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TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Disertasi Diajukan Kepada Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

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TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Disertasi Diajukan Kepada Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Disertasi Diajukan kepada Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Doktor Dalam Bidang Pemikiran Islam Oleh: Baco Sarluf NIM. 31161200000160 Pembimbing Pembimbing I : Prof. Dr. Zainun Kamaluddin Fakih, MA Pembimbing II : Prof. Dr. Amany Burhanuddin Lubis, MA Konsentrasi Pemikiran Islam Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Tahun 2019/1441 KATA PENGANTAR Sanjungan dan pujian yang tak terhingga penulis ungkapkan sebagai rasa syukur kepada Allah SWT. Tuhan semesta alam. Dengan inayah-Nya jualah penulisan buku ini dapat diselesaikan. Begitu pula, shalawat dan salam dihaturkan baginda Nabi Muhammad Saw., keluarga, sahabat, dan para pengikut beliau sampai hari Akhir Jaman. Buku ini semula merupakan hasil dari penelitian penulis untuk disertasi doktor pada Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Judul yang diambil pada saat itu adalah “Teologi Perdamaian dalam Jamaah Tabligh di Ambon”. Penulis harus akui bahwa banyak pihak telah turut ambil bagian menyumbangkan jasa mereka dalam penyelesain buku ini. Sampai dengan saat ini dan juga seterusnya penulis masih tetap mengharapkan bantuan pertolongan dari siapa saja atau pihak mana pun, terutama untuk perbaikan dan penyerpunaan isi buku ini lebih jauh lagi. Pada kesempatan ini pula penulis perlu sekali menyatakan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada para promotor yang telah banyak memberikan bimbingan selama penelitian. Mereka-mereka itu ialah Prof. Dr. Zainun Kamaluddin Fakih, M.A., dan Prof. Dr. Amany Burhanuddin Lubis, M.A., masing- masing sebagai promotor I dan II. Tak lupa juga penulis sampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada promotor I sebelumnya, yaitu Prof. Dr. Yunan Yusuf, M.A., yang karena telah sampai pada masa purna baktinya di lembaga ini, terpaksa harus mengambil sikap mengundurkan diri dari pembimbingan. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada para penguji, baik pada saat ujian pendahuluan maupun ujian promosi. Mereka adalah Prof. Dr. Jamhari Makruf, M.A., Prof. Dr. H. Dedi Djubaedi, M.Ag., Prof. Dr. Iik Arifin Mansurnoor, M.A., dan Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada pihak lembaga di mana penulis mengabdikan diri sebagai dosen, yaitu Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Ambon. Lembaga ini, selama berada di bawah kepemimpinan rektor-rektor Prof. Dr. H. Dedi Djubaedi, M.Ag., dan Dr. H. Hasbollah Toisuta, M.Ag., tak henti-hentinya memberikan bantuan, baik moril maupun materi. Lembaga yang juga mendapat ucapan terima kasih adalah Fakultas Ushuluddin Dan Dakwah. Unit ini beserta seluruh stafnya dan rekan kerja lainnya, selama di bawah kepemimpinan dekan- dekannya, yaitu Dr. Hasan Lauselang, M.Ag., Dr. Ismail Tuanany, M.M., Dr. Achmad Mujadid Naya, M.Pd., dan Dr. Ye Husen Assagaf, M.Fil.I., banyak pula memberikan bantuannya. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada lembaga SPS Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Lembaga ini telah menjadi tempat terbaik selama penulis menimba ilmu. Berikut seluruh stafnya, terutama sekali para direkturnya, yaitu Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, M.A., Prof. Dr. Masykuri Abdillah, M.A., dan Prof. Dr. Jamhari Makruf, M.A. Lagi, ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada semua ahli keluarga penulis sendiri, yaitu kedua Almarhumani Ayahanda Abdurrahman Sarluf dan Ibunda Siti Aminah Tjiu, yang telah berjasa melahirkan, mendidik dan mengasuh serta membesarkan penulis. Begitu juga terima kasih kepada kedua istri tercinta, i Korsin Latuconsina, S.Ag.M.Pd.I dan Iasha Khairunnisa Karepesina, S.H.I serta semua anak, yaitu Ruslan Abdurraziq Sarluf, S.H., Nurul Hasanah Sarluf, Nurul Mardhiyah Sarluf dan Muhammad Rafif Sarluf. Para orang tua mertua penulis, kedua Almarhumani Muhammad Qasim Latuconsina dan Siti Hajar Karepesina serta Drs. H. Idris Karepesina dan Siti Hajar Latuconsina, S. Ag. Termasuk semua saudara-saudara kandung dan saudara-saudara ipar. Ucapan terima kasih kepada Saudaraku Adam Rahayaan, S.Ag.,M.Si beserta seluruh keluarga besarnya. Haruslah penulis akui bahwa mereka pun telah banyak memberikan bantuan moril maupun materil. Ucapan terima kasih juga para pimpinan dan staf pada Pusat Perpustakaan Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dan Perpustakaan SPS Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Jakarta. Pada kedua lembaga ini penulis dapat temukan reverensi-reverensi berharga untuk pemenuhan data-data penelitian. Akhirnya, semua pihak yang turut serta membantu penulis. Tak dapat disebutkan lagi mereka. Hanya doa tulus dan ikhlas yang boleh penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT. semoga dibalas dengan kebaikan setimpal dari Allah SWT. Jakarta, 25 Oktober 2020 Penulis, Baco Sarluf ii ABSTRAK TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Nama : H. Baco Sarluf NIM : 31161200000160 Disertasi ini menunjukkan bahwa secara teologi perdamaian berdasar pada absolutisme. Absolutisme itu sendiri merupakan bentuk ideal sebuah kelompok dan kepentingannya. Sedangkan, perdamaian adalah model gerakan bagaimana sebuah kelompok mengupayakan perwujudan absolutisme dalam kehidupan nyata dalam rangka penegasan eksistensi diri dan kepentingannya. Melalui kepercayaan bersama terhadap absolutisme individu-individu dapat mengintegrasikan diri secara damai ke dalam satu kesatuan kelompok. Jadi, kelompok yang bersatu merupakan hasil atau bentuk kongkrit dari perdamaian. Kelompok modernis Islam, melalui absolutisme “Semua kebenaran (agama) adalah relatif”, mengklaim pluralisme agama sebagai satu-satunya paham yang benar. Sementara, dengan mengabsolutkan pemahaman mengenai Islam versi masing-masing, kelompok-kelompok fundamentalisme Islam saling menglaim diri sebagai yang benar. Klaim kebenaran (truth claim) terhadap absolutisme versi masing-masing kelompok, di satu pihak dapat menciptakan perdamain internal kelompok. Tetapi, dengan pihak lain, selalu tersedia kecenderungan untuk terjadinya konflik. Jamaah Tabligh, dalam dakwah-dakwah mereka, hanya berdasar pada makna obyektif ayat Al-Qur’an maupun hadis. Melalui makna tersebut, mereka dapat mengemukakan absolutisme universal Islam, yang dengan itu perdamaian universal dapat dibangun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-eksploratif. Adapun metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah teologi, yang kemudian diperkaya dengan pendekatan-pendekatan lain, seperti filsafat, sosiologi, sejarah dan ilmu dakwah. Sumber utama penelitian berasal dari lapangan (field research), yang kemudian, lebih diperkaya lagi dengan kajian kepustakaan (library research). Langkah-langkah untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal, selama penelitian dilakukan proses menganalisa data, reduksi data, penyajian data. Proses terakhir adalah penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data dengan menggunakan model interaktif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Ambon dengan menghabiskan waktu selama lima tahun, dimulai dari tahun 2014 sampai dengan 2019. Sementara lokasi penelitian difokuskan di Desa Batu Merah, Kecamatan Sirimau, Kota Ambon. Kata-kata kunci : Absolutisme, perdamaian, kelompok/masyarakat. v DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR i PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIASI iii TRANSLITERASI iv ABSTRAK v DAFTAR ISI vi DAFTAR PETA Peta I : Maluku Utara dan Maluku Tengah 44 Peta II : Kota Ambon 46 DAFTAR TABEL Tabel I : Jumlah Kecamatan di Pulau Ambon 45 Tabel 2 : Jumlah Penduduk Maluku Berdasarkan Kabupaten/Kota Di Propinsi Maluku pada tahun 2005, 2006, dan 2007 47 Tabel 3 : Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Jenis Kelamin 1990 – 2011 48 Tabel 4 : Banyaknya Penduduk Berdasarkan Agama di Kota Ambon 49 Tabel 5 : Banyaknya Sarana Peribadatan di Kota Ambon 49 Tabel 6 : Nama-nama Soa dan Matarumah di Negeri Batumerah 70 Tabel 7 : Tingkat Pendidikan Masyarakat di Negeri Batumerah 72 Tabel 8 : Berbagai Jenis Pekerjaan Warga di Negeri Batumerah 72 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 A Latar Belakang Masalah 1 B Permasalahan 10 C Tujuan Penelitian 12 D Manfaat Penelitian 12 E Kajian Riset Sebelumnya 12 F Metodologi Penelitian 16 G Tehnik Analisa Data 19 H Sistematika Pembahasan 20 BAB II DISKURSUS TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN 22 A Pengertian Perdamaian Secara Teologi 22 B Konflik, Perdamaian Dan Pembentukan Kelompok 25 C Perdamaian Versus Teologi Kelompok 28 D Perdamaian Versus Teologi Universal 34 BAB III STRUKTUR MASYARAKAT KOTA AMBON 41 A Sekilas Tentang Kota Ambon 41 B Peta Geografis, Demografis, Iklim Dan Sistem Pemerintahan 43 C Agama 53 D Pertumbuhan Penduduk, Konflik Dan Perdamaian 53 E Profil Singkat Negeri Batumerah 69 F Markaz Dakwah Jamaah Tabligh 73 vi G Sejarah Masuk Dan Berkembang Jamaah Tabligh Di Ambon 76 BAB IV PERDAMAIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF JAMAAH TABLIGH A Kekuasaan Allah 85 B Status Alam 90 C Kebesaran Allah 94 D Muhammad Rasul Allah 97 E Pandangan Terhadap Kehidupan Akhirat 102 F Ayat Al-Qur”an Dan Hadis Tentang la ilaha illa Allah Muhammad Rasulullah 107 BAB V UPAYA PERDAMAIAN JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON A Infrastruktur Masyarakat Islam Universal 114 B Kepentingan Allah Sebagai Dasar Perdamaian 120 C Upaya Membangun Perdamaian 140 D Bentuk Suprastruktur Masyarakat Islam Universal 145 E Pengorganisasian 153 F Sikap Jamaah Tabligh Terhadap Konflik Ambon 161 BAB VI P E N U T U P A Kesimpulan 165 B Temuan Disertasi Dan Saran 166 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 168 Lampiran : Fatwa MUI tentang Liberalisme, Sekularisme dan Pluralisme vii 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH Sampai dengan saat ini aksi-aksi kekerasan massa masih terus saja berlangsung. Dalam skala yang lebih luas tentu saja aksi-aksi tersebut mengancam kehidupan masyarakat dunia. Sayang sekali,
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