. Petersburg, 191023, Russian Federation

Olga Vasilevna Voronkova St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Polytechnic St., 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation

ABSTRACT This paper examines the key purpose behind the operation of and attempts to classify region’s institutions for the support of entrepreneurship, as well as assess the level of development of the region’s infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship. Based on calculations of an availability coefficient, there has been conducted a quantitative analysis of the present-day state of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. Key words: entrepreneurship, infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship, coefficient for the availability of items of infrastructure, management. Cite this Article: Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva, Olga Vasilevna Voronkova, Infrastructure for the Support of Entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast: Assessments and Projections, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(10), 2018, pp. 1149–1157. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10

1. INTRODUCTION The recognition of the driving role of entrepreneurship in ensuring the socio-economic development of present-day nations has provided the basis for the emergence of special establishments – institutions for the support of entrepreneurship. The key purpose behind the operation of these institutions is providing information, legal, organizational, technical, financial, and other types of support for business entities. These institutions can be set up in various organizational/legal forms and conduct activity across many different areas, but what is common to all of them is a focus on promoting entrepreneurship as one of the types of

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1149 [email protected] Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva, Olga Vasilevna Voronkova economic activity and an orientation toward the needs of entrepreneurial entities. Institutions for the support of entrepreneurship also play an important role in terms of harmonizing the relationships among public authorities, the scientific community, and the business community in an attempt to ensure economic growth. The ability to foster entrepreneurship at the national, regional, and local levels is largely governed by existing infrastructure, which creates the potential for not just economic activity but also for actualizing entrepreneurial potential, boosting the economy’s attractiveness, and ensuring the qualitative parameters for development. In today’s conditions, in a climate of the dynamic development of the economic environment, the competitiveness of the national economy is ensured through creating new and galvanizing the activity of old companies. The nation’s economic security largely depends on its ability to actualize its entrepreneurial potential, i.e. its ability to promptly create companies that will grow. Of importance is also the pace at which new companies are created. Institutions for the support of entrepreneurship are expected to continually maintain the competitiveness of the national economy and provide assistance to entrepreneurs who are seeking new vistas of opportunity for growth [1]. The significance of institutions of support for entrepreneurship for economic development determines their contribution in terms of stimulation of entrepreneurial activity. It is nations with high levels of entrepreneurial activity that achieve top positions in economic development. In this context, the entrepreneurial environment acts as the basis for fostering and stimulating entrepreneurial activity. To get the entrepreneurial environment to stimulate entrepreneurial activity, there is a need to ensure a proper relationship among all of its elements with a focus on knowledge transfer, creation of new products and services (innovation), as well as improvement of the competitiveness of small and medium-sized business. Institutions for the support of entrepreneurship are the ones intended to perform that kind of role, with a focus on providing professional services in those areas. Although access to professional services is regarded as one of the crucial functions performed by institutions of support for entrepreneurship, they also can help simplify access to sources of funding to help ensure the transfer of the knowledge and skills required for the successful start of entrepreneurial activity and provide the right information required for proper decision making with respect to triggering or planning the growth and development of the business. It is services provided by institutions for the support of entrepreneurship that are most crucial for entrepreneurs during the stage of entering new markets or starting a new business. The key purpose behind the operation of institutions for the support of entrepreneurship is to help speed up economic development through fostering a generation of entrepreneurs capable of taking on risk and operating in a climate of uncertainty as to the possible outcomes of their activity when setting up new enterprises. Through their example, these entrepreneurs stimulate the standalone entrepreneurial process and thereby help ensure continual economic growth [2, 3]. Consequently, in present-day conditions there is a need to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the level of availability of items of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship. This will help explore the effect of the latter on the development of the region’s business environment and forecast the need to create new infrastructural elements based on geographic, functional, and sectoral attributes. The purpose of this work is to explore the present-day state of infrastructural support for entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast (as some of ’s leading regions) based on a set of quantitative indicators developed by the authors.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1150 [email protected] Infrastructure for the Support of Entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast: Assessments and Projections 2. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Today, there are various types of institutions for the support of entrepreneurship in place in most developed and developing countries. The classification of institutions for the support of entrepreneurship proposed in this paper has been put together based on three substantial attributes (classification criteria) which govern the characteristics of their creation and operation (Table 1). An approach of this kind helps establish for each institution of support for entrepreneurship a clearly defined place among the rest of the institutions.

