Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for district

The European Union´s Tacis Cross-Border Co-operation Small Project Facility Programme

Strategy development for sustainable use of groundwater and aggregates in Vyborg district,

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas in Vyborg District

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Strategy development for sustainable use of ground water and aggregates in Vyborg District, Leningrad Oblast,

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas in Vyborg District

Edited by Leveinen J. and Kaija J.

Contributors

Savanin V., Philippov N., Myradymov G., Litvinenko V., Bogatyrev I., Savenkova G., Dimitriev D., Leveinen J., Ahonen I, Backman B., Breilin O., Eskelinen A., Hatakka, T., Härmä P, Jarva J., Paalijärvi M., Sallasmaa, O., Sapon S., Salminen S., Räisänen M., Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Contents

Contents ...... 3

Summary ...... 4

Introduction...... 5

2 Objectives of the report...... 6

Background of the project...... 6

Relevance of the strategy to the region...... 7

Groundwater potential the in the Vyborg ...... 10

Threats of groundwater quality...... 13

Recent programs on protection of the environment...... 14

Common grounds for groundwater and aggregate resource strategy ...... 15

Development of groundwater supply...... 16

Development of groundwater protection ...... 17

Integrated mapping and assessment of subsurface resources ...... 18

Implementation of the strategy ...... 23

References...... 25

Appendix 1...... 26

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Summary

The main purpose of this Tacis Cross Border Cooperation, Small Project Facility project was to develop water supply and rational management and exploitation of groundwater resources and sand, gravel and rock aggregate materials around existing water intakes in and villages in the Vyborg district, Leningrad Oblast.

Groundwater-based water supply in has developed cost-efficient technical solutions and groundwater exploration approaches that can be recommended as the basis for best practices for groundwater investigations also in Vyborg area and similar crystalline bedrock areas in NW-Russia. The Finnish approaches are versitile and can be adjusted to comply with the current Russian regulations on groundwater investigations. Consequently, the development of water supply in the Vyborg district based on the utilization of glaciofluvial deposits can be included to the already started federal programs. Glaciofluvial deposits can provide similarly, solutions for water deficit in other parts of NW Russia. Future programs could also integrate the investigations of improved assessments of aggregate resources in Vyborg district. Based on Finnish experiences, this would support significantly sustainable aggregate extraction and future management of natural resources in Vyborg area. Finally, investigations promoting production of mechanically high quality rock aggregate materials should be supported to reduce the use of sand and gravel aggregates.

Three strategic development areas for sustainable management can be distinguished: groundwater supply, groundwater protection and integrated environmental management of subsurface resources

The activities described can accomplished only in more that one project. The activities should be implemented in compliance with Russian administrative structure and with existing practises of land-use or water services planning. Permitting the use of natural resources is co-ordinated and controlled by the federal agencies and local executive bodies under the Ministry of Natural Resources. Some of the activities suggested may be defined as regulatory obligations of the aggregate extracting companies in the extraction licence agreements and to be carried out at their expense. Many of the activities described above can be incorporated to already ongoing Federal development and target programs. Due to the improvement of the financial situation of Russian Federation, it is realistic to expect significant Federal funding in near future to some of the activities listed above. The local level authorities have limited possibilities to implement the activities with their own resources. However, their role in the initiation phase of federal development and target programs has been significant. Therefore, Leningrad Oblast Administration can be expected to have good perspectives to get allocations from Federal financing to the activities listed above. Co- financing should be also sought from international programs and donors. Consequently, it is hoped that this document helps the Administrations of the Vyborg district by providing new concepts for development of the area and a choice of priority directions of works on rational use of natural resources. Some of the activities delineated would benefit from a continuing co-operation with Finnish expert organizations and administration. Some of the activities are relevant also for other areas in NW Russia. For example, in the Republic Kareliya where also exist severe problems with local water supply.

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district Introduction

Since 1997, The Tacis Cross Border Cooperation (CBC) Small Project Facility (Tacis CBC SPF) has supported small-scale co-operation projects between local and regional authorities on the Western borders of the NIS. The basic purpose of the SPF is to foster co-operation between regions, and local authorities. The objective is to support priority areas by enabling partners to work together on a common cross-border problems or developing the partners’ competencies in different priority areas. In addition to the obvious need for cross-border cooperation in combating pollution and improving conservation, the European Parliament, EU Member States, and the NIS' governments themselves have shown political interest in the environment, and all of them stress that the environmental considerations should be a key component of the Tacis-CBC programme.

This project has been co-financed by the European Union´s Tacis Cross-Border Co-operation Small Project Facility Programme (c.a. 80 %)1, the Administration of Leningrad Oblast (c.a. 7 %) and Geological Survey of Finland – GTK (c.a. 13 % ).

The main purpose of the project was to develop water supply and rational management and exploitation of groundwater resources and sand, gravel and rock aggregate materials around existing water intakes in towns and villages in the Vyborg district, Leningrad Oblast. The local authorities were helped to safeguard the sufficient groundwater supply for the local population and tourists in long terms while upholding the supply of high-quality aggregate production needed for the strong ongoing build-up of infrastructure in NW-Russia.

The aim or the project was to distinguish best practices for sustainable use of groundwater and aggregate resources after know-how transfer and comparison of the present techniques used for environmental planning and groundwater investigations in geologically analogical cross-border areas. The project went beyond mere dissemination of information and recommendations by developing a pilot site and delineating prospective areas for future investigations. Environmentally based strategies were delineated using the project findings to help the region to cope with the increasing demand for potable water and high quality construction materials.

Project consortium consisted of local and regional environmental administrators and scientific experts from Finland and Russia. The leader of the consortium is the Kouvola Region Federation of Municipalities, who was responsible for the over-all co-ordination and the know-how transfer on land-use planning and environmental management. The Core Partners are The Administration of Leningrad Oblast and State Company Mineral who were responsible for organizing and processing of available hydrogeological data, compilation of the hydrogeological and land-use maps, analyzing existing sources of groundwater pollution and act as a local end user of exploration and environmental monitoring methodologies and GIS-tools. Additional Partner is The Geological Survey of Finland - GTK who brought to the consortium expertise on hydrogeological and geophysical investigation techniques, characterization and evaluation techniques of aquifers and

1 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Kouvola Region Federation of Municipalities and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district rock aggregate materials and GIS-analysis techniques applied in Finland. In addition to Consortium partners, representatives of the relevant local end users and stakeholders have been invited to participate the project workshops. These included representatives of Vyborg , Vyborg district Administration, Finnish Environmental Institute; Southeast Finland Regional Environmental Centre, and Geopex ltd. Joint seminars have been organized also with Rantasalmi Environment Education Institute, Finnish Environment Institute, Kola Science Center and North Finland Environment Center.

2 Objectives of the report

This report forms an integral part of the Activity 4. Integrated evaluation and environmental planning strategy for the target areas, of the work program. GTK is responsible for the deliverables of Activity 4, which include: 1) a report comparing the different methods and procedures used to investigate, manage and remediate groundwater and aggregate extraction areas in Finland and in Russia, and 2) a report describing an environmental management strategy for Vyborg district. Special emphasis has been given to resolving the contradiction of increasing demand of sand and gravel resources for construction of infrastructure, and increasing demand of potable water for the population, tourism and local industries.

While this present document is not legally binding and represent a delineation of, i.e. a first attempt to formulate a strategy. The partner organizations aim however, to fully support the developed strategy in their future actions depending on their available resources.

The major objectives of the Reports 1 and 2 are, respectively:

• To distinct the best practices based on the comparison of the exploration, assessment and mapping techniques used for environmental planning and groundwater investigations in geologically and hydrogeologically similar cross-border areas in Finland and Russia,

• To specify a strategy for the selection of important aquifers and areas suitable for the aggregate production.

The developed strategic land use plan for the selected areas includes e.g. grouping of aggregate production areas into following categories: 1) areas suitable for aggregation extraction, 2) areas with limited possibility for aggregate extraction and 3) areas non-suitable for aggregate production. The generic land use plan will be presented in the scale 1:200 000.

Background of the project

The Vyborg district is geologically analogous to SE-Finland, which gives an excellent starting point for cross-border for co-operation aiming to support sustainable socially, economically and environmentally sustainable management of water and other natural resources in this region.

Currently, the water supply in the Vyborg district is based on surface water and cannot provide sufficient quantity and quality and drinking water for the local municipalities. In Finland over 60 % of the municipally distributed drinking water is groundwater from glaciofluvial sand and gravel Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district deposits. In addition, the drinking water quality and the over-all sustainability of the water management are off top quality by recent international comparisons (Eurostatistics 2001, EEA 2004). Due to Soviet legacy, ground water potential of the glaciofluvial sand and gravel deposits has not been appropriately evaluated and recognized. The formations were considered to be too small and too vulnerable too be significant sources of potable water.

In the both countries, construction and the build-up of technical infrastructure (roads, railroad, bridges, buildings) require vast, increasing volumes of sand, gravel and crushed rocks. In Finland this material flow reaches annually 18 ton of such aggregate materials per person! Since glaciofluvial sand and gravel deposits comprise both in the Vyborg district and in SE Finland about 2-5 % of the surface area, the local authorities responsible for the sufficient and safe water supply in long terms will also face the increasing pressure to safeguard the infrastructure build-up and the supply of construction and aggregate materials.

Management of the natural resources in the Russian Federation has strongly pronounced departmental character. For example, the Federal subsoil resources management agency is engaged in questions of building materials, Federal Water Resources Agency in questions of water supply, Federal Forestry Agency, in activities taking place on woodlands and forests.

The coordination of specific tasks and problems arising at regional and municipal levels is practically impossible at a federal level. Unfortunately today, municipal areas do not have alone powers and financial opportunities for systematic development of water supply and aggregate material supply needed for the build up of the infrastructure. Delineation of corresponding development strategies is necessary to overcome constrains resulting from departmental dissociation of interests.Complex regulative issues of management of natural resources are considered only at a federal level, which has lead to irrational environmental and wildlife management. However, the Government of the Russian Federation is currently considering questions dealing the legislation regarding the involvement of also the regional and local (municipal) levels into use of natural resources.Regulation by all natural resources at these levels would to provide means to take into account the intricate issues involved, rationalize their use and prepare strategies for the development of regions and municipal areas, including, Vyborg. Thus, the present project is one of first steps on a way to such development.

Undoubtedly, substantial advantage for the strategic plans concerning groundwater and aggregate management in Vyborg are can be obtained from experiences on the rational use of ground waters and the building material resources, applied in adjacent Finland.

Therefore, the project has helped local authorities in the Vyborg district and Leningrad oblast to develop environmental protection management and their decision-making practices concerning groundwater supply and management of sand and gravel resources.

Relevance of the strategy to the region

In order to support sustainable development of the Vyborg district it will be important to delineate strategic plans for rational use and supply of subsurface raw materials in the area. This should take into account-ordinate the different interests of various land-users and propose the placement of aggregate and raw material production so that steady development of territory is possible. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

The study area of Vyborg district is located on the in the northwestern part of Russia in the Leningrad Oblast (Figure 1). The total area of Vyborg district is 7431 km2, which is about 8.6 % of the whole territory of Leningrad Oblast. Approximately 73 % of the area is forest. The Vyborg municipal area includes 8 city settlements (Vyborg, Kamenogorsk, Cvetogorsk, Lesogorsk, Visotsk, Primorsk, Poshino and Soviet) and 6 rural settlements. The total permanent population of the Vyborg district is 191 800 inhabitants, from which 65 200 (34 %) lives in rural areas.

Surface water resources in Vyborg district are unevenly distributed and their use is also often limited by poor quality of water. Groundwater resources make up to 30 % of the water supply in Vyborg district. However, the water intakes are commonly small representing farms or small industrial enterprises.

Furthermore, groundwater is not used extensively for water supply in the northern part of the Vyborg district where bedrock comprises of crystalline fractured rocks. Therefore, the area lacks stratified sedimentary rock aquifers characteristic to the Leningrad-basin and platform areas in general. The fractured rock aquifers cannot provide drinking water for large settlements, which commonly suffer from insufficient quantity or quality of water resources. The results of the pilot project strongly suggest that the water supply problems of the northern part could be probably solved by development of glaciofluvial aquifers.

Figure 1. The location of the study area.

The current total need for the good quality water for the population Vyborg is approximately 50 000 m3/day. The major water supply for Vyborg is from Lake Krasnoholmskoe.

Towns of and , together with smaller municipalities of Lesogorski, Baryshevo, Krasnyi Sokol and Losevo, which all are located in the catchment area, take most of their potable water from the Vuoksi River. Some boreholes are used locally to intake groundwater from fractured bedrock. Many settlements suffer from the poor quality of supplied water. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Total population of abovementioned population centres is 27 600 (14,3 % of the Vyborg district population) from which 21 000 people use river water from Vuoksi, the rest of the people use their own wells or springs. In summer time the population in the Vyborg district nearly doubles by tourism and water consumption increases. Estimated water demand given by The Vyborg district authorities is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Potable Water demand in urban and rural settlements of The Vyborg district

Settlements Demand, м3/day. Vyborg 50 000

Kamenogorsk 2600

Svetogorsk 13100

Lesogorsk 1800

Selezneva 700

Kalinin 700

Kondratevo 150

Torfjanovka 50

Lesovo 260

Station the Lawn 150

Present water supply for the cross-border area of Leningrad oblast (The Vyborg district) is not enough for permanent population and tourists. In addition, due to the pollution and eutrophication of surface water resources by e.g. agricultural activities, leaking of numerous septic storages of the farms and from existing uncontrolled waste dumps, further development of the present surface water supply would require modernization of water treatment facilities and water intake stations.

The results of the pilot project carried out as part of this project demonstrate that the current deficit for the Vyborg could be fulfilled cost-efficiently by groundwater from glaciofluvial deposits. In general, the results also indicate that the glaciofluvial deposits, which cover 2-5 % of total area of Vyborg district, commonly comprise aquifers capable to yield groundwater sufficiently for rural communities, small towns and tourist resorts i.e. few thousand cubic meters per day. Previous Russian groundwater investigations approaches applied in the region have been based totally on the concepts of horizontally extensive sedimentary rock aquifers that do not well fit to crystalline bedrock areas and for glaciofluvial deposits. Consequently, the results suggest that, glaciofluvial deposits could make to the water supply in geologically analogical areas in Karelian Isthmus, Republic of and Murmansk Region. as significant contribution as they currently do in Finland. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

The current and potential consumers of the fore mentioned natural resources exist not only in the Vyborg district, St Petersburg and Leningrad Region. Aggregates and rock materials are also transported to Moscow Region and even exported to Estonia. Making prognoses on the developments of the construction and aggregate materials markets and consequently on the demand of these materials in the Vyborg district would be very difficult based on available information.

The extraction of aggregate materials is also an important for of industry in the area as can be concluded from the balance accounts of natural resources that have been maintained since 1960’ies. These are based on strict resources assessments carried first before the production and then repeatedly and by production statistics. In northern part of area 51 deposits are included in the current state balance registers. They are operated or under development by 25 enterprises. The estimated reserves are following:

Granits for rock aggregate production 10 operating deposits – 560 x 106 м3, 6 state reserve deposits – 630 x 106 м3;

Granits for dimension and natural stone production on blocks and a facing stone: 12 operating deposits – 34 x 106 м3, 8 reserve deposits – 51 x 106 м3;

Gabro-norites: 3 deposits with 47 x 106 м3 production reserves.

Marble: one reserve deposit;

Sand and PGM (combined sand and gravel materials): 8 operating sand quarries – 19 x 106 м3, 4 operating sand and gravel quarries–25 x 106 м3, and 9,5 x 106 м3 estimated resources;

Clay for brick production: 5 reserve deposits – 1,3млн.м3.

The above list indicates great potential of rock aggregate protection in the area. Selection of “right rock aggregate for right purpose of use” and “right rock for right rock aggregate production” are currently important topics of engineering geology in Finland.

Production of natural and dimension stones in the area leads to huge volumes of waste rock piles, which could be used as rock aggregate materials. Unfortunately, extensive use of explosives for crushing the rocks as is the current case in Russia leaves significant residual concentrations of nitrate in the crushed rocks. Unfortunately, it also reduces the mechanical strength of the rock material.

Groundwater potential the in the Vyborg

Prospects for subsurface raw materials production in the Vyborg district can be made simply by assuming that recent trends in the utilization of the natural resources will continue in near future. Therefore, prospecting and exploration of natural stone, dimension stone, sand, gravel and rock Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district aggregate resources will continued be carried out as extensively as listed above. As today, the Vyborg district remains the most important extraction and production area for building materials in Leningrad Oblast. The present reserves will be sufficient for next 30-50 years. Further explorations can be expected to increase the estimates of available resources.

Prospect of groundwater exploration in the Vyborg district can be assessed by comparing the geology and the current and past water management practices in Finland. However, the potential become demonstrated in practice by the pilot study carried out in this project.

The distribution of glaciofluvial deposits in Finland as can be seen from public information sources such as geological map archives of GTK (http://maps.gsf.fi/). Estimates of groundwater resources have been carried by e.g. Mälkki and Salmi (1970) and Environmental administration of Finland. Operational statistics of water services are also readily available (Britsghi and Gustafson, 1996; Lapinampi and Raassina, 2001). The geological maps verify that the SE-Finland and the Vyborg district are geologically analogical as far as the Northern parts of the district are concerned. Geological maps also suggest that sand and gravel formations become more extensive towards SE of the Vyborg district.

The potential of groundwater-based water supply becomes also evident when history water supply investigations in the Finland are studied. These date back to the time when Finland was an autonomic part of Russia. The first geological investigations in The Vyborg district was were carried out in 1892 and map published 1896 by Geological Commission of Finland (), know today as Geological Survey of Finland. The glaciofluvial formation (esker) continuing a cross Vyborg City and continuing the south was taken under investigations and in 1898 a municipal water works company was established using groundwater, first in Finland (Katko, 1996). However, right from the beginning the water supply suffered from high chemical oxygen demand and high concentrations of Mn and Fe. The groundwater was pumped from 3 well fields producing in on average about 10 000 m3/day in 1940-43. (Mikkelin maakunta-arkisto, 2006, unpublished archives). The groundwater quality problems encountered could not be solved properly with the treatment technologies available at that time. Therefore, preparations for the swift to surface water based supply were already made before the Second World War. The discouraging experiences encountered at the Vyborg water works at early 1900-century contributed significantly to the fact that water supply of urban and municipal settlements in Finland remained surface water based until 1960-1970’ies when water treatment techniques were developed to remove dissolved organic contents and to remove excessive Mn and Fe cost-efficiently. These treatment technologies utilize e.g. filtration through sand and crushed limestone (marble) to provide sufficient aeration and alkalinity for Mn and Fe dissolution. In today’s perspective, the locations of the well fields are evidently ideal as far as the groundwater quality is concerned. Furthermore, the old well fields at Vyborg are today ruined and their re-establishment of the wells is not realistic due to existing pollutions risks at the sites (Figure 2).

