Forced Sterilization of Women in Uzbekistan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Forced Sterilization of Women in Uzbekistan POLICY REPORT Forced Sterilization of Women in Uzbekistan Natalia Antelava December 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This investigation into an alleged government sterilization program in Uzbekistan has uncovered a pattern of ongoing, systematic forced sterilizations that have affected tens of thousands of women across the country and appears to have intensified in recent years. According to overwhelming testimonial evidence, for the past 13 years the Uzbek government has carried out a program to sterilize women of reproductive age. The program is not based on ad hoc decisions of individual hospitals, but rather is a centrally-regulated policy with the apparent aim of controlling population growth. Spanning a period of two years, this investigation draws on interviews with dozens of victims of forced sterilization, 14 medical professionals, including doctors and 2 officials at the Ministry of Health, and a survey of 53 doctors th 224 West 57 Street, New York, New York, 10019 | TEL +212-548-0600 | FAX +212-548-4600 POLICY REPORT-FORCED STERILIZATION OF WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN 2 across the country. While the extent of implementation has varied, the government has never abandoned the program entirely. The backbone of this research is a survey of 54 doctors that provides the most extensive testimonial evidence to date of the existence and prevalence of a nation-wide government sterilization program. It shows that the program is not limited to particular geographical areas or institutions and that it takes place across the country’s medical establishment. In Uzbekistan, all women of reproductive age who have delivered two or more children are potential targets of the program. Those most likely to be sterilized are women with lower socio-economic status and members of ethnic minorities, particularly those from the country’s Roma population. While sterilization quotas are set centrally, the vast scale of the sterilization campaign is also due to attempts by local health administrators to outperform one another in order to please their supervisors in the central administration. Medical professionals are under pressure to perform the sterilizations. Uzbekistan’s authoritarian government holds doctors and nurses responsible for fulfilling quotas set by health administrators. Doctors recounted working to fill the quotas, often without the necessary equipment, while being unable to provide proper medical examinations or a sterile environment in which to perform these surgeries. This paper also examines the role of international organizations in reproductive health in Uzbekistan and concludes that while the international community cannot be held responsible for the forced sterilization program, its close cooperation with officials in the sphere of reproductive health, its continual praise for perceived reforms, and its acceptance of the government's denials that forced sterilization is taking place have implicitly encouraged the government to continue the practice. POLICY REPORT-FORCED STERILIZATION OF WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN 3 Table of Contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR 4 INTRODUCTION 5 THE UZBEK FAMILY, DURING AND AFTER THE USSR 8 SURGICAL STERILIZATION 10 THE STERILIZATION PROGRAM—AN OVERVIEW 13 WHY STERILIZE? 18 THE 2013 DOCTOR SURVEY 22 DOCUMENTING THE RECENT WAVE OF FORCED STERILIZATIONS 25 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM 29 COMPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES 32 INTERNATIONAL ACTORS OVERVIEW 34 CONCLUSIONS 39 POLICY REPORT-FORCED STERILIZATION OF WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN 4 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Natalia Antelava is an award-winning journalist and longtime BBC correspondent who is currently based in New Delhi. Originally from Georgia, Antelava started her career in West Africa and went on to report for BBC television, radio, and online from Burma, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, and Yemen. Antelava has also written for Forbes, the Guardian, the New Yorker, and the Washington Post. Since first covering the 2005 massacre in Andijan, Uzbekistan, she has returned to the country regularly to report on human rights issues and politics. Antelava’s 2012 BBC investigation into forced sterilizations in Uzbekistan won the Foreign Press, One World Media, and Sony journalism awards. POLICY REPORT-FORCED STERILIZATION OF WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN 5 INTRODUCTION The Central Asian republic of Uzbekistan is the most populous state of Central Asia and one of the most isolated countries in the world. Marked by a conservative and, in places, a deeply religious society, Uzbekistan is run by the authoritarian government of Soviet-era leader Islam Karimov and in 2013 remains impenetrable to much of the world. Those who are interested in the country, or are for various reasons invested in it, have to rely on fragmented reporting that seeps through the government’s firm grip on freedom of information and those who attempt to exercise