Table 1 Criteria for Classifying the Institutions for the Support of Entrepreneurship and the Key Types of Those Institutions Classification criteria Types of institutions Organizational/legal status Public associations Charitable organizations Commercial enterprises Associations of enterprises Public utility enterprises and institutions Advisory units with public authorities Founders Set up by employers or entrepreneurs Set up by private persons (citizens) Set up by public authorities Type of activity Business centers (centers for services for businesses) Business incubators and foundations for the development (support) of entrepreneurship Associations of entrepreneurs Information/analytical centers Regional development agencies Advisory units with public authorities Chambers of commerce and industry The criteria for classifying the region’s institutions for the support of entrepreneurship and the types of those institutions listed in the table above are testimony to there being substantial differences among the various models for organizing the work of these institutions and among the services provided by them to businesses. The choice of a particular model in creating an institution of support for entrepreneurship is governed by the objectives and functions designated for it by the founders, as well as a number of other factors (e.g., issues in the development of entrepreneurship resolving which requires setting up an institution or the volume of power delegated to this kind of institution by public authorities). The organizational/legal status of institutions for the support of entrepreneurship is mainly governed by who their founders are. Among the factors influencing the operation of institutions for the support of entrepreneurs are who their founders are and the way they are associated with public authorities. The latter can create institutions of support for entrepreneurship in various organizational/legal forms, which mainly depends on regulations prescribed by existing legislation. However, no matter which form is employed, to achieve success in their activity, institutions of support for entrepreneurship founded by public authorities need to coordinate

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1151 [email protected] Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva, Olga Vasilevna Voronkova their activity with local interest groups to better accommodate their needs and ensure a proper understanding of the measures that are being implemented to stimulate entrepreneurship [4, 5, 6]. By the type of activity conducted by institutions for the support of entrepreneurship, there are business centers; business incubators; foundations for the development (support) of entrepreneurship; associations of entrepreneurs specializing in the provision of services to businesses and protection of the rights and interests of their members; information/analytical centers; regional development agencies; advisory units with public authorities; chambers of commerce and industry [7, 8, 9, 10]. The activity of business centers (centers of services for businesses) is aimed at providing entrepreneurial entities and persons intending to engage in entrepreneurial activity with information, educational, consulting, marketing, and other types of assistance to help meet their needs during the process of their organization and conduct of entrepreneurial activity. Business incubators offer quite a unique approach to economic development. It is unique in the sense that they are independent enterprises, the business of which is the process of “incubation” of enterprises. Business incubators have emerged as a solution to the issue of frequent bankruptcies among new firms. Many new firms are failing not because they are not sufficiently innovative but because at an early stage they may experience difficulties in keeping pace with competition. The key concept behind business incubators is a focus on providing start-ups with relevant services and support until they mature and are prepared to enter the competitive business environment. Foundations for the support of entrepreneurship help drive the development of entrepreneurship through the attraction and effective use of financial resources. Normally, foundations for the support of entrepreneurship are set up as specialized lending/guaranteeing institutions focused on providing businesses with access to financial resources. In Western practice, business associations or associations of entrepreneurs normally set up institutions of support for entrepreneurship as their special units or subsidiaries. The Russian practice of operation of business associations indicates that most of them today are concurrently institutions for the support of entrepreneurship in the area of consulting and training, staging business meetings, building business relationships, and upholding the interests of their members in the process of their interaction with the authorities. Information/analytical centers provide consulting and educational services to entrepreneurial entities with a focus on helping create and develop a business, develop its management and branding systems, and enter new markets. These centers stimulate enterprises to implement the latest approaches to conducting business and make the most of existing elements of infrastructure. They help coordinate the training and retraining of personnel at enterprises and facilitate the attraction of best-qualified specialists into the business. The key purpose behind the operation of this type of institutions is to transform data into information, i.e. new knowledge that can be employed to boost the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. As of October 11, 2017, Russia has in operation nearly 700 competency centers, which provide integrated services to enterprises at various stages in the development of the business. Among them, there are 83 guarantee organizations, 183 microfinance organizations, 66 centers for the support of entrepreneurship, 22 centers for innovation within the social sphere, 54 centers for the coordination of support for export-oriented small and medium-sized businesses, 4 centers for popular arts and crafts, 143 business incubators, 25 industrial and technological parks, and 121 organizations for the support of small and medium-sized businesses in the area of innovation and industrial production [11].

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1152 [email protected] Infrastructure for the Support of Entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast: Assessments and Projections

Based on data from Rosstat, starting in 2015 the number of items of infrastructure has increased by 12% (Russia had in operation 625 centers at year-end 2015 and 677 centers at the end of the first half of 2017) [11]. Changes in infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship in the nation’s regions have taken place in various areas. In the overwhelming majority of regions, the number of items of infrastructure has not changed. However, certain regions have witnessed the launch of new items. Nonetheless, not all items of infrastructure are operating in an unequivocally active manner. Some of them have had just one meeting after registration, while others are working quite slowly and ineffectively.

3. ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SAINT PETERSBURG AND LENINGRAD OBLAST Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast are economically developed industrial regions where some of Russia’s leading enterprises are concentrated. Based on data from Petrostat, as of January 1, 2018, Saint Petersburg has registered 345,277 entrepreneurial entities, and Leningrad Oblast – 36,028 [12]. It may be noted that the region’s infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship is currently in its formative stage. To help drive the development of entrepreneurship in the region, work has been carried out by local self-governing authorities with participation from region, , and district authorities. Currently, there are in place 258 business centers, 18 business incubators (Leningrad Oblast), several technology parks (e.g., in Saint Petersburg), as well as numerous nongovernmental organizations, financial/lending institutions, foundations for the support of entrepreneurship, investment funds, innovation foundations and companies, information/consulting institutions, insurance companies (along with the branches), auditing companies, and institutions focused on business education and personnel development. The authorities have carried out activities aimed at keeping entrepreneurs informed through the Internet, outdoor advertising, radio, and TV. When it comes to the development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship at the municipal level, the region has in operation the regional coordination council and a city one, which are concerned with issues related to the development of entrepreneurship and are membered by representatives of local self-governing authorities, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, the scientific community, and mass media. There are in place the Saint Petersburg Fund for the Development of Business and several municipal funds for the support of entrepreneurship in Leningrad Oblast. The authorities have developed a mechanism for the provision of financial support to entrepreneurial entities by way of the regional and local budgets. As a result, the funds are acting as an instrument for funding entrepreneurs’ business projects. In the area of consulting activity, the authorities are providing free consultations on issues related to getting financial assistance, developing business plans, and organizing one’s business, with consulting/thematic seminars held for entrepreneurial entities in Saint Petersburg and districts within Leningrad Oblast. Information infrastructural support for entrepreneurship is provided by the Center for the Development and Support of Entrepreneurship and the Regional Integrated Center (RIC) (both in Saint Petersburg). The most effective are items of infrastructure created by private and public organizations with participation from local authorities and self-governing authorities. Services provided by

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1153 [email protected] Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva, Olga Vasilevna Voronkova these institutions are more expert, and their cost is adapted to entrepreneurs’ demand and financial capacity. Let us examine in greater detail each of the elements of nonstate infrastructure for entrepreneurship. When it comes to associations of entrepreneurs, in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast there are in place 62 organizations, which are dominated by nongovernmental organizations (17), associations (11), unions (10), and trade unions (8). These organizations are focused on protecting the rights of entrepreneurs, providing them with consultations, and stimulating the development of their businesses. Services provided by associations of entrepreneurs are used by numerous entrepreneurs, private enterprises, farmers, and enterprises with a narrow spectrum of activity. Innovation infrastructure in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast is quite well- developed. Existing business centers and business incubators provide consulting and educational services, carry out transactions with real estate, etc. In Saint Petersburg there is in place a specialized educational/research/innovation complex known as iDealMachine. There is a high concentration of innovation activity in enterprises, R&D institutes, and institutions of higher learning. The financial/lending infrastructure has quite an extensive network comprised of 28 leasing centers (all located in Saint Petersburg), 166 financial/lending institutions, 14 foundations for the support of entrepreneurship, and 83 investment and innovation foundations and companies. When it comes to the activity of the latter, most are represented by investment funds (60 organizations), limited liability companies (15), and joint-stock companies (14). Their activity is focused mainly on the private placement of securities. The region is home to over 100 insurance companies and branches, numerous banks, and nearly 50 auditing firms (Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate, n.d.). The total number of organizations that provide information/consulting services on support for entrepreneurship (consulting, advertising, database creation, legal services, asset appraisals, accounting services, etc.) in Saint Petersburg and districts across Leningrad Oblast is over 250 institutions, which include privately owned enterprises, limited liability companies, state-owned enterprises, chambers of commerce and industry, the Regional Integrated Center in Saint Petersburg (RIC), and lending/broker companies.