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Figure 2. Ruins of the well field about 3 km southeast of Vyborg. In 1930-1940ies t about 7000 m3/day was abstracted from this well field..

The Pilot project carried out in this project is the first concrete attempt to apply the Finnish groundwater investigations approaches. The results are extremely encouraging.

The investigations confirm in terms of water quantity and quality the foreseen prospects to develop water supply in the Vyborg district by installing the new well fields in glaciofluvial deposits. Based on the completed investigations, the Gavrilovskaya site particularly, representing a subdomain of the Tserkasova esker, has the most promising perspectives concerning the organization of water supply of settlements of the Vyborg district. The unconfined aquifer is comprised of the esker that continues as a NW-SE oriented strip.

The glaciofluvial deposists comprised mostly of coarse sands. The thickness of the saturated zone is about 8-10 m being thicker in depression of bedrock surface. The surface area of the groundwater bearing system is 10-11 km2. Fracture zones in crystalline bedrock that are hydraulically connected to the glaciofluvial deposits can make a significant contribution to the water balance. Depth to groundwater is commonly only 1-2 m. Hydraulic tests were carried out by penetrating the aquifer with the well points in intervals and subsequently by pumping the borehole with suction pumps. Average yields of interval pump tests in each borehole range 2.8-4.5 l/s.

The pumping tests that were carried out in 2-meter intervals using a well point with 1 m long screened section can be interpreted to obtain estimated of aquifer transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity, which range 640-1040 m2/day and 80-130 m/d, respectively. The tentative estimate of the Russian partners is that the aquifer could yield up to 10 000-14 000 m3/day, which makes it a potential source for water supply of large settlements of the Vyborg district. It is particularly important that in the proximity of the Gavrilovskaya site (3-8 km to the west and southwest) are substantial sand and grave deposits, which based on the topography evidently, represent also eskers. One of them has been used for gravel extraction but two are planned to be developed. Based on the size of the formations, their ground water potential is as significant as Gavirilovskaya area. Russian experts have now estimated, that by developing 4 well fields in these formations, total groundwater yield up to 40 000-50 000 m3/day could be obtained. This would be sufficient for the water supply of the Vyborg City. In this case it is necessary to suspend development of sand and gravel deposits and to arrange for preservation of potential water-intakes.

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district Threats of groundwater quality

As a whole, in the northern part of the Vyborg district groundwaters (and spring waters) can be described using Russian terminology as mainly fresh and ultrafresh waters, suitable for drinking water supply. Closer looks of the chemical composition render a variety of chemical compounds reflecting a range of natural and anthropogenic factors.

The results verify in general that the utilization of groundwater resources in municipal water supply would not be limited by quantity of groundwater or by the groundwater quality in the Vyborg district. For example, the water quality samples collected from the Gavrilovskaya site fulfill the drinking water limit values. Water samples suggest dominantly calsium-magnesium-bicarbonate type groundwater with low total dissolved solids (mineralization less than 100 mg/l), hardness ranging 0,3-0,8 mmol/l and рН of about 6,7. Oxygen content is characteristically 8-8,7 mg/l. High dissolved organic carbon, iron or manganese concentrations were not measured. In terms of radiological components, the site corresponds to Russian limit values ( СанПиН 1/2/1074-01). The site has the potential to produce excellent quality drinking water for Vyborg City water supply if it will become a subject of the actions to be described below in this report.

Based on the results, quality problems that are induced by natural factors concern increased Mn and Fe concentrations and radon. The latter is however, mainly the problem of groundwater in fractured crystalline bedrock where emission of radon is associated with ntensive fracturing of rock. Quality problems are commonly found alongside with the sufficiency of water supply.

Alarming indications of anthropogenic impacts to the groundwater quality were detected in areas of intensive economic activities. However, unsatisfactory chemical conditions in groundwater have local distribution and are associated human activities. Never the less the results indicate that groundwater protection must be addressed in the near future.

The sources of groundwater pollution or potential pollution in the northern part of the Vyborg district comprise quarries of various building materials; the certain industrial enterprises (АБЗ, asphalt and concrete factories); the main gas pipelines; railroad and highways; settlements; gasoline stations etc.

Abandoned quarries are turned into unauthorized dumps and commonly filled with domestic or industrial wastes (Figure 3). Investigations of groundwater are in the vicinity of such places are mostly pointless. For example, in the Tserkasova esker, extending in NW-SE directions just some kilometers east of Vyborg City groundwater quality is seriously deteriorated by several pollution sources in otherwise potential formation. In addition to authorized and unauthorized dumps, industrial wastes, effluents and dusts, pollution is also associated with the highway and railroad that run over it. In studied wells located in immediate proximity of these sources of pollution, the specific parameters characteristic to the particular pollution are found out: the total concentration of mineral oil components in water exceeds maximum permissible concentration in 2,0 2,3 times.

In addition parameters such as ions of ammonium, nitrates, chlorides, potassium provide indications of pollution and human impacts. Ammonium exceeds limit values in 2 times; concentration of chlorides reaches 72 mg/l. Concentrations of iron and manganese exceeds maximum permissible limit at 3-11 and 4,4 times respectively. In some wells studied, a range of Russian specifications are Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district mismatched due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Unfortunately, groundwater resources of the area cannot be considered for water supply.

Therefore, in areas where aggregate production has been ceased or is coming to its end and in which ground water quality has remained excellent, as is the case with the Gavrilovskova, it is necessary to take measures for protection of groundwater quality. The negligence can lead to a situation observable in area of central and northern part of the Tserkasova esker.

Figure 3. Unauthorized dumping of domestic and industrial wastes and sewage sludge poses risk to groundwater quality in the Vyborg district. Abandoned gravel pits appear to have been used for dumping for quit long time as suggested by lichens and moss covered chemical sludge (blue paint?) on the right.

Recent programs on protection of the environment

Questions concerning the rational use of and protection of natural subsurface resources have been addressed in important regional target programs.

Certain rules for environmental management have already been established taking into account the different land use functions in the Vyborg district. Therefore, in the planning document titled " Concepts of development, rational use and protection of mineral resources of the Vyborg district of Leningrad region for the period up to 2005 " (2001) " the Scheme of town-planning and ecological restrictions " zones have been delineated where extraction and processing of building materials is limited. Issues relevant to the groundwater supply are also currently concerned in the Regional target program « Water-security and water-economic works in Leningrad region for 2006-2008 » (2006),

The zones delineated in the above-mentioned planning document include areas where extraction activities are forbidden. These comprise urban residential, gardens, and industrial properties, so called green zones of settlements, developed recreational areas and especially protected nature areas, and first and second class of sanitary protection areas of centralized drinking water intakes as well as strips of land reserved for roads, railroads, pipelines, electric cabling etc. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

The zones where the use of deposits may be considered under co-ordination of the corresponding nature protection authorities represent farmlands, forests belonging to category 1 and third class of sanitary protection areas of centralized drinking water intakes. In practice, all the forests in The Vyborg district belong to the category 1 forests

Possible impacts of extraction of natural resources (including aggregates) to settlements, tourist industry, and various protected or recreational areas can be taken into consideration in the licenses and permission concerning extraction activities by setting specific requirements to the used processing techniques or on the locations of the excavation sites within the extracted deposits.

In these programs it is emphasized that a basis of regional policy in sphere of utilization of subsurface resources covering all the social and economic and ecological stakeholders should be, first of all, the increase of positive effect from development of subsurface resources over the negative consequences. Therefore, nature protection measures have been strengthened for use of subsurface resources by granting licenses for development of small resource volumes and requiring in terms of 3-5 year-periods to estimate ecological damage and expenses of remediation (re- cultivation). It is also required that the financing on carrying out of these actions are clarified and secured before extraction is started.

However, because of the strongly pronounced departmental character of environmental management in Russia, problems of complex use of water resources and building materials in these programs where not addressed. In northern part of the Vyborg district where the potential of glaciofluvial deposits also for the water supply were not (before this project) recognized, this alternative use for sand and gravel resources were not taken into account. Therefore sand and gravel extraction has been allowed to continue till the water table has been reached or even below the water table. Consequently, current quarrying activities pose a threat to groundwater quality. Furthermore, abandoned quarries are commonly used for dumping various wastes that essentially increases this threat. Finally, although remediation of abandoned gravel and sand quarries are required, in the technical planning of these actions the need to protect groundwater quality has not taken into consideration.

Common grounds for groundwater and aggregate resource strategy

This project has provided means to compare different methods applied in Finland and in Russia for groundwater exploration and mapping and assessment of different types of aggregate materials. The comparison of the exploration, assessment and mapping techniques (Report 1, Activity for 4 of this project) indicate that the methods have been similar. The main difference has been in the way drilling and geological mapping and geophysical methods have been combined to comprise an exploration approach. The Russian approaches to investigate groundwater have been developed for sedimentary rocks that comprise major aquifers almost any other part of Russia but the crystalline rock areas of the Fennoscandian Shield. Therefore, the previous investigations in Russia have not been able portray the significance and the extraction potential of the groundwater resources existing in the glaciofluvial deposits. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Because the potential of glaciofluvial formations have not been realized, their groundwater resources have remained unprotected. Although substantial resources with more or less natural groundwater quality still exist, also alarming signs of deteriorating pollution situation could be found in the completed investigations. Urgent actions need to be taken to prevent the situation getting worse.

Protection of groundwater and use of sand and gravel resources as aggregates are closely linked issues. Furthermore, the geological mapping and geophysical sounding methods used for groundwater and aggregate resources exploration and investigation are essentially same. Also in these investigations, the main difference has been in the way drilling and geological mapping and geophysical methods have been combined to comprise an exploration approach.

The Finnish experiences indicate that the exploration of aggregate resources has produced information that can be used successfully in the long-term management of groundwater in glaciofluvial formations as well. These include for example the relatively simplistic nation-wide mapping approach of sand and gravel resources carried out by GTK and the National Board of Public Roads and Waterways between 1971 and 1978, and how this data have been also been used as a background information for subsequent estimates of groundwater resources and delineation of protection areas (Britscghi and Gustafsson, 1996). Long-term benefits can be achieved by more integrated acquisition of information on subsurface resources rather than separate investigations.

Therefore, three strategic development areas for sustainable management can be distinguished:

ƒ Groundwater supply

ƒ Groundwater protection

ƒ Integrated environmental management of subsurface resources

Suggestions for actions to be taken under each strategic topic will be discussed in below. Also, suggestion concerning the implementation of the strategy will be represented shortly.

Development of groundwater supply

Comparisons and the results of the pilot project demonstrated that glaciofluvial deposits comprise aquifers that could be developed to solve many of problems in the water supply in the Vyborg district. The quality of the groundwater as a source of drinking water is in many ways better than in surface water in the region. Evidently, one most important step for the sustainable development of the Vyborg district is exploration of groundwater in glaciofluvial deposits particularly in the esker systems in the region.

However, development of the water supply considers also the distribution pipelines and pumping stations, which in general, need to be modernized. Volumes of distributed water are still not Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district measured particularly at the point of use sufficiently. There is lack of information how much is withdrawn out of the wells of water supply stations, and how much is lost due to leakages or actually consumed by customers. Currently, deterioration of water quality in the obsolete distribution pipeline network is a common problem. Such problems are commonly associated with pipelines that have come to end of their duration.

Previous studies have also indicated that energy consuming pumping systems are still commonly used in Russia as a legacy of Soviet economy. Large pumps are used to provide the water pressure needed during consumption peaks are running all the time more or less full-speed, and the pressure in distribution pipe is controlled by simple valve at the water intake. Replacement of old pumps by modern frequency controlled pumping systems has been estimated to cover in many such cases the investment by electricity cost savings (Finpro, 2004).

Increased concentrations of Mn and Fe are probably the most common quality problem with glaciofluvial aquifers. Their treatment is carried out by combination of liming, aeration and filtering in specific tanks or in soil masses in situ. The methods commonly utilize biochemical processes (Hatva, 1989) However, for relatively small concentrations of Mn and Fe can be removed by aeration and by filtering through crushed carbonate rocks, which are in Finland as in The Vyborg district metamorphosed to marbles. Suitability of local marbles found in Karelian Isthmus should be studied in future projects. The main criterion for crushed marble functioning as treatment material is Ca/Mg-ratio. This is particularly interesting for The Vyborg district because large mines of carbonate rocks and lime for water treatment exist in SE-Finland. Filtering through crushed marbles is commonly also used to alkalinize the distributed water. This improves the taste and reduces corrosion of pipelines as well.

