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Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Southeast Asia

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Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Southeast Asia FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, PRACTICES AND INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, PRACTICES AND INTERNATIONAL CONCERN Alamsyah Djafar Herlambang Perdana Wiratman Muhammad Hafiz Published by Human Rights Working Group (HRWG): Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for International Human Rights Advocacy 2012 1 Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Southeast Asia: ResearchLegal Framework, team Practices and International Concern : Alamsyah Djafar Herlambang Perdana Wiratman EditorMuhammad Hafiz Expert: readerMuhammad Hafiz : Ahmad Suaedy SupervisorYuyun Wahyuningrum : Rafendi Djamin FirstMuhammad edition Choirul Anam : Desember 2012 Published by: Human Rights Working Group (HRWG): Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for International Human Rights Advocacy Jiwasraya Building Lobby Floor Jl. R.P. Soeroso No. 41 Gondangdia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia Website: www.hrwg.org / email: [email protected] ISBN 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION BY EDITOR Chapter I Diversities in Southeast Asia and Religious Freedom A. Preface ChapterB.IIHumanASEAN Rights and and Guarantee Freedom for of ReligionFreedom of Religion A. ASEAN B. ASEAN Inter-governmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) C. Constitutionalism, Constitutions and Religious Freedom ChapterD.IIIInternationalThe Portrait Human of Freedom Rights Instruments of Religion in in ASEAN Southeast StatesAsia A. Brunei Darussalam B. Indonesia C. Cambodia D. Lao PDR E. Malaysia F. Myanmar G. Philippines H. Singapore I. Thailand ChapterJ. IVVietnamThe Attention of the United Nations Concerning Religious Freedom in ASEAN: Review of Charter and Treaty Bodies A. Brunei Darussalam B. Indonesia C. Cambodia D. Lao PDR E. Malaysia F. Myanmar G. Philippines H. Singapore I. Thailand J. Vietnam 3 Chapter IV The Crucial Points of the Guarantee of Freedom of Religion in Southeast Asia A. Crucial points B. Brief Review on Right to Freedom of Religion in ASEAN: Mapping of Chapter VIssuesRecommendations and Problems Annex Recommendation of the UN Human Rights Mechanism toward ASEAN Countries in Religious Freedom and Belief Issues 4 FOREWORD ASEAN has just ratified the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration on the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, November 2012, in Cambodia. With a number of critical remarks, it became one of important progresses of ASEAN States in the promotion and protection of human rights in the region. ASEAN Declaration can become investment and referral to Member States and institutions in ASEAN in implementing Human Rights in future. A positive side that ought to be welcomed from the document is listed in the General Principles of the Declaration, namely the guarantee of fundamental rights for everyone, regardless of race, gender, language, age, religion, politic and so forth. More specifically, the Declaration also guarantees the right of every people to thought, conscience and religion, as embodied in Article 22 of the Declaration In addition, this article also stresses the importance of eliminating all forms of intolerance, discrimination and hate speech based on someone’s religion or belief. With the present article in the Declaration, we all hope that ASEAN States can further enhance the promotion and protection of the rights to religious freedom in domestic realm, because results of the research in this book show that all ASEAN member states face the same problems within the issue. Departing from the importance of presenting a document that reviews the situation of religious freedom in ASEAN, in the realm of normative or implementation, the researches made by the HRWG and supported by Freedom House seek to fill the void of reference for policy makers, stakeholders, academics or human rights activists who wish to learn more about the issues. The expectation is surely a change toward a more positive direction, both at the level of legislation and practice. In addition, the lack of the entire ASEAN civil societies’ attention to religious freedom has made the issue receives not as much of attention at the regional level, both by civil society or by ASEAN agencies. In fact, the issue of freedom of religion or belief has also become an important aspect in the protection of human rights in general. In fact, the Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) categorizes this right as a right that cannot be derogated, including in state of emergency. With such situation, the present book is expected to encourage civil society’s attention in ASEAN in response to the issue of freedom of religion/belief, both at the national and regional levels. 5 Thus, we expect this document can become a reference for policy stakeholders across all ASEAN States and they can learn from best practices conducted by other countries. With States’ structure that is made up of various ethnic, culture and religion, ASEAN'S target to develop into a regional community cannot be separated from the guarantee of freedom of religion/belief for every person who lives in the area. Including within it, to make the studies revealed in this book as starting point for the implementation of the ASEAN Declaration of Human Rights and to encourage the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) to work and respond to various policies and case. Lastly, the HRWG would like to thank Alamsyah Djafar, Herlambang Perdana and Muhammad Hafiz who have worked hard to complete these researches, as well as to the expert readers who were willing to criticize and provide input for the preliminary script. Additionally, to the Freedom House that has supported the researches since the beginning until the publication of this book. Jakarta, December 2012 Muhammad Choirul Anam Deputy Executive Director of HRWG 6 EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION Reporting the situation of freedom of religion or belief is not an easy thing to do. Besides very closely associated with field data, reporting also requires the existence of appropriate criteria to measure the occurrence of violations of rights and the role of the State in it, either actively or passively. A more elaborate reporting as it was carried out not only in single country alone, but in more countries. As in the present book you read, the report of freedom of religion or belief situations was made in the field of ten ASEAN States. In re-reading the research results and assembling both studies that have been done in the last semester of 2012, I was greatly helped by an introductory article written by Ihsan Ali Fauzi, Samsu Rizal Panggabean and Trisno S. Sutanto of the ‘mother’ book on Freedom of Religion edited by Budhy Munawar Rahman (2011). All three have been mapping the typology of existing freedom of religion reports, inter alia the Center for Religious Freedom in 2008 and Annual International Religious Freedom Report of the US Department of State. In addition, they also conveyed feedbacks, suggestions and criticisms for religious freedom reports that started to grow in Indonesia, among other things conducted by The Wahid Institute, Setara Institute and the CRCS of Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta. Each has strengths and weaknesses, so in their path reports can always be perfected and complement each other to gain more maximum results. In reporting the condition of freedom of religion and belief, there are at least three important things that have to be considered and to benchmark the extent to which religious freedom is protected and catered for by the State. In his foreword, Ihsan Ali Fauzi, et al. posited the 3 dimensional measurements that used in the book of “Religious Freedom in the World” edited by Paul A. Marshal. Those three dimensional measurements that also noted in the page of Center for Religious Firs, Freedom website, are: State regulation in the field of religion, namely, restriction that has been positioned in practice; professing or selecting a particular religion as formal law, policy or administrative actions of the State. This criterion goes beyond a norm in the Constitution, because in many countries, even though freedom of religion is Second guaranteed in its Constitution, they often support the administrative approval policy or openly hostile to certain religious groups. ; State favoritism towards a particular religious group; this can be manifested in subsidies, privilege, 7 third, endorsement or approval of support, which are conducted by the State towards a religion or small group in a particular religion; social regulations, i.e. socially or culturally forceful preceding policies. These aspects often – or perhaps entirely – go beyond the limitations that have been carried out by the State. In hopes of generating a comprehensive study about religious freedom in Southeast Asia, the present research used analysis framework to uncover violations against freedom of religion or belief in ASEAN; although, the presentation of data and results of research in each country did not rigidly use the systematic of the 3 dimensional measurements. In addition to those three measurements, it should be stated here that the research was based on the principles of Human Rights. Knowingly that the concept of Human Rights puts the State as liable party to promote, fulfill and protect them; activeness of the State, whether through regulations, policies or practices, by performing measures that impair the enjoyment of Human Rights is an act that can be comprised in the category of violation of rights. Conversely, in situation that the State was negligent and ignoring the practice of certain civic groups to other civilian that
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