4. A MODEL FOR AND THE RESULTS FROM ASSESSING AND FORECASTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SAINT PETERSBURG AND LENINGRAD OBLAST It is advisable to assess the level of development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship based on the level of its availability. These coefficients indicate how many elements of infrastructure are in place per 1,000 enterprises in the region. For this purpose, we need to calculate a general coefficient for the availability of elements of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurs:

Кavailab.i = (Nelem infr / Nenterpr) ·1,000 (1) and a coefficient for the availability of certain elements of infrastructure in the context of associations of entrepreneurs:

Кavailab.i a.e. = (Nelem.infr.a.e./ Nenterpr) ·1,000 (2) where Nelem.infr. is the number of elements of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurs;

Nenterpr is the number of entities engaged in entrepreneurial activity in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast;

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1154 [email protected] Infrastructure for the Support of Entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast: Assessments and Projections

Nelem.infr.a.e. is the number of associations of entrepreneurs among the elements of entrepreneurial infrastructure. Let us calculate the availability coefficient across all of the elements of entrepreneurial infrastructure under analysis: associations of entrepreneurs, financial/lending institutions, investment and innovation funds and companies, exchanges, information/consulting institutions, and insurance and auditing companies. Also, let us segment the region (inclusive of its and districts) based on the level of development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship using the following criteria: 1) high level of infrastructural support for entrepreneurship (numerous elements of all types in place); 2) sufficient level of infrastructural support (5-6 types of items in place); 3) medium level of infrastructural support (3-4 types of items in place out of 7); 4) low level of infrastructural support (1 type of items in place); 5) there is no infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship in place. By grouping the regions based on the level of development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship, we can analyze some of the consistent patterns in its formation in those regions. Given the availability of all items of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship, Saint Petersburg is demonstrating a high level of infrastructural development. However, while there are in place numerous entities engaged in entrepreneurial activity (345,277), the availability coefficient for Saint Petersburg is just 1.83 (the authors deeming the optimum value to be 3.0–4.5), which, consequently, signals the need to further expand the city’s network of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship. Worthy of attention is the correlation between the availability coefficient and the level of development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship, as, on the one hand, having in place all elements of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship does not necessarily signify that a region has been provided with it in sufficient measure. On the other hand, there being a small number of business entities produces a high availability coefficient, while the actual level of infrastructural support remains low. Therefore, apart from quantitative calculations, it is also worth assessing qualitatively the availability of infrastructural support for entrepreneurship in the region. A sufficient level of development of support for entrepreneurship has been recorded in Pikalevo, , and , with an availability coefficient totaling 2.57 to 5.54. This is indicative of the availability of virtually all items of infrastructural support for entrepreneurial activity, although additional quantitative growth is required in Pikalevo and Volkhov. There are 3-4 elements of infrastructure in place in the cities Vyborg and Luga and the Boksitogorsky, Kingiseppsky, Sosnovoborsky, and Slantsevsky districts in Leningrad Oblast, with there being quite a substantial number per 1,000 enterprises (an availability coefficient of 2.12 to 6.50). This may be explained by a high level of development of industrial production in those areas and their proximity to the borders with and Estonia, and in the case of Sosnovobor District by the presence of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant in the area. A low level of infrastructural support has been recorded in the Volosovsky, Vsevolozhsky, Vyborgsky, Lomonosovsky, Luzhsky, Kirishsky, Kirovsky, Tikhvinsky, and Tosnensky districts, and that is due to both the concentration of items of infrastructure right in the cities (as is the case with the Lomonosovsky and Kirovsky districts) and the concentration of ancillary enterprises, which use the items of infrastructure, in large cities.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1155 [email protected] Elena Vasilevna Yaluner, IrinaYurievna Levitina, Pavel Pavlovich Vetrenko, Elena Aleksandrovna Chernysheva, Olga Vasilevna Voronkova

The authors’ calculations of quantitative indicators of the availability and development of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship substantiate once again that the degree of its development is higher in areas where entrepreneurial activity is greater, indicating the unevenness of its development.

5. CONCLUSIONS Infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurships governs the pace and quality of interaction among small, medium-sized, and large businesses and ensures the coordination, development, and creation of favorable entrepreneurial environment in Russia and its regions. Exploring the effect of items of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship on indicators of the development of the business environment in various regions and forecasting the need to create new infrastructural elements may require quantitative and qualitative assessments of the level of availability of infrastructural support for entrepreneurial entities. An analysis of infrastructure for entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, which are among Russia’s most economically developed regions, indicates that there is government support for the area and there are in place items of innovation, financial/lending, and organizational infrastructure. The authors have assessed the level of development of the area’s infrastructure through segmenting it based on high, medium, sufficient, and low levels of infrastructural development and the absence thereof. Based on this, the authors have shown that the greatest infrastructural support is currently enjoyed by entrepreneurs in the cities Saint Petersburg, Pikalevo, Volkhov, Vyborg, and Luga, as well as the Boksitogorsky, Kingiseppsky, Sosnovoborsky, and Slantsevsky districts in Leningrad Oblast. To get the actual picture of how well the region’s infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship is developed, it is advisable to examine in an integrated manner a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators of its availability. Consequently, further research is required into issues of qualitative assessment of the region’s entrepreneurial infrastructure. To establish the optimum values of the availability coefficient, it may be worth investigating entrepreneurial infrastructure in other regions of Russia as well.

REFERENCES

[1] Aleshchenko, V. V., & Karpov, V. V. Sovershenstvovanie mekhanizma gosudarstvennoi podderzhki sub"ektov malogo i srednego predprinimatel'stva: Kollektivnaya monografiya [Enhancing the mechanism of government support for small and medium-sized businesses: A joint monograph]. Omsk, Russia: Omskii Nauchnyi Vestnik, 2015.

[2] Sedykh, Yu. A., & Makarenko, T. A. Infrastruktura podderzhki malogo predprinimatel'stva [Infrastructure for the support of small businesses]. Mir Nauki, 2, 2015. http://mir-nauki.com/PDF/08KMN215.pdf

[3] Voronkova, O. V. Klyuchevye napravleniya issledovanii v Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Klyuchevye napravleniya issledovanii v Rossiiskoi Federatsii]. Nauka i Biznes: Puti Razvitiya, 5, 2014, pp. 87–90.

[4] Vlasov, M. M. Rol' malogo i srednego biznesa v otechestvennoi ekonomike: Uchebnoe posobie [The role played by small and medium-sized businesses in the development of the domestic economy: A study guide]. Moscow, Russia: Ekonomika i Sotsium, 2014.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1156 [email protected] Infrastructure for the Support of Entrepreneurship in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast: Assessments and Projections

[5] Voronkova, O. V., Kurochkina, A. A., Firova, I. P., & Bikezina, T. V. Implementation of an information management system for industrial enterprise resource planning. Espacios, 38(49), 2017, pp. 23.

[6] Voronkova, O. V. Ekonomika transgranichnogo sotrudnichestva regiona Severo-Zapad [The economics of cross-border cooperation within the North-West region]. Global'nyi Nauchnyi Potentsial, 7, 2010, pp. 5–10.

[7] Palagina, A. N. Novye instituty v sisteme infrastruktury podderzhki predprinimatel'stva: Monografiya [New institutions within the system of infrastructure for the support of entrepreneurship: A monograph]. Rostov-on-Don, Russia: RGEU (RINKh), 2013.

[8] Voronkova, O. V., Kurochkina, A. A., Firova, I. P., & Yaluner, E. V. Innovative managerial aspects of the potential of material-technical base and the formation of controlling mechanism in the management of the enterprise potential development. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 21(S6), 2016, pp. 14.

[9] Voronkova, O. V. O finansovykh aspektakh nauchnogo potentsiala [Financial aspects of scientific potential]. Nauka i Biznes: Puti Razvitiya, 4, 2011, pp. 109–112.

[10] Vetrenko, P. P., Chernysheva, E. A., Levitina, I. Yu., Voronkova, O. V., & Mikheeva, D. G. Encouraging employees to increase the labor intellectualization level as a factor of evolution of the intellectual capital at an enterprise. European Research Studies Journal, 20(4B), 2017, pp. 637–646.

[11] Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Doklad o dostignutykh rezul'tatakh po uluchsheniyu uslovii vedeniya predprinimatel'skoi deyatel'nosti, razvitiyu malogo i srednego biznesa i podderzhke individual'noi predprinimatel'skoi initsiativy [A report on the results achieved with regard to improving the conditions for the conduct of entrepreneurial activity, fostering small and medium-sized businesses, and providing support for individual entrepreneurial initiatives]. 2017. http://smb.gov.ru/files/images/Doklad_Minekonomrazvitiya_za_2016-2017_gg..pdf

[12] Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. (n.d.). Official statistics. http://petrostat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/petrostat/ru/statistics

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1157 [email protected]