Despite of the promising results of this project, fluoride-concentrations may comprise problems in The Vyborg district as they have done in SE-Finland (Lahermo and Backman, 2000). However, local water works companies have obtained significant know-how on selection of suitable approaches. Experts at the Vyborg Vodo Canal have already relevant cross-border co-operation contacts, which should be probably utilized in future projects as well.

Development of groundwater protection

Many of the highways and the railroad connection between Finland and Russia are located along eskers and ice marginal ridges. Sand or gravel dominated glaciofluvial deposits provide geotechnically sound and firm basement for construction of roads and railroads. Consequently, glaciofluvial aquifers are vulnerable to traffic related pollution that that comprises the increase of chlorine concentrations due to de-icing in wintertime and accidental spills of fuels, mineral oils and the whole range of industrial chemicals that are transported on wheels or rails.

Highways and the railroad connection between Finland and Russia in The Vyborg district are not exceptions. Unfortunately, the Scandinavian highway between Vyborg and St Petersburg overlies the Gavrilovskaya area identified in this project as a potential site for water supply of Vyborg.

Due to the traffic related pollution in Finland, substantial efforts have been taken to construct geotechnical groundwater protection structures along roads as well as to improve traffic safety in important groundwater areas. The Finnish Road Administration has recently the technical Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district requirements and instruction for groundwater protection structures (Tiehallinto, 2004). According to these instructions the most vulnerable areas sides of roads should be covered by impermeable layers including clay or mixed bentonite clay/sand or bentonite geotextile linings. The instructions have been based on substantial Geotechnical r&d-projects, which have included also testing and developing specifications of the clay materials and aggregates to be used in the protection structures. Interestingly enough, bentonite containing clay deposits exist in Leningrad Oblast area. Suitability of those materials for ground protection should be investigated. In an economy where labor and energy costs are low, use of local materials can be financially attractive that relatively expensive geotextile liners.

Dumping of domestic and industrial wastes poses a significant risk for groundwater resources and the environment in general as could be found in the Tserkasova esker areas. Authorized dumping areas should be directed areas outside of the glaciofluvial areas in different plans and programs affecting the future land use. Unauthorized dumping could be made systematically more difficult by blocking the roads entering old and abandoned sand and gravel pits. In addition to stricter adherence to existing regulations, public awareness rising campaigns and environmental education should be organized to make the consequence of reckless dumping of wastes and chemicals to the wellbeing and standard of living in the area. Experiences obtained in Finland on the impacts of public awareness rising over the past 20-30 years are encouraging also in this sense.

Reduction the adverse effects of sand and gravel aggregates could be achieved by adopting the methods developed in Finland. These include delineation protection zones around well fields and important aquifers, defining thickness of protective layers to be left above the water table. Post- extraction management should be planned so that its primary goal is to protect groundwater. Aggregate production and post-extraction management should incorporate also monitoring of groundwater table and quality. Old gravel and sand extraction sites should be rehabilitated. In addition to landscaping, it should involve spreading topsoil material on the extracted barren site, because the most important processes affecting the quality of groundwater occur in the upper part of the soil (O-, E, and B-horizons), when rainwater percolates through soil to groundwater.

However, the most sustainable solution for aggregate and groundwater management is to promote use of rock aggregates and waste rocks and dimension stone and natural stone production. This requires development of extraction technologies and studies of rock mechanical properties. Currently rock aggregates cannot completely replace use of sand and gravel.

Integrated mapping and assessment of subsurface resources

In Finland the sustainable development of a society requires that both the groundwater supply and the flow of aggregate materials to the build up of the infrastructure is concerned and maintained. The due to the linked resource management problems and the similarity of geoscientific investigation methodology, separate mapping programs for aggregate or groundwater resources no longer really exist. Organizations (GTK, Regional Environment Centres) that used to carry out their separate programs, co-operate by carrying out joint investigations of 3D-structure and developing Internet-based data sharing systems. At the same time the existing information on soil types, depth to groundwater table, and on groundwater quality is used in an integrated manner in groundwater assessments and in land use planning of aggregate production. Regional Councils, Environment Centres and GTK have carried out several regional projects in Finland to adjust groundwater supply and extraction of soil aggregate resources. The criteria that have been more or less used can be illustrated as in Figure 4. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

The criteria depend on the local geological conditions. In some areas a 3-6 m thick protection layer above water table has been considered sufficient to allow aggregate extraction in a groundwater area. In some area extraction of sand and gravel have been allowed below water table simply due to the lack of other suitable sources of aggregates. The Finnish environmental legislation gives a protection of groundwater a clear priority before aggregate extraction. Nowadays, the environmental authorities have tended to assume groundwater to be always too vulnerable to allow any further extraction in groundwater areas. However, shortages of aggregates resources may occur in near future in southern Finland. Therefore it will likely be necessary to carry out more detailed investigations and review some groundwater areas. By obtaining additional data about the internal structure of the groundwater flow systems and repeating the evaluation process shown in Figure 4 it may be possible to subdivide the sand and gravel formation to parts where authorities can permit aggregate extraction with certain regulatory limitations.

Studies of sand Conceptual model of and gravel groundwater flow: main deposits aquifer system, water divides etc. 1) Is the groundwater yield significant?

no 4) Suitable aggregate volume? yes no 2) Is groundwater quality yes good (drinking water source)

5) Suitable aggregate no yes no yes 3) Is groundwater vulnerable?

Other land use

no yes

Groundwater extraction Aggregate extraction area area

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Figure 4. Flow chart of selection process used in Finland to indicate areas suitable for groundwater or aggregate extraction. By obtaining additional data about the internal structure of the groundwater flow systems and repeating the evaluation process (dashed lines) it may be possible to subdivide the sand and gravel formation to parts where aggregate extraction is made possible in limited extent and adverse effects to groundwater status are avoided.

The aggregate production sites in the Vyborg district have classified using somewhat similar approach in this project and the results are given in the Appendix 1. In addition to sand, and gravel and rock aggregate production areas, the classification made by the Russian partners takes into consideration also the different dimension stone and natural stone excavation sites that produce huge volumes of waste rocks. Waste rocks comprise a potential source of rock aggregates for different construction purposes. However, their suitability for these purposes is limited by the residual nitrate concentrations and reduced mechanical strength resulting from the excessive use explosives for rock blasting and breaking. Furthermore, in Russia soil aggregates are classified to sand and combined sand-gravel resources (PGM). For the latter, class, current information available in Russia does not allow volumetric estimates of sand and gravel resources separately. Information on the groundwater conditions was also available only from the areas that were investigated in the Pilot project. The current information did not allow considering the complete area of Vyborg district.

The classes and the criteria applied are the following

Deposits, suitable for development (operated, reserve, perspective):

not having nature protection and other restrictions

Deposits with the limited suitability for development

part of the deposits are located in:

ƒ water-security and sanitary-protective zones of cities, the rivers, lakes,

ƒ parts of deposits covered by rail roads and roads, oil and gas pipelines

ƒ sanitary zones of sources drinking water supply (category 3 sanitary zones),

ƒ nature protection areas

The deposits unsuitable for development

deposits located completely in

ƒ urban (constructed) areas,

ƒ prohibited zones,

ƒ deposits depleted and excavation completed

ƒ poor quality of the raw material Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

ƒ former extraction sites filled with toxic waste/transformed into dumps

Also a tentative list of areas where groundwater investigations could be carried out is included in the Appendix 1. It is necessary to note, that opportunities of expansion of extraction of building materials in the Vyborg district are rather significant. The gross mapping programs implemented in the area that have provided limited information of the groundwater potential, have also provided limited information on spatial distribution, the volume and quality of the glaciofluvial deposits as an aggregate material. The collection storing and use of information on aggregate and groundwater resources should not be seen as separate activities but an ongoing integrated subsurface resource inventory task. More detailed investigation should be focused on most relevant areas, in terms of deficit of resources (groundwater, aggregates) and potential environmental impacts (Figure 5).

Also, available aggregate resources probably still exist in deposits in which groundwater quality is a lost case due to dumping of wastes in closed sand and gravel pits. Another large, now practically not used reserve of sandy materials, are the waste material and sand piles formed at the enterprises on extraction and processing granitic rocks, - nearby 15 млн.м3.

Figure 5. Groundwater investigations at a bottom of a gravel pit in an area of thick glaciofluvial deposits. Sustainable use of groundwater, sand and gravel resources need similar geological information e.g. about the soil types, 3D- structure and depth to groundwater table. The data collection, long-term storage and dissemination should bee seen as an integrated subsurface resource information collection and interpretation process serving different applications (resource assessment, environmental assessments and land-use planning)

The analysis of the situation which prevails in northern part of the Vyborg district has made obvious, that before licensing for development of quarries and other kinds of economic activities on the areas of glaciofluvial soil deposits, a preliminary study of the perspective areas in order to assess the environmental and socially-economical aspects of groundwater and aggregate extraction. Also monitoring of the geological environment in these areas will help top prioritize and select if the areas should be used ground water or aggregate extraction. Rational use of ground water and aggregates is not possible without monitoring their water quality and extracted volumes. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Further assessment and mapping of the available sand and gravel sources and planning of their use are necessary for sustainable development of the region. Improved detailed information could allow also more detailed delineation using GIS-overlay techniques as illustrated in Figure 6. Development GIS would serve many stakeholders and functions. Improved information could help reduce the costs both for aggregate extraction by providing more detailed information of the quality and volume of the aggregates and other natural resources.

Organization of transport logistics and designing groundwater distribution pipelines taking into account the geological and geotechnical conditions of soil and topography, roads and population etc. For example, use of GIS-systems including basic geological information from glaciofluvial aquifers can be used to environmental risk management of hazardous and oil material transport has been demonstrated in LIFE99 ENV/FIN/000224.

The system could provide to the users (different levels of administration, extraction companies etc.) also information on licences, different types environmental protection areas, infrastructure that induce land use restriction. Obtaining this kind of information e.g. just to carry out a relatively small groundwater exploration study can be difficult due to the strongly departmental nature of the administration. Another example of the direction where GIS-systems should be developed further is decision support system for “the environmental passport” developed in the project InforCosm (LIFE04 TCY/ROS/000051).

The GIS could be a decision support tool for the authorities at different levels of administration. It could also be used by local level administration to made spatial analyses that would help them to justify their initiatives concerning Federal level programs.

input 1

raster operation

input 2

output

Figure 6. Illustration of how overlay techniques can be used in GIS systems to analyze data in order to carry out various classifications for decision support. Modified from Pamyk, (2006) Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Implementation of the strategy

The actions should be taken under the different strategic activity areas are the following:

ƒ Further exploration assessment of ground water resources.

ƒ Technical support for water supply infrastructure (pipelines, pumping stations, water meters)

ƒ Know-how transfer on the cost-efficient solutions for Fe, Mn, and F-treatment in geologically analogical areas

ƒ Assessment of the suitability of local materials and soil for water treatment

ƒ Know-how transfer and cross-border co-operation on groundwater protection against traffic related pollution

ƒ Assessment of the suitability of local materials for groundwater protection constructions along roads.

ƒ Incorporation of hydrogeologically sustainable dump sites selection to local development programs

ƒ Blocking/fencing entrances to abandoned gravel and sand pits to prevent unauthorized dumping

ƒ Public awareness rising and environmental education on consequences of waste dumping

ƒ Assessment of suitability of waste rocks as aggregates for different construction purposes

ƒ Further assessment and mapping of sand, gave and rock aggregate resources

ƒ Development of GIS-based decision support tools for different levels of administration

It is evident that the activities described above need to be accomplished in more that one projects. The activities should be implemented in compliance with Russian administrative structure and with existing practises of land-use or water services planning. Permitting the use of natural resources is co-ordinated and controlled by the federal agencies and local executive bodies under the Ministry of Natural Resources. Therefore, some of the activities suggested may be therefore given as regulatory obligation of the aggregate extracting companies in the extraction licence agreements and at their expense.

Financial situation of Russian Federation is today substantially different than only few years ago. Many of the activities described above can be incorporated to already ongoing Federal development and target programs. That means that it is realistic to expect significant Federal funding in near future to some of the activities listed above. The Russian administration is characterized by top- Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district down organization. Although the local level authorities have limited possibilities to implement the activities, their role in the initiation phase of federal development and target programs has been significant. Therefore, Leningrad Oblast Administration can be expected to have quite good perspectives to get allocations from Federal financing to the activities listed above. It is hoped that this document helps the Administrations of the Vyborg district by providing new concepts for development of the area and a choice of priority directions of works on rational use of natural resources.