it. Over the last decade, it was through such fragmented, often courageous, but not always reliable reporting that a disturbing story emerged from Uzbekistan. Dozens of first-hand accounts of doctors, women and, in a very few instances, officials alleged that the Uzbek government was running a widespread program of forced female sterilization. Those who have been affected by the policy and who have decided to speak out despite the risks that such actions carry believe that the practice is driven by President Karimov’s attempt to control Uzbekistan’s population growth and that tens of thousands of women are being subjected to the procedure. The practice of state-enforced sterilization is neither new nor unique to Uzbekistan. Since the start of the 20th century, at various points in history, different governments around the world have forced their people, both men and women, to undergo surgical sterilization. Eugenics programs in the United States, Sweden, and Canada, family planning policies in China and in India under Indira Ghandi’s Emergency Law, and the sterilization of indigenous people in Alberto Fujimori’s Peru are just a few examples of such programs. In Europe, Roma women have been targeted for sterilization for eugenic reasons since the 1930s up to the present according to a 2012 report by the Human Rights Commissioner of the Council of Europe,1 with the most recent occurrences happening in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia.2 These post-communist countries had communist-era sterilization programs that are similar to the one that exists in 1 Human Rights of Roma and Travellers in Europe, pp. 93-100, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/source/prems/prems79611_GBR_CouvHumanRightsOfRoma_WE B.pdf 2Office of the Public Defender of Rights of the Czech Republic, Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/Public-defender-rights.pdf; Center for Reproductive Rights and Poradna pre občianske a l’udské práva (Centre for Civil and Human Rights, Slovakia), Body and Soul: Forced Sterilization and Other Assaults on Roma Reproductive Freedom at http://reproductiverights.org/en/document/body-and-soul-forced-sterilization-and-other-assaults-on- roma-reproductive-freedom; and Center for Reproductive Rights, A.S. v. Hungary (United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) at http://reproductiverights.org/en/case/as-v-hungary-united-nations-committee-on-the-discrimination- against-women POLICY REPORT-FORCED STERILIZATION OF WOMEN IN UZBEKISTAN 6 Uzbekistan. However, unlike Uzbekistan, all of these countries with the exception of Slovakia have acknowledged existence of the program and have taken steps to eradicate it and compensate some victims.3 According to the United Nations, to this day the sterilization of women living with disabilities remains a problem around the world.4 The Rome Statute, a memorandum that defines the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, considers widespread and systematic forced sterilization, when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population,5 a crime against humanity.6 The latest report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Juan Méndez, states that “Forced sterilization is an act of violence, a form of social control and a violation of the right to be free from torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.”7 Cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, as well as torture, is the subject of absolute prohibition under international law, without any exceptions.8 Since the government of Uzbekistan denies the existence of the program, it feels no need to present official explanations for it or for the exact reasoning behind its policy. At the same time, the secrecy that surrounds the program has made it very difficult to accurately determine the scale of the sterilization policy and its impact on the population. 3 In 2009, the Czech Republic expressed regret for illegal sterilizations of women, calling them "very, very significant failures."(http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/2982-unequal-measures.html ). In 2009, Hungary compensated a Roma woman who had been sterilized without her free and informed consent during the course of another obstetrical procedure (Human Rights of Roma and Travellers in Europe, pp. 93 - 100, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/source/prems/prems79611_GBR_CouvHumanRightsOfRoma_WE B.pdf). In 2011 and 2012, a total of three judgments were handed down against Slovakia by the European Court of Human
Recommended publications
  • THE INDIGENISATION of a TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT in CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA a Study of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
    THE INDIGENISATION OF A TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA A Study of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia DIMAS OKY NUGROHO A Thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences March 2016 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Rights Movement and Contentious Politics in Egypt (2004-2014)
