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Architectural Encounter in the Soviet-Finnish Borderland, 1960S-1980S

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Architectural Encounter in the Soviet-Finnish Borderland, 1960S-1980S Building Soviet Vyborg: Architectural Encounter in the Soviet-Finnish Borderland, 1960s-1980s By Ksenia Litvinenko Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Comparative History Supervisor: Professor Marsha Siefert Second reader: Professor Charles Shaw CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection i Abstract The research project Building Soviet Vyborg: an architectural encounter in the Soviet- Finnish borderland, 1960s-1980s is dedicated to the study of the Soviet-Finnish encounters in the sphere of architecture and architectural engineering on the example of Vyborg, once second-largest Finnish town appended to the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The project has two main aims: to contribute to the analysis of contested built environment of Vyborg by approaching it from the standpoint of spatial history; to escape the narration of history of Soviet architecture from exclusively the system of power relations by focusing on local cross-border networks and encounters. In this research, the Soviet-Finnish borderland is perceived as space created a possibility for cultural and technological exchange between the countries on the both sides of the “Iron Curtain.” CEU eTD Collection ii Acknowledgements As well as the construction of Vyborg, my research is the result of numerous encounters with people to whom I owe the outcomes of this work. My most scincer gratitude goes to my supervisor Marsha Siefert, who helped to tame and articulate the fluttering ideas, but also made the writing process joyful and comfortable. I am similarly indebted to my second reader, Charles Shaw, who provoked with rightful questions and helped to position my case study in the broader context. During my St. Petersburg years in the History Department of the Higher School of Economics where I started my research, I was lucky to work under the supervision of Alexander Semyonov, who insightfully helped me to pave the field of inquiry and tolerated my stubborn infatuation with buildings, not empires. I am much obliged to Daria Bocharnikova who also was there from the very beginning introducing me to the exciting world of Soviet architecture. The research could not be possible without my Vyborg friend Pavel Pokidko, whose excursions were a fount of information and a great inspiration for this work. I also would like to express my greatest gratitude to my interviewees – Vyborg archietcts who agreed to share their stories with me. CEU eTD Collection iii Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1 Soviet architecture in the boundary: theoretical premises and historical contexts ........... 3 1.1 Spatial history and importance of a place .................................................................. 3 1.2 Vyborg – the ceded “West” of the Soviet architecture .............................................. 9 1.3 The “Khrushchev” reform on a regional scale ........................................................ 16 1.4 Sources and analytical strategy................................................................................ 20 2 People on the Move: Infrastructures of a Soviet-Finnish Architectural Encounter ....... 23 2.1 Synchronic encounter and study trips to Finland .................................................... 23 2.2 Diachronic encounters and restoration practices in Vyborg .................................... 28 2.3 The engagement of Finnish architects in building Vyborg and the Karelian Isthmus ....................................................................................................................................... 38 3 “Creative covers” for Vyborg architectural practice ...................................................... 47 3.1 “Old” vs “New”: implicit critique of the “Soviet” mass housing program ............. 47 3.2 Restoration of Alvar Aalto library as an inspiration for critical architectural practice ....................................................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Environmental factor in Vyborg architectural practice ........................................... 71 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 78 CEU eTD Collection Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 81 iv Introduction The analysis of the architecture and composition of a city can reveal how a society organized and imagined its life in the certain time period. In the course of the 20th century with its political tensions, architecture became an important tool of competition between the states, while the horizontal links of exchange were established among the architectural professionals across borders. The comparative studies of market-driven and socialist built environments often excluded the discussion on the links between their professional architectural communities. In her research on post-WWII Hungarian and East German architecture, Virag Molnar pointed out that in case of the countries of state socialism, “the oppressive presence of the state over professionals is routinely postulated without closely examining the ways in which state control was exercised, legitimated or questioned by various professions and the specific intellectual, institutional, and political constellations that indeed guided professional conduct.” 1 This thesis considers the encounter between architectural professionals of the Soviet Union and Finland working in socialist and capitalist systems by emphasizing shared goals, challenges and imperatives in the course of the ongoing architectural modernization in both countries. In order to adequately use architecture and architectural thought as a heuristic tool, this thesis discusses the encounter on the regional level – using the example of the contested city of Vyborg ceded to the Soviet Union from Finland during the Second World War. I am arguing that the complex built environment of Vyborg where entanglement of Finnish and Soviet architectural practices was woven into an urban space enhanced synchronic CEU eTD Collection and diachronic encounters between Soviet and Finnish architects. Synchronic encounters were provided by the infrastructures of professional exchange established during of the so-called “Khrushchev Thaw,” the favorable neutral 1 Virag Molnar, Building the State: Architecture, Politics, and State Formation in Postwar Central Europe (Routledge, 2013), 15. position of Finland in the Cold War alignment, the shared environmental conditions with Finland and the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus, the search of the Soviet government of new architectural solutions based on modern technological possibilities of industrial production, and, in some cases, with the inability of the Soviet management to cope with the development of the ceded territories. It was characterized by travels of Soviet architects across borders within the study trips to Finland, and the travel of Finnish architects and construction companies – to the Soviet Union. Diachronic encounters were characterized by the interest of the Soviet architects in the Finnish architectural heritage of the 1930s that was preserved on the territory of the ceded Vyborg. Within the course of such an encounter, the architectural techniques new to the Soviet architecture of the 1960s-1980s were appropriated from the Finnish architecture of the 1930s, created a specific vision of the temporality of architectural modernization in the region among Soviet architects, as well as their attempt in establishing local architectural practices based on the implicit criticism of the ongoing mass housing modernization. Given these points, in Building Soviet Vyborg I am showing the ambiguity of the dichotomy between the socialist and the capitalist ways of producing the built environment by exploring the results of their encounter. In order to explain and define these notions, I am focusing on the visions of the architects participating in the building Soviet Vyborg, and the analysis and the role of the spatial and architectural conditions of the region, where the complex architectural development was taking place. Based on archival research and oral history interviews, this thesis is looking into architects’ CEU eTD Collection understanding of what makes a “Soviet” city, and in what sense foreign achievements and developments were adopted in order to inspire and develop its built environment locally. 2 1 Soviet architecture in the boundary: theoretical premises and historical contexts The following chapter provides theoretical, historiographical and methodological contexts for Building Soviet Vyborg. The first section is dedicated to a review of the genealogy of the spatial approach in the history of the Soviet Union. The category of “space”, understood as an
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