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“Why Are They Leaving?” “WHY ARE THEY LEAVING?” RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION AND PROPENSITY TO MOVE AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF TWO COMMUNITIES IN THE PROVINCE OF MURMANSK Fabio Facoetti Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Student number: 3319997 ([email protected]) Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen Utrecht, 13 December 2011 I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would have not been possible without the valuable help and cooperation of a number of people. In first place, this research is dedicated to my family, and especially to my parents, who never ceased to support me and to whom goes all my gratitude. Moreover, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen for the useful comments and suggestions, and for the patience and understanding demonstrated in these long months. Also, I would like to thank the University of Utrecht, and especially Prof. Dr. Martin Dijst, for the financial support provided for the conduction of the field work in the Province of Murmansk. Furthermore, I am very thankful to Rimma Belogurova, Maria Sidorina and Yelena Lebedeva of School Nr. 7 in Kirovsk for helping me in the translation and distribution of the questionnaires, and to Denis Shirshov, for the valuable information about Nikel that he shared with me. Finally, I would like to thank my friends: Matte Hartog, for helping during the statistical analysis of the results; and Renske Duns, Geoffrey William Bowes, and Tair Bilyalov, for being a continuous source of distraction. 1 II. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS I Acknowledgments p. 1 II Summary of contents 2 III Summary of figures and tables 4 1 Introduction 6 2 The Province of Murmansk and the communities of Kirovsk and Nikel 13 2.1 Study case selection 13 2.2 The Province of Murmansk 15 2.3 Kirovsk 22 2.4 Nikel 33 3 Literature review 42 3.1 Propensity to move 43 3.1.1 Theory of propensity to move 46 3.1.2 Objective and subjective factors of propensity to move 47 3.1.3 Locational factors and ranges of analysis 49 3.1.4 Individual and household factors 50 3.2 Residential satisfaction 50 2 3.2.1 Theory of residential satisfaction 50 3.2.2 Convenience, social and emotional aspects of residential satisfaction 52 3.3 Convenience aspects of residential satisfaction and propensity to move 54 3.3.1 Convenience aspects ascribable to the dwelling 55 3.3.2 Convenience aspects ascribable to the community of residence 56 3.4 Social aspects of residential satisfaction and propensity to move 58 3.4.1 Social relations in the ambit of the location of residence 59 3.4.2 Social interaction among neighbors and community members 60 3.4.3 Attitudes towards neighbors and community members 62 3.4.4 Associationism and political involvement 63 3.5 Emotional aspects of residential satisfaction and propensity to move 65 3.5.1 Sense of place, place attachment, and place identity 66 3.5.2 Physical attachment to the dwelling (sense of belonging) 67 3.5.3 Physical attachment to the neighborhood and the community of residence 68 3.6 Conceptual scheme 70 4 Methodology 71 4.1 Survey method 71 4.2 Sampling method 72 2 5 Results p. 74 5.a Administration of the survey 74 5.b Sample composition 76 5.c Objective indicators and measurements 80 5.1 Propensity to move in relation to objective factors 81 5.1.1 Propensity to move in relation to locational factors 81 5.1.2 Propensity to move in relation to individual and household factors 83 5.2 Residential satisfaction in relation to objective factors 87 5.2.1 Residential satisfaction in relation to locational factors 88 5.2.2 Residential satisfaction in relation to individual and household factors 89 5.3 Convenience satisfaction in relation to objective factors 92 5.3.1 Convenience aspects in relation to locational factors 93 5.3.2 Convenience aspects in relation to individual and household factors 97 5.4 Social satisfaction in relation to objective factors 101 5.4.1 Social aspects in relation to locational factors 102 5.4.2 Social aspects in relation to individual and household factors 106 5.5 Emotional satisfaction in relation to objective factors 110 5.5.1 Emotional aspects in relation to locational factors 110 5.5.2 Emotional aspects in relation to individual and household factors 114 5.6 Residential satisfaction in relation to subjective factors 117 5.6.1 Home satisfaction according to subjective factors 117 5.6.2 Community satisfaction according to subjective factors 121 5.7 Propensity to move in relation to residential satisfaction and related subjective factors 124 5.7.1 Propensity to leave home according to subjective factors 125 5.7.2 Propensity to leave the community according to subjective factors 128 6 Conclusions 134 6.1 Summary of the results 134 6.2 Discussion: propensity to move in the context of Russian Arctic communities 139 6.3 Discussion: residential satisfaction in the context of Russian Arctic communities 143 6.4 Limits and suggestions for future research 147 7 Bibliographical sources 150 8 Internet sources 164 IV Questionnaire (original version in Russian) 165 V Questionnaire (translated version in English) 170 3 III. SUMMARY OF FIGURES AND TABLES Cover picture. The smelter in Nikel. CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1. Map of Arctic regions. p. 12 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1. Map of the Province of Murmansk. 16 “ 2.2. Population trends in the Province of Murmansk and selected communities. 18 “ 2.3. Panorama of Kirovsk from the western slope of the Ajkuajvenchorr. 24 “ 2.4. Map of Kirovsk. 25 “ 2.5. View of Kirovsk city centre from the Palace of Culture. 26 “ 2.6. Building facing Lenina Square. 26 “ 2.7. The Palace of Culture. 26 “ 2.8. Residential buildings in Kirovsk (Olimpiskaya Street). 27 “ 2.9. An abandoned residential block in Kirovsk. 28 “ 2.10. Kirovsk train station laying in ruins. 28 “ 2.11. Pollution surging from the industrial area located north of Kirovsk city centre. 29 “ 2.12. Mining facilities in Kukisvumchorr, 5 kilometers from Kirovsk. 30 “ 2.13. Trampolines and abandoned ski lifts on the slopes east of Kirovsk. 31 “ 2.14. Panorama of Nikel from the smelter. 33 “ 2.15. Map of Nikel. 35 “ 2.16. Lenina Square: the Palace of Culture and the statue of Lenin. 36 “ 2.17. Pobeda Square and the city hall. 36 “ 2.18. Gvardeyskiy Street as seen from Pobeda Square. 37 “ 2.19. Residential blocks in Nikel. 37 “ 2.20. A dacha near Lake Kuetsyarvi. 37 “ 2.21. The smelter in Nikel. 38 “ 2.22. The mines located north of Nikel. 39 “ 2.23. Nikel train station, located about 2 km north of the inhabited center. 40 Table 2.1. Climate in the city of Murmansk 15 “ 2.2. Socio-economic development of the Province of Murmansk between 1990 and 2005. 20 “ 2.3. Net migration in the Russian Arctic regions. 21 “ 2.4. Departures and arrivals in the Province of Murmansk by place of origin and destination. 22 “ 2.5. Ethnic composition of the Province of Murmansk between 1970 and 2002. 22 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1. The “Model for the First Stage of Mobility Decision-Making: the Determinants of Who 45 Considers Moving”. “ 3.6. Conceptual scheme. 70 4 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.1. Survey administration and response rates in Kirovsk and in Nikel. p. 76 “ 5.2. Samples composition according to socio-demographic indicators. 77 “ 5.3. Samples composition according to household indicators. 78 “ 5.4. Samples composition according to educational and economic indicators. 79 “ 5.5. Sample composition according to length of residence and housing tenure. 80 “ 5.6. Variables and measurements of objective indicators. 80 “ 5.7. Propensity to leave home and propensity to leave the community according to 82 community of residence. “ 5.8. Propensity to leave home and propensity to leave the community according to 84 individual and household factors. “ 5.9. Home satisfaction and community satisfaction according to community of residence. 88 “ 5.10. Home and community satisfaction according to individual and household factors. 90 “ 5.11. Evaluation of convenience aspects according to community of residence. 95 “ 5.12. Evaluation of convenience aspects according to individual and household factors. 98 “ 5.13. Evaluation of social aspects according to community of residence. 104 “ 5.14. Evaluation of social aspects according to individual and household factors. 107 “ 5.15. Evaluation of emotional aspects according to community of residence. 112 “ 5.16. Evaluation of emotional aspects according to individual and household factors. 114 “ 5.17. Home satisfaction in relation to objective and subjective factors: linear regressions. 118 “ 5.18. Community satisfaction in relation to objective and subjective factors: linear regressions. 123 “ 5.19. Propensity to leave home in relation to objective and subjective factors: logistic 126 regressions. “ 5.20. Propensity to leave home in relation to objective and subjective factors: logistic 130 regressions. CHAPTER 6 Table 6.1. Correlations between propensity to move, residential satisfaction, and related factors. 135 Note: All the photographs included in this thesis were taken by the author between January and February 2010. The map of the Province of Murmansk was also produced by the author. The author of the map in figure 1.1 is W.K. Dallmann (Arctic-council.org, 2011). The author of the maps in figures 2.4 and 2.15 is A.V. Kuznetzov (Xibiny.ru, 2007). 5 1. INTRODUCTION In the two decades following the collapse of the Soviet Union, most communities located in the Russian Arctic experienced a considerable loss of population which, in some regions, continues to our days. In the Province of Murmansk, for example, the population decreased from 1,146,000 inhabitants in 1990, to 983,300 in 2000, to 836,700 in 2010: a staggering decline of 27.6% in the span of twenty years (FSSS, 2011).
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