    Research Papers January 2017 The Human Rights Movement and Contentious Politics in Egypt (2004-2014) Amr Adly Abstract The economic and social rights movement has struck some success in dealing with contentious movements in challenging public policies and institutions. However, no organic relationship developed between the two. The contentious movement did not strategically adopt an economic and social rights framing in a way that would have enabled it to get beyond its local, largely apolitical and un-institutionalized characteristics in favour of a nationwide platform. Meanwhile, the human rights movement was eventually unable to cultivate strong and continuous organizational or discursive links with the broader contentious movement needed against potential authoritarian reversals like the ones that happened after July 2013. The main argument is that gains made by NGOization, civil societization and professionalization (access to resources and recognition) came at a high price of alienation from the aggrieved constituencies undertaking contention and hence hindering the development of organic links between them. The head remained severed from the large leaderless body. 1. Introduction This paper aims at developing a descriptive, analytical and critical account of the various aspects of interaction between the human rights movement and contentious politics in Egypt through the last decade (2004-2014). Contentious politics is narrowly defined here in reference to actors and actions of resistance and protest against the implementation of neoliberal-based measures by the state and its allies (e.g. international financial institutions, foreign investors, development banks, local businesses, etc.). Contentious politics has assumed many forms since the intensification of liberalization and privatization drives during Hosni Mubarak’s final years in power (2004- 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Health Systems in Transition : Uzbekistan
    Health Systems in Transition Vol. 16 No. 5 2014 Uzbekistan Health system review Mohir Ahmedov • Ravshan Azimov Zulkhumor Mutalova • Shahin Huseynov Elena Tsoyi • Bernd Rechel Bernd Rechel (Editor) and Martin McKee (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom Sarah Thomson, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Ewout van Ginneken, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Series coordinator Gabriele Pastorino, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Editorial team Jonathan Cylus, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Cristina Hernández-Quevedo, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Marina Karanikolos, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anna Maresso, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies David McDaid, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Sherry Merkur, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Philipa Mladovsky, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Dimitra Panteli, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Wilm Quentin, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Bernd Rechel, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Erica Richardson, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anna Sagan, European
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Uzbekistan Prepared in 1999 by Dinara Alimdjanova, Former Gender Specialist at ADB’S Uzbekistan Resident Mission
    Country Briefing Paper Women in the Republic of Uzbekistan Prepared by Wendy Mee FEBRUARY 2001 Acknowledgments This Country Briefing Paper on the status of Women in the Republic of Uzbekistan would not have been possible without the assistance and guidance of many people. In particular, I must thank Mekhri Khudayberdiyeva from ADB’s Resident Mission in Uzbekistan. Ms. Khudayberdiyeva proved a valuable research colleague, whose fluency in Russian, Uzbek and English, and organizational skills made the research possible. Furthermore, her good judgment and sense of humor made the research highly enjoyable. The report also benefited from her very helpful feedback on the draft report and her help in the preparation of the two appendices. I also owe a debt of gratitude to all the people in Uzbekistan who gave so generously of their time and experience. In particular, I would like to thank those who allowed me to interview them, observe training days, or participate in other related activities. I would also like to thank the participants of the Gender and Development consultative meeting held at ADB’s Resident Mission in Tashkent on 16 November 2000. I am deeply grateful to the following individuals: Dilbar Gulyamova (Deputy Prime Minister, Republic of Uzbekistan) Dilovar Kabulova (Women’s Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan) Sayora Khodjaeva (Deputy Hokim, Tashkent Oblast) Nariman Mannapbekov (Cabinet of Ministries) Galina Saidova (Cabinet of Ministries) Gasanov M. and Jurayeva Feruza Tulkunovna (Institute for Monitoring Acting Legislation
    [Show full text]
  • UZBEKISTAN: Country Gender Profile