Some of the activities listed above would benefit from a continuing co-operation with Finnish expert organizations and administration. Therefore, future financing from suitable EU-program (Tacis and Neighbourhood) should be sought. Co-financing should be also sought from other international programs and donors.

Some of the activities are relevant also for other areas in NW Russia. For example, in the Republic Kareliya where also exist severe problems with local water supply. Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

References

Britschgi, R. & Gustafsson, J. 1996 (toim.) Suomen luokitellut pohjavesialueet. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Suomen ympäristö 55. p. 387.

EEA, 2003. Europe's water: An indicator-based assessment, European Environmental Agency, 97 p.

Eurostat, 2001. Water resources, abstraction and Use in European Countries. 15 p.

Finpro, 2004. Luoteis-Venäjän vesihuoltomarkkinat, “Water service markets of NW-Russia”.

Hatva, T. 1989. Iron and manganese in groundwater in Finland: Occurence in glacifl uvial aquifers andremoval by biofiltration. [Rauta ja mangaani Suomen glasifl uviaalisten akviferien pohjavedessä ja poisto biosuodatuksella.] National Board of Waters and the Environment, Helsinki. 87 p + attachments. ISBN 951-47-3097-6.

Lahermo, Pertti; Backman, Birgitta 2000. The occurrence and geochemistry of fluorides with special reference to natural waters in Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimusraportti 149. : Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 40 p.

Lapinlampi T. & Raassina S. (eds.), 2001 Vesihuoltolaitokset 1998 - 2000. Vesilaitokset, Suomen ympäristö 541, luonto ja luonnonvarat, 480 p. ISBN 952-11-1086-4. Also available at: < http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=55588&lan=fi>. Visited at 26.11.2006.

Mälkki, Esko; Salmi, Martti 1970. Suomen pohjavesivarat. Suomen Kunnat 49 (8), 403-410.

Mikkelin maakunta-arkisto, 2006, Unpublished archives including operational reports of the Vyborg water works (Visited in April 2006).

Pamuk, A., 2006. Mapping global cities: Gis methods in urban analysis, Esri Press, New York, Redlands, USA.

Tiehallinto, 2004. Pohjaveden suojausrakenteet, TYLT 4840, TIEH 200029-04, Instructions for groundwater protection constructions, in Finnish, 48 p.

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Appendix 1

Строительные материалы

Анализ месторождений строительных материалов, проведенный в рамках настоящего проекта, позволяет разделить их, в некоторой степени, на категории, предлагаемые финским опытом - пригодные, ограниченно пригодные и не пригодные для разработки.

Месторождения, пригодные для разработки (эксплуатируемые, резервные, перспективные, не имеющие природоохранных и других ограничений) :

пески и ПГМ:

- Гавриловское, Гавриловское-2, Яскинский участок, Дремовское, Звездочка, 5 квартал, Светогорское, Вещево, участок Вещево, Резерв 11; граниты:

- Гавриловское (3 участка), Заболотный, Красновское, (2 участка), Возрождение (7 участков), Ояярви, Пруды-Моховое-Яскинское, Дымовский участок, Уральское-1, Линниярвинский-(4 участка), Балтийское, Вуокса, Петровское, Сысоевское (2 участка), Киркинское, Ала-Носкуа, Кравцовское (5 участков), Эркиля, Лазурное-1, Каменогорское (3 участка), Дымовское, Полевое, Елизовское, Бородинское (3 участка), Любимовское (2 участка), Боровинское, Евдокимовское, Гагачье, Медвежья Гора, Михалевское-8, Крутой Камень, Паллиловское, Килпенйоки, Дубининское, Земляничное, Красногорское, Сосновая Горка, Ириновское, Беличье, Ильинское, Карельское, Уральское-2, Верещагинское, Сайрала (2 участка), Козловское;

габбро:

- Красносокольское, Островское (4 участка), Славянское, Глубокая-2 (перпективная площадь);

глины:

- Ворошиловское, Яскинское (3 участка), Правдино, Бородинское (2 участка), Верхнечеркасовское (2 участка);

мрамор: Купарсаари.

Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

Месторождения с ограниченной пригодностью для разработки (часть запасов которых расположены в водоохранных и санитарно-защитных зонах городов, рек , озер, железных и авто дорог, нефте- и газопроводов, ЛЭП, санитарных зон источников хозяйственно- питьевого водоснабжения, природных заказников):

пески и ПГМ:

- Боровинское, Вуокса, Карповское, Ворошиловское;

граниты:

- Каменогорское (2 участка), Межозерное, площади Прудинско-Каменогорская, Купарсаарская, Макаровская, Земляничная, Губановская, Глубокая-1;

Месторождения, непригодные для разработки (месторождения застроенные, месторождения полностью расположенные на территории запретных зон, выработанные месторождения или потерявшие промышленное значение из-за низкого качества сырья, месторождения, территории которых превращены в свалки бытовых, промышленных и токсичных отходов):

пески и ПГМ:

- Гвардейское, Ханкало, Каменогорское, Сяйние, Черкасовское, Кангас, Тамми- Суо, Гавриловское-1, Соколинское, Кравцовское, Бородинское;

граниты:

- Кайпола-1 (2 участка), Иллятин-Ярвинское, Сопка 32, Кедровское, Лесогорское, Михайловское, Сопка 67, Тамми-Суо, Който-Ярвинское, Сопка 22, Лазурное-2, Сайрала, Петровка, Красный Холм, Кангас, Инкиля;

глины:

- Кравцовское (6 участков), Тамми-Суо, Кравцово.

Исходя из анализа имеющихся данных по месторождениям изученной территории, представляется целесообразным предложить в рамках целевой программы или продолжения программы Tasis проведение инвентаризации действующих и резервных месторождений и перспективных участков песка и ПГМ, и, особенно месторождений, снятых с учета из-за ограничений, прежде всего приуроченных к озам, на предмет использования их в качестве источников хозяйственно-питьевого водоснабжения на- селенных пунктов Выборгского района, поскольку гидрогеологические скважины в охранных зонах не нарушают экологического равновесия.

К таковым предварительно можно отнести: Activity 4, Report 2: Strategy for sustainable management of ground water and aggregate extraction areas for Vyborg district

- Дремовское , Вуокса, Карповское, Каменногорское, Бородинское месторождения, нетронутые разработкой части месторождений Гвардейское, Ханкало, Кангас, Тамми-Суо, Сяйние и Черкасовское.