DOCSLIB.ORG

The Russian Northern Fleet Sources of Radioactive Contamination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Russian Northern Fleet Sources of Radioactive Contamination NO9600025 Bellona Report Volume 2:1996 NEI-NO--726 \ Sources of Radioactive contamination Thomas Nilsen Igor Kudrik Alexandr Nikitin BELLONA V .., I! V: NO9600025 Bellona Report Volume 2:1996 The Russian Northern Fleet Sources of Radioactive contamination Thomas Nilsen Igor Kudrik Alexandr Nikitin 2 C 1 0 1 The publication of this report is sponsored by: Stiftelsen Fritt Ord/Foundation for Freedom of Expression (Main contributor) Contributors: Norsk Hydro a.s. Petrochemicals Division NORSAS, Norwegian Resource Centre for Waste Aker ASA Management and Recycling Chemical Workers Union of Norway Norsk Sivilingeni0rers Forening Norwegian Seafood Export Council Norges ingeni0rorganisasjon (NITO) FESIL AS Green Sea Operations AS Norwegian Society of Engineers UNI STOREBRAND Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry AGAAS WASA Forsiikring (Stockholm) OZO Hotwater A/S Norwegian Fishermen's Association Energiforsyningens Fellesorganisasjon EnFO Norwegian Federation of Oilworkers' Trade Union Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani AS Norwegian Polar Institute Svalbard Samfunnsdrift AS Odda Smelteverk Norzink AS Published by: The Bellona Foundation Norway: P.O. Box 2141, Griinerl0kka N-0505 OSLO, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Russia: Brussels: USA Russia Bellona Europa Bellona USA 183038 Murmansk 142-144 Avenue de Tervueren 310 D Street NE P.O. Box 4310 B-1150Bruxelles Washington, DC 20002 Bellona Russia Belgium USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] URL: Photos: Copying permitted when source is http://www.grida.no/ngo/bellona/ John Berg (archive), Thorbj0rn Bj0r- stated. kli, Per Stale Bugjerde, Nils B0hmer, ISBN 82-993138-5-6 The Norwegian Defence, Frederic Comments to this report are welco- ISSN 0806-3451 Hauge, Aleksej Klimov, Igor Kudrik, med. Thomas Nilsen, The Northern Fleet Lay-out: K R Nygaard, Bellona. Museum (archive), NTB, NUPI, This report is availiable in English, Printing: a.s. Joh. Nordahls Trykkeri Andrej Pronin, Scanfoto. Russian and Norwegian. Keywords: Kola Peninsula, the Russian Northern Fleet, radioactive waste, radioactive contamination, nuclear submarines, nuclear accidents Authors Thomas Nilsen (1968) is a member Igor Kudrik (1974) heads the Bel- Alexandr Nikitin (1953) has been of the Bellona Foundation's Russian lona Foundation's branch office in a Bellona associate since 1994 and Studies group. Over the past eight Murmansk. He has worked with joined the Foundation's staff in years he has made extensive visits several Russian environmental 1995. He holds the rank of full cap- to Russia to study the environmen- organizations and has spent the last tain and is retired from service. He tal situation there. He is co-author two years establishing Bellona's was trained at the Naval College in of the report Sources of Radioactive Murmansk office. He attended the Sevastopol and served with the Contamination in Murmansk and Murmansk School of Pedagogy. He Russian Northern Fleet until 1985. Arkhangelsk Counties and the wor- specialises in the study of radioac- From 1985 until 1992, he worked at king paper Reprocessing Plants in tive contamination emanating from the Department of Nuclear Safety Siberia. He attended the Norwegian both military and civilian sources. in the Ministry of Defence. University of Technology and Natu- ral Sciences and has a background in environmental journalism. Advisory Panel Nils B0hmer (1967) joined the Bel- Nikolai Mormul (1933) is a retired Vyacheslav Perovsky has served lona Foundation in 1993 and works rear admiral of the Russian Nor- in one of the Northern Fleet's tech- as a nuclear physicist in the Russian thern Fleet. Trained at Dzerzhinsky nical divisions and is a trained Studies group. He is co-author of Military Academy, he served abo- nuclear chemist. He assisted in the the report Sources of Radioactive ard the first Soviet nuclear subma- cleanup efforts following the 1982 Contamination in Murmansk and rine K-3. He later served on board accident at a nuclear waste reposi- Arkhangelsk Counties and of the several other nuclear submarines, a tory at Andreeva Bay and has con- working paper Reprocessing Plants number of which experienced tributed to the construction of the in Siberia. He holds a degree from nuclear incidents. From 1978 to present storage facility. He has the University of Oslo and was for- 1983, he was chief of the Northern been with the Minatom Institute for merly with the Norwegian Radia- Fleet Technical Department. He is Industrial Technology (VNIPIET) tion Protection Authority under co-author of the book The Nuclear in St. Petersburg since the mid whose auspices he attended an Submarine Epoch, and is also a 1980s. expedition to the sunken nuclear member of the United Nations Aca- submarine Komsomolets in 1992. demy of Information. Can this information be kept secret? The Bellona Foundation has been involved in environmen- interest in publishing the report, which only concerns mat- tal questions concerning north-western Russia and the Arc- ters related to nuclear safety. Considerable effort has been tic since 1989. In our work we have surveyed the environ- made to provide comprehensive references making it clear mental challenges that exist in this region. We have parti- that our sources of information have been open ones. cularly focused on environmental challenges represented The report documents that without international co-ope- by pollution from the petroleum industry, other industrial ration and financing, a grave situation could arise which can activities and nuclear facilities. With this report The Rus- be pictured as a Chernobyl in slow motion. If safety measu- sian Northern Fleet - Sources of Radioactive Contamina- res are not implemented, major accidents and the release of tion we have compiled knowledge and statistics available fissile material will be unavoidable. Keeping information of from open sources. By presenting this information we hope this nature secret constitutes a violation of the Law on State to contribute to increased insight and consequently to help Secrets (1993) Article 7 which establishes that: "Informa- realise necessary national and international measures. tion on the condition of the environment is not subject to The report gives a comprehensive view of the serious classification". It further violates Article 10 of the Law on situation which now exists in the Northern Fleet. In fact, 18 Information and Protection of Information (1995) which % of the nuclear reactors existing in the World are situated states: "It is prohibited to ascribe the following to materials in this area. The Northern Fleet has a total of 270 reactors with limited access:., documents which contain information in service or in storage. Waste from an additional 90 reac- on extraordinary situations, environmental information and tor cores are stored under unsafe conditions at Zapadnaya other information necessary to ensure the safe functioning Litsa. Eighteen reactor cores are stored under similar con- of residential areas and industrial sites". ditions on board storage ships and barges. The report fur- Nikitin's incarcerators are guilty of attempting to pre- ther describes a series of circumstances which represent vent information of a vital nature from becoming available dangers to human health and the environment. The situa- to the population and official agencies. By classifying pre- tion is grave and will require comprehensive measures to viously unclassified material and by preventing new infor- bring safety levels up. mation from emerging, the FSB threatens human health A prerequisite for international co-operation is open- and ecological safety, both in Russia as well as in neigh- ness. This report offers a factual basis to assist in the deve- bouring states. For this they must be brought to account. lopment of proper risk assessment, problem solving and Nikitin must be released immediately. His imprison- prioritising. It is our view that such work is best carried out ment and the accusations against him are not only flagrant through international co-operation, with particular empha- breaches of human rights and the rights of free speech, but sis placed on a strengthening of Russian treatment techno- also constitutes a direct hindrance to international involve- logy for nuclear fuel and wastes. ment in the region. If Aleksandr Nikitin is sentenced for his We have encountered some resistance in the writing of participation in the work on this report, then what you now this report. The Russian Federal Security Police (FSB) has hold in your hand is an official state secret. If such is to be in various ways tried to hinder its completion and to crimi- the case the foundation for international co-operation is nalise its contents. One of the authors, Bellona employee non-existent, since that depends on at least the minimum of Alexandr Nikitin, is now in custody under threat of the information which this report represents. New serious acci- death sentence. He is accused of acts of high treason, and it dents will certainly occur if information of the type inclu- is alleged that he has sold Bellona top secret information. ded in this report is to be considered classified. Parts of the background material for this report was confis- Russia and other states must now increase the availabi- cated by Russian security police during a raid on Bellona's lity of information regarding military nuclear waste. Per- Murmansk office. Both of these events have hindered the mission must be given for national and international bodies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • International Maritime Organization Maritime
    INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MARITIME KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (MKC) “Sharing Maritime Knowledge” CURRENT AWARENESS BULLETIN DECEMBER 2019 www.imo.org Maritime Knowledge Centre (MKC) [email protected] www d Maritime Knowledge Centre (MKC) About the MKC Current Awareness Bulletin (CAB) The aim of the MKC Current Awareness Bulletin (CAB) is to provide a digest of news and publications focusing on key subjects and themes related to the work of IMO. Each CAB issue presents headlines from the previous month. For copyright reasons, the Current Awareness Bulletin (CAB) contains brief excerpts only. Links to the complete articles or abstracts on publishers' sites are included, although access may require payment or subscription. The MKC Current Awareness Bulletin is disseminated monthly and issues from the current and the past years are free to download from this page. Email us if you would like to receive email notification when the most recent Current Awareness Bulletin is available to be downloaded. The Current Awareness Bulletin (CAB) is published by the Maritime Knowledge Centre and is not an official IMO publication. Inclusion does not imply any endorsement by IMO. Table of Contents IMO NEWS & EVENTS ............................................................................................................................ 2 UNITED NATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 4 CASUALTIES...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • East Russia Economic Agenda
    The Far East Development Fund Energy tariffs for will participate in the industrial consumers implementation of will be reduced three new projects Russia welcomes For Japanese Japanese business The Eastern Port is now companies, Russia a resident of the Free is a new frontier for in the Far East Port business opportunities EAST RUSSIA No. 2 | JAN 2017 ECONOMIC AGENDA EVENTS FACTS AND OPINIONS LAW ENFORCEMENT PROJECTS • The boundaries of • 421 projects, the new • FAW trucks will be • The construction the Komsomolsk ASEZ mechanisms give manufactured in the of a fertilizer plant will be extended 1225 billion rubles Free Port • The construction of • ASEZ will be created in • Development of the • Cashew nuts will be the thermal insulating Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Far East: map produced in the Free paint production plant Port Chinese investors hone in on projects A new coal terminal is in Primorye to be built in Vanino 10 facts about the Yakut winter Contacts: The investor of the Free www.investvostok.ru What life is like in the coldest region Port will build social +7 (495) 540 41-63 of the Far East housing [email protected] Official Bulletin of the Ministry for development of the Russian Far East. This document was prepared by The Far East Investment and Export Agency, an autonomous non-commercial organization. Distributed by subscription. When using materials, reference to the source is required. JAN’17 EASTERN RUSSIA ECONOMIC AGENDA EVENTS 6–7 September6–7 September 2017 2017 Official Bulletin of the Ministry for development of the Russian Far East. This document was prepared by All published information is relevant as of January 17, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • “Why Are They Leaving?”
    “WHY ARE THEY LEAVING?” RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION AND PROPENSITY TO MOVE AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF TWO COMMUNITIES IN THE PROVINCE OF MURMANSK Fabio Facoetti Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Student number: 3319997 ([email protected]) Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen Utrecht, 13 December 2011 I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would have not been possible without the valuable help and cooperation of a number of people. In first place, this research is dedicated to my family, and especially to my parents, who never ceased to support me and to whom goes all my gratitude. Moreover, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen for the useful comments and suggestions, and for the patience and understanding demonstrated in these long months. Also, I would like to thank the University of Utrecht, and especially Prof. Dr. Martin Dijst, for the financial support provided for the conduction of the field work in the Province of Murmansk. Furthermore, I am very thankful to Rimma Belogurova, Maria Sidorina and Yelena Lebedeva of School Nr. 7 in Kirovsk for helping me in the translation and distribution of the questionnaires, and to Denis Shirshov, for the valuable information about Nikel that he shared with me. Finally, I would like to thank my friends: Matte Hartog, for helping during the statistical analysis of the results; and Renske Duns, Geoffrey William Bowes, and Tair Bilyalov, for being a continuous source of distraction. 1 II. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS I Acknowledgments p. 1 II Summary of contents 2 III Summary of figures
    [Show full text]
  • WATCH February 2019 Foreign News & Perspectives of the Operational Environment