    FINAL REPORT UZBEKISTAN: Country Gender Profile December 2005 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) This information presented here was gathered from on-site sources. Therefore, JICA is not responsible for its accuracy. Uzbekistan Country Gender Profile FINAL REPORT December 2005 QUALITY-TIME-RESULTS This information presented here was gathered from on-site sources. Therefore, JICA is not responsible for its accuracy. Table of Contents Abbreviations 1 Executive Summary 2 I. Basic Profiles 4 A. Socio – Economic Profile 4 B. Health Profile 7 C. Education Profile 11 II. General Situation of Women and Government Policy on WID/Gender 12 A. General situation of women in Uzbekistan 12 B. Government Policy on in the field of WID/Gender 16 C. National Machinery 17 III. Current Situation of Women by Sector 20 A. Education 20 B. Health 24 C. Economic Activities 30 D. Political Participation 36 E. Law on WID/Gender 40 IV. Women’s Organizations in Uzbekistan 45 V. References 55 Uzbekistan Country Gender Profile Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome BWA Businesswomen's Association CAR Central Asian Republic CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of DAW DAW Discrimination Against Women COS Country operational strategy FBS Family Budget Survey GAD Gender and development GDP Gross domestic product GNP Gross national product HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IUD Intrauterine device NGO Non government organization PIFs Privatization Investment Funds SCU Savings and credit union STD Sexually transmitted disease SME Small and medium enterprise UNDP United Nations Development Programme WID Women in Development © ServAer Consulting Limited Page 1 Uzbekistan Country Gender Profile Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Executive Summary The post-Soviet economic transition in Uzbekistan has had a bitter impact on women.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanscape Guidelines for Bahar-Al-Toleye Mahallah in The
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 16 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2016 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Urbanscape Guidelines for Bahar-al-Toleye Mahallah in the Area of Razavi Holly Shrine By Rokhsaneh Derakhshesh Nia & Ehsan Ranjbar Imam Reza International University Abstract- It seems that the lack of tangible identity, confusion and visual disturbances, mental insecurity and confusion in public areas, release and exhaustion signs and cultural - historical, Facade poor quality, lack of organization in terms of form and wall needed, problem of readability, navigation, disorientation and ambiguity in orientation, lack of positive evaluation of urban spaces and reduce the sense of belonging to the urban environment, the need to improve the quality of vision and urban landscape elements within the aesthetic quality of the environment implies. Inadequate fishes and the evils landscape study area the most important cause undesirable sights lining the main thoroughfares are unsuitable and worn tens and body that the aesthetics confused, troubled and has become infected. There extensions ugly, dirty findings blocks, irregular and uncoordinated boards are a significant cause of visual disturbance. Spaces made and the overall structure and appearance of the area in terms of diversity, composition, coordination in rhythm, abnormalities of fishes and a lot of evils. the uneven textures and shapes placed next to each other inappropriateness of the ugly face of another kind are available. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 120599p UrbanscapeGuidelinesforBaharalToleyeMahallahintheAreaofRazaviHollyShrine Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Disertasi Diajukan Kepada Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
    TEOLOGI PERDAMAIAN DALAM JAMAAH TABLIGH DI AMBON Disertasi Diajukan kepada Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Doktor Dalam Bidang Pemikiran Islam Oleh: Baco Sarluf NIM. 31161200000160 Pembimbing Pembimbing I : Prof. Dr. Zainun Kamaluddin Fakih, MA Pembimbing II : Prof. Dr. Amany Burhanuddin Lubis, MA Konsentrasi Pemikiran Islam Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Tahun 2019/1441 KATA PENGANTAR Sanjungan dan pujian yang tak terhingga penulis ungkapkan sebagai rasa syukur kepada Allah SWT. Tuhan semesta alam. Dengan inayah-Nya jualah penulisan buku ini dapat diselesaikan. Begitu pula, shalawat dan salam dihaturkan baginda Nabi Muhammad Saw., keluarga, sahabat, dan para pengikut beliau sampai hari Akhir Jaman. Buku ini semula merupakan hasil dari penelitian penulis untuk disertasi doktor pada Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Judul yang diambil pada saat itu adalah “Teologi Perdamaian dalam Jamaah Tabligh di Ambon”. Penulis harus akui bahwa banyak pihak telah turut ambil bagian menyumbangkan jasa mereka dalam penyelesain buku ini. Sampai dengan saat ini dan juga seterusnya penulis masih tetap mengharapkan bantuan pertolongan dari siapa saja atau pihak mana pun, terutama untuk perbaikan dan penyerpunaan isi buku ini lebih jauh lagi. Pada kesempatan ini pula penulis perlu sekali menyatakan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada para promotor yang telah banyak memberikan bimbingan selama penelitian. Mereka-mereka itu ialah Prof. Dr. Zainun Kamaluddin Fakih, M.A., dan Prof. Dr. Amany Burhanuddin Lubis, M.A., masing- masing sebagai promotor I dan II. Tak lupa juga penulis sampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada promotor I sebelumnya, yaitu Prof. Dr. Yunan Yusuf, M.A., yang karena telah sampai pada masa purna baktinya di lembaga ini, terpaksa harus mengambil sikap mengundurkan diri dari pembimbingan.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey 1996
    Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey 1996 Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan ~DHS Demographic and Health Surveys Macro International Inc. World Summit for Children Indicators: Uzbekistan 1996 Value BASIC INDICATORS Childhood mortality Infant mortality rate 49 per 1,000 Under-five mortality rate 59 per 1,000 Maternal mortality Maternal mortality ratio 39 per 100,000 l Childhood undernutrition Percent stunted (of children under 3 years) 31.3 Percent wasted (of children under 3 years) 11.6 Percent underweight (of children under 3 years) 18.8 Clean water supply Percent of households within 15 minutes of a safe water supply 2 84.8 Sanitary excreta disposal Percent of households with flush toilets or V1P latrines 22.6 Basic education Percent of women 15-49 with completed primary education 99.2 Percent of men 15-49 with completed primary education 99.5 Percent of girls 6-12 attending school 78.6 Percent of boys 6-12 attending school 75.6 Percent of women 15-49 who are literate 99.8 Children in especially Percent of children who are orphans (both parents dead) 0.1 difficult situations Percent of children who do not live with their natural mother 1.7 Percent of children who live in single adult households 1.9 SUPPORTING INDICATORS Women's Health Birth spacing Percent of births within 24 months of a previous birth s 29.5 Safe motherhood Percent of births with medical prenatal care 95.0 Percent of births with prenatal care in first trimester 72.7 Percent of births with medical assistance at
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Development Series No. 43, 2006
    Ecology and Development Series No. 43, 2006 Editor-in-Chief: Paul L.G.Vlek Editors: Manfred Denich Christopher Martius Charles Rodgers Susanne Herbst Water, sanitation, hygiene and diarrheal diseases in the Aral Sea area (Khorezm, Uzbekistan) Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen ABSTRACT The Aral Sea region is a synonym for environmental disaster which is considered to cause various human health problems. However, epidemiological evidence was still lacking. The vast majority of the rural population in Khorezm district, Uzbekistan, situated on the lower Amu Darya River in the Aral Sea Basin, relies on drinking water from groundwater wells. The piped drinking water in Khorezm is mainly abstracted from surface waters. Both drinking water sources are suspected to be frequently fecally contaminated. Since the consumption of fecally polluted drinking water implies a high incidence rate of waterborne disease, it is surprising that official epidemiological data – obtained by passive monitoring – show a considerable decline in incidences of waterborne infectious diseases. This study aimed to create active monitoring data on the incidence of diarrheal diseases and to study the risk factors water, sanitation and hygiene. For the epidemiological data collection, a self-reported monitoring of diarrheal diseases was conducted during a 12-week period in summer 2003 and a 4-week winter follow-up in February 2004. Each of the 186 randomly selected households entered all diarrhea episodes on a daily basis into a diarrhea diary, which was checked and exchanged by interviewers weekly. For the determination of risk factors linked to drinking water hygiene, sanitation and hygiene a standardized questionnaire was designed with a focus on the following points: drinking water issues (collection, storage, treatment), health- related behavior of households, knowledge on diarrhea (causes, prevention, treatment) and domestic hygiene.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of the Egyptian Working Class Author(S): Joel Beinin Reviewed Work(S): Source: MERIP Reports, No
    Formation of the Egyptian Working Class Author(s): Joel Beinin Reviewed work(s): Source: MERIP Reports, No. 94, Origins of the Working Class. Class in the Middle East (Feb., 1981), pp. 14-23 Published by: Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3012255 . Accessed: 03/02/2012 11:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to MERIP Reports. http://www.jstor.org STOR MERIP Reports Please Note: A number of pages in this article were originally published such that a portion of text and some images run across two facing pages. JSTOR has presented these pages as they appear in the source material, with no missing content. For ease of reading we recommend that users print the article. Please click on "Next Page" (at the top of the screen) to begin viewing this article. Construction of the First Aswan Dam around 1900. Formation of the Egyptian MfOflCinfl ClaSS By Joel Beinin roots of the Egyptian working class reach back labor from the villages disrupted traditional social rela? into nineteenth century when Muhammed Ali tions, making migration to the cities in search of work The (1805-1849), founder of the dynasty which ruled more necessary and feasible.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Expertise of Family and Labour Codes of the Republic Of
    GGEENNDDEERR EEXXPPEERRTTIISSEE OOFF FFAAMMIILLYY AANNDD LLAABBOