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THE INDIGENISATION of a TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT in CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA a Study of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia

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THE INDIGENISATION OF A TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA A Study of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia DIMAS OKY NUGROHO A Thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences March 2016 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... Acknowledgment I was able to pursue and complete this study only because of the great contribution from many people and organisations, with only a few of which can possibly be acknowledged here. First of all, thanks to my supervisor, Associate Professor James Francis Lee, for his kind and significant support in completing this thesis. My most extensive and substantial debt in almost the whole period of this study is to my supervisor Dr Rochayah Machali for her constant source of encouragement, attentions, comments and support in getting this thesis to this completion stage. I am also in debt to my former supervisor Associate Professor Jean Gelman Taylor for her significant views, critics and inputs to the early draft of the thesis. Their invaluable supports have made quality of this thesis much better than otherwise would have been. I am also in debt to Dr Minako Sakai and Mr. Paul Tickell for their supervision in the very early development of this research. They were all great supervisors and their supports were so enormous that I was very lucky to be a student of them. I would like to record my gratitude to the University of New South Wales for awarding me a distinction research scholarship named University International Postgraduate Award (UIPA), which provided me with an opportunity to pursue my PhD Program in that university. I was very fortune to obtain a strong endorsement for undertaking and finishing my study especially from Professor Kacung Marijan PhD of Airlangga University, Surabaya; Professor Dr. Alasdair Young of the University of Glasgow, Scotland; Professor Vedi R. Hadiz PhD, Murdoch University of Perth; General (Ret.) Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, Leut. Gen (Ret.) Agus Widjojo, Mr Joko Widodo, Mr Aburizal Bakrie, Mr Gita Irawan Wirjawan, Dr Yudi Latif, Dr Sukardi Rinakit and Mr Ben Jiaravanon. I owe particular debt to the resource people from various organisations related to this research in Jakarta, Bogor, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Bangil, for their warm welcomes and helpful roles in various ways to provide me with valuable documents and other forms of useful information during my fieldwork. I would like also to express my gratitude to Dr. Paul Joseph White who gave priceless suggestions and has done such a professional editing job that appreciably improved the coherence and readability of this thesis. Thanks go to the staff members of the School of Humanities and Languages, UNSW, and my colleagues both in Canberra and Sydney for all the supports and productive discussions as well as friendship we had. Many and many thanks go to my lovely sisters: Mbak Piet, Mbak Ayu, Mbak Adek, Mbak Dian and particularly to Mbak Dini (Mbak Ye), and to all the family, for their priceless support and encouragement; my nephews: Ghifari and Azka for helping me in collecting and translating some data; and to my friends: Robertus Purwoko, Ida Nurhayati, Andre Sigit, Airlangga Pribadi, Bayu Dardias, Eddy v Parjianto (Mas Tedi), Gus Tarom, Sonny Sudiar, Arif Budi Nugroho and Hassan Ubaid; and to all the Akar Rumput Strategic Consulting (ARSC) staff and members of the Sukarelawan Indonesia untuk Perubahan (Indonesian Volunteers for Change), a young and progressive academics network from Aceh to Papua for their personal supports, discussions and sharing which have made this thesis eventually completed. Finally, my late father, Bapak Abdul Rahim, my lovely mom, Ibunda Hanny Rahim, my dear wife Erma, my daughters Filza and my son Torin, with whom I share my life, and who devoted their endless understanding in difficult time of my candidature and my life, deserve more thanks by far than the dedication of this thesis can offer. Alhamdulillah, all praise belongs to God. vi Abbreviations & Glossary ADFA Australian Defence Force Academy Ahl ul-Bayt Descendants of Prophet Muhammad Ahl ul-Quwwah Bearers of military might Ahlus Sunnah wal Sunni Islam, the majority sect of Islam Jama’ah Akhlaq Practice of virtue, morality and manners in Islamic theology and philosophy. AKKBB Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan – National Alliance for Freedom of Religion and Faith Alim An Islamic legal scholar Allahu Akbar God is great Amal Charity Amir Leader AMT Achievement Motivation Training Aqidah Creed/faith Aqliyyah State of Mind Aurat Genitalia and other parts of the body to be clothed as required by Islam. BB BlackBerry (smartphone) BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BEM Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa – Students Executive Body BIN Badan Intelijen Negara – National Intelligence Agency BKI KM Badan Kerohanian Islam Keluarga Mahasiswa – Students Family Islamic Spirituality Council BKIM Badan Kerohanian Islam Mahasiswa – Students Islamic Spirituality Council BMT Baitul Maal wat-Tamwil - Islamic savings and loan co- operatives vii CE Common Era Da’wah /Dakwah Islamic propagation Dar ul-Islam Islamic territory DDII Dewan Dakwah Islam Indonesia – Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council DI/TII Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia – Abode of Peace/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia DKM Dewan Kemakmuran Masjid – Mosque Welfare Council DPC Dewan Pimpinan Cabang – District Leadership Committee DPP Dewan Pimpinan Pusat – Central Leadership Committee DPW Dewan Pimpinan Wilayah – Provincial Leadership Committee Eid al-Adha The Feast of the Sacrifice Faqih An expert in Islamic jurisprudence Fat’h Victory, referring to The Conquest of Makkah by the Muslim Army under the Prophet Muhammad (629 CE). Fatwa Legal opinion or learnt interpretation that a qualified jurist can give on issues pertaining to the Islamic Law. FGD Focus Group Discussion Fikrah Idea Fiqh Islamic jurisprudence Fiqrah al-Kuliyyah The Comprehensive Idea FKAWJ Forum Komunikasi Ahlussunah Wal Jama’ah - Ahlussunah Wal Jama’ah Communication Forum FOKSI Forum Komunikasi dan Studi Islam - Forum of Communication and Islamic Studies FORKALAM Forum Kajian Islam – Islamic Studies Forum FORKIM Forum Kajian Islam dan Masyarakat - Forum on Islamic and the Society Studies FORKITA Forum Kajian Islam Teknologi Pertanian – Agriculture Technology Islamic Studies Forum viii FORSAL Forum Studi Islam dan Lingkungan - Forum of Islamic and Environmental Studies FORSIKA Forum Studi Insan Kamil – Insan Kamil Study Forum FORSITEK Forum Studi Islam dan Teknologi – Forum of Islamic and Technology Studies FORSTILING Forum Studi Islam dan Lingkungan – Forum of Islamic and Environmental Studies FPI Front Pembela Islam - Islamic Defenders Front FSLDK Forum Silaturahmi Lembaga Dakwah Kampus - Campus Propagation Institute Silaturahmi Forum FUI Forum Umat Islam –Muslim Community Forum GARIS Gerakan Reformasi Islam – Islamic Reform Movement GDP Gross Domestic Product Ghazwulfikr Intellectual war Glasnost A policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. GPA Grade Point Average Habaib Arab-descent ulama Hadith The corpus of the reports of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. Halaqah Religious gathering
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  • The Rise of Islamic Religious-Political

    The Rise of Islamic Religious-Political

    Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi THE RISE OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS-POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN INDONESIA The Background, Present Situation and Future1 Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi The Institute for Islamic Studies of Darussalam, Gontor Ponorogo, Indonesia Abstract: This paper traces the roots of the emergence of Islamic religious and political movements in Indonesia especially during and after their depoliticization during the New Order regime. There were two important impacts of the depoliticization, first, the emergence of various study groups and student organizations in university campuses. Second, the emergence of Islamic political parties after the fall of Suharto. In addition, political freedom after long oppression also helped create religious groups both radical on the one hand and liberal on the other. These radical and liberal groups were not only intellectual movements but also social and political in nature. Although the present confrontation between liberal and moderate Muslims could lead to serious conflict in the future, and would put the democratic atmosphere at risk, the role of the majority of the moderates remains decisive in determining the course of Islam and politics in Indonesia. Keywords: Islamic religious-political movement, liberal Islam, non-liberal Indonesian Muslims. Introduction The rise of Islamic political parties and Islamic religious movements after the fall of Suharto was not abrupt in manner. The process was gradual, involving numbers of national and global factors. 1 The earlier version of this paper was presented at the conference “Islam and Asia: Revisiting the Socio-Political Dimension of Islam,” jointly organized by Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) and Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM), 15-16 October, Tokyo.