    community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 9 Issue #2 OEWATCH February 2019 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT EURASIA INDO-PACIFIC 3 Radios in the Russian Ground Forces 21 Chinese Military Launches Largest-Ever Joint Logistics 50 IRGC: Iran Can Extend Ballistic Missile Range 5 Northern Fleet Will Receive Automated C&C System Exercise 51 Turkey to Create Space Agency Integrating Air, Land and Sea 23 Luo Yuan Describes an Asymmetric Approach to Weaken 52 Iran’s Army Aviation Gets UAV Unit 6 The Inflatable Sentry the United States 53 Turkey to Sell ATAK Helicopters to the Philippines 7 The S-350 Vityaz Air Defense System 25 Military-Civil Fusion Cooperation in China Grows in the 54 Chinese Military and Commercial Cooperation with Tunisia 8 Bigger is Better: The T-80BVM Tank Modernization Field of Logistics 10 The Power Struggle for Control of Russia’s Arctic 27 Chinese Military Completes Release of New Set of Military AFRICA 11 The Arctic Will Have Prominent Role in 2019 Operational- Training Regulations 55 Anger in Sudan: Large Protests Against al-Bashir Regime Strategic Exercise “Center” 28 China Defends Xinjiang Program 56 Africa: Trouble Spots to Watch in 2019 12 Preparation for the 2019 Army International Games 29 Is Pakistan Acquiring Russian Tanks? 57 Can Businessmen Bring Peace in Gao, Mali? 13 Cossacks – Hybrid Defense Forces 30 Russia to Deploy Additional Anti-Ship Missile Batteries 58 Chinese Weapons in Rwanda 14 Update on Military Church Construction Near Japan by 2020
    [Show full text]
  • Russia Case Study
    2° OIB D.N.L. Geography: Theme 2 Case study of development and inequalities in Russia PART TWO 1. A continent spanning State, rich in resources Hydrocarbon reserves Uranium Gold, diamonds Iron and non-ferrous metals Cultivated land (cereals) Taiga and conifer forests Towns (enabling resource exploitation) Polar Tundra and mountains Permanent Ice banks Permafrost limit 2. Photograph of the city of Norilsk, a degraded environmental inheritance from the Soviet Union: Norilsk is an industrial town expanded by Stalin in 1935 to exploit minerals. Today the Norilsk Nickel Company produces 20% of all nickel in the world. Life expectancy for the workers is 10 years less than the Russian average. Learn more about the closed city of Norilsk here: http://theprotocity.com/norilsk_closed_cit/ Watch this excellent, sad, moving video about Norilsk here: (11m): https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/545228/my-deadly-beautiful-city-norilsk/ 3. Demographic and socio-economic challenges facing Russia - Lack of manpower - Russia, which currently has a population of 146.9 million, has lost more than five million inhabitants since 1991, a consequence of the serious demographic crisis that followed the fall of the Soviet Union. The first generation born in the post-Soviet years, which were marked by a declining birth rate, is now entering the labour market, which is likely to see a shortage of qualified manpower and a resultant curb on economic growth. - Retirement age - The retirement age in Russia -- 55 for women and 60 for men -- is among the lowest in the world. While state pensions are very low, with the demographic decline the system still represents a growing burden for the federal budget….
    [Show full text]
  • OOB of the Russian Fleet (Kommersant, 2008)
    The Entire Russian Fleet - Kommersant Moscow 21/03/08 09:18 $1 = 23.6781 RUR Moscow 28º F / -2º C €1 = 36.8739 RUR St.Petersburg 25º F / -4º C Search the Archives: >> Today is Mar. 21, 2008 11:14 AM (GMT +0300) Moscow Forum | Archive | Photo | Advertising | Subscribe | Search | PDA | RUS Politics Mar. 20, 2008 E-mail | Home The Entire Russian Fleet February 23rd is traditionally celebrated as the Soviet Army Day (now called the Homeland Defender’s Day), and few people remember that it is also the Day of Russia’s Navy. To compensate for this apparent injustice, Kommersant Vlast analytical weekly has compiled The Entire Russian Fleet directory. It is especially topical since even Russia’s Commander-in-Chief compared himself to a slave on the galleys a week ago. The directory lists all 238 battle ships and submarines of Russia’s Naval Fleet, with their board numbers, year of entering service, name and rank of their commanders. It also contains the data telling to which unit a ship or a submarine belongs. For first-class ships, there are schemes and tactic-technical characteristics. So detailed data on all Russian Navy vessels, from missile cruisers to base type trawlers, is for the first time compiled in one directory, making it unique in the range and amount of information it covers. The Entire Russian Fleet carries on the series of publications devoted to Russia’s armed forces. Vlast has already published similar directories about the Russian Army (#17-18 in 2002, #18 in 2003, and #7 in 2005) and Russia’s military bases (#19 in 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Nornickel and the Kola Peninsula
    THE BELLONA FOUNDATION Nornickel and the Kola Peninsula Photo: Thomas Nilsen ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE YEAR OF ECOLOGY JANUARY 2018 The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO based in Norway. Founded in 1986 as a direct action protest group, Bellona has become a recognized technology and solution- oriented organizations with offices in Oslo, Brussels, Kiev, St. Petersburg and Murmansk. Altogether, some 60 engineers, ecologists, nuclear physicists, economists, lawyers, political scientists and journalists work at Bellona. Environmental change is an enormous challenge. It can only be solved if politicians and legislators develop clear policy frameworks and regulations for industry and consumers. Industry plays a role by developing and commercializing environmentally sound technology. Bellona strives to be a bridge builder between industry and policy makers, working closely with the former to help them respond to environmental challenges in their field, and proposing policy measures that promote new technologies with the least impact on the environment. Authors: Oskar Njaa © Bellona 201 8 Design: Bellona Disclaimer: Bellona endeavors to ensure that the information disclosed in this report is correct and free from copyrights, but does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, interpretation or usefulness of the information which may result from the use of this report. Contact: [email protected] Web page: www.bellona.org 1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vol.38 N° Especial
    ppi 201502ZU4645 Esta publicación científica en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34 Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche" de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo, Venezuela Vol.38 N° Especial 1era Parte 2020 ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132 2 * Keywords: / linear-nodalpolycentriclinearstructureinthesouth oftheFarEast. and modernizations, internal and external, have configured an arial-nodal interaction ofaset of political andeconomicrealities of transformations other spheres of thepopulation’slife.Itisconcluded that thedialectical degrees, affecting theinfrastructure and industrial, transportation, the prospects for furthergrowth of the elements of the system to varying the main problems of its destabilization and, atthe same time, determine and organizationof the territorial structure, all of which allowed to identify economic, political and socialrealities with afocus on the restructuring to analyzetheimpactofexternalandinternal scenario, modernization focused study allowed to evaluate the economic andpolitical effect of the Russia. ORCIDID: ** Associate professor, Vladivostok state university of economics and 690014, service, Vladivostok yandex.ru Т Russia. Associate state 690014, professor, Vladivostok university ofeconomics andservice,Vladivostok el.: Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas Vol. 38, Nº Especial (1era parte) 2020, 63-72 IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ +79242426142; ORCIDID: +79242426142; La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Concentration of Gold from Ash and Slag Wastes of Energy Sector Enterprises of The Primorsky Territory. Evgeny Ivanovich Shamray1*, Andrey Vasilyevich Taskin2, Sergey Igorevich Ivannikov1, and Alexander Alekseevich Yudakov1. 1 Institute of chemistry FEB RAS, 690022, Russia, Vladivostok, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, 159. 2Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Russia, Vladivostok, Sukhanova str., 8. ABSTRACT The study of a large array of ash waste from landfills of energy sector enterprises in Primorsky Territory was made. Data on the content of gold and silver in the ash and slug waste of some energy enterprises in Primorsky Territory was given. Group of samples with high content of gold and silver was found. Silver content was found within 0.5-29.7 g/t limits. Gold content was found within 0.004–0.45 g/t limits. The information on the chemical composition of the investigated slag samples was given. Based on these data, the method of separation of ash and slag waste in the individual mineral fractions was proposed. The possibility of gold concentration in the non-magnetic fraction of the slag cleared of silt, clay, black charcoal and magnetic minerals was shown. Keywords: technogenic deposits, wastes of energy enterprises, ash and slag waste (ASW), gold, silver, atomic and absorption analysis, neutron-activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis. *Corresponding Author November – December 2016 RJPBCS 7(6) Page No. 156 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION Ash and slag waste (ASW) is formed during coal combustion process in energy producing enterprises. For example, in recent years, yearly inflow of ASW into the ash and slag disposal areas of Primorsky Territory is up to 3.0 million tons.
    [Show full text]
  • Norwegian Environmentalism Between State and Local Community: Why Greenpeace Failed in Norway
    NORWEGIAN ENVIRONMENTALISM BETWEEN STATE AND LOCAL COMMUNITY: WHY GREENPEACE FAILED IN NORWAY Kristin Strømsnes, Per Selle and Gunnar Grendstad Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies / Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen Paper presented at the 7th International ISTR Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 9-12 2006. NORWEGIAN ENVIRONMENTALISM BETWEEN STATE AND LOCAL COMMUNITY: WHY GREENPEACE FAILED IN NORWAY Kristin Strømsnes, Per Selle and Gunnar Grendstad Why is it that Greenpeace never succeeded in Norway? To answer this question, we have to examine the way organized environmentalism is configured in the Norwegian case. This is a case that does not easily fit into the general assumptions behind the definitions of environmentalism that has been generated by the bulk of ‘continental’ or ‘Anglo-Saxon’ literature (see Grendstad et al. 2006). We argue that the Norwegian case deviates from the mainstream definition of environmentalism due to two anomalies. The roots of the two anomalies are found at different but interrelated levels of analysis. The first anomaly is that the Norwegian political and social system differs when compared to systems in most other countries in that adversary actors or interests are not excluded from national politics, but, in general, are welcomed by the government. We label this anomaly the inclusive polity and the state-friendly society. In short, we refer to it as the state-friendly society. This anomaly, which has a long historical tradition, is primarily found at a structural level. But it also ties in with mainstream attitudes and beliefs that define part of the Norwegian political culture. The other anomaly is more ideological, although this, too, has strong structural ties because national environmental concern is influenced by a notion of social hardship and self-sufficiency as part of local living.
    [Show full text]
  • Mikhail Gorbachev's Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star to the City of Murmansk
    MIKHAIL GORBACHEV'S SPEECH IN MURMANSK AT THE CEREMONIAL MEETING ON THE OCCASION OF THE PRESENTATION OF THE ORDER OF LENIN AND THE GOLD STAR TO THE CITY OF MURMANSK Murmansk, 1 Oct. 1987 Indeed, the international situation is still complicated. The dangers to which we have no right to turn a blind eye remain. There has been some change, however, or, at least, change is starting. Certainly, judging the situation only from the speeches made by top Western leaders, including their "programme" statements, everything would seem to be as it was before: the same anti-Soviet attacks, the same demands that we show our commitment to peace by renouncing our order and principles, the same confrontational language: "totalitarianism", "communist expansion", and so on. Within a few days, however, these speeches are often forgotten, and, at any rate, the theses contained in them do not figure during businesslike political negotiations and contacts. This is a very interesting point, an interesting phenomenon. It confirms that we are dealing with yesterday's rhetoric, while real- life processes have been set into motion. This means that something is indeed changing. One of the elements of the change is that it is now difficult to convince people that our foreign policy, our initiatives, our nuclear-free world programme are mere "propaganda". A new, democratic philosophy of international relations, of world politics is breaking through. The new mode of thinking with its humane, universal criteria and values is penetrating diverse strata. Its strength lies in the fact that it accords with people's common sense.
    [Show full text]
  • 280419 EU Project Kepler
    EU Project Kepler: Community-Based Observing and Societal Needs Work Report, April 2019 1 Tero Mustonen (editor) with regional coordinators and authors Kaisu Mustonen Jan Saijets Pauliina Feodoroff Jevgeni Kirillov Stefan Mikaelsson Camilla Brattland 2 Contents I. Introduction and Scope 4 II. Materials and Methods 6 III. Needs 13 Sweden 13 Finland 18 Norway 30 NW Russia 32 IV. Gaps 43 Sweden 43 Finland 43 Norway 50 NW Russia 55 V. Priorities 59 Sweden 62 Finland 64 NW Russia 64 VI. Conclusions 69 References 73 3 I. Introduction and Scope Participants of the Inari Kepler Workshop: Stefan Mikaelsson, Pauliina Feodoroff, Kaisu Mustonen, Tero Mustonen, Eirik Malnes, Jevgeni Kirillov. Snowchange, 2019 4 The purpose of this report is to review the stakeholder needs and community-based observations for the EU project “Kepler”1. It will focus on the remote sensing needs of the local and Indigenous communities of NW Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. The approach includes a discussion of cryospheric hazards and traditional weather observation and prediction materials from the Sámi communities. It has been produced to capture the results of the WP 1 of the Kepler project. Regional Coordinator Jevgeni Kirillov discusses land use changes in Ponoi watershed. Snowchange, 2019 The science lead for the report has been Tero Mustonen from Snowchange Co-op. Co-authors for the regional chapters and cryospheric hazards include 1 https://kepler-polar.eu/home/. KEPLER is a multi-partner initiative, built around the operational European Ice Services and Copernicus information providers, to prepare a roadmap for Copernicus to deliver an improved European capacity for monitoring and forecasting the Polar Regions.
    [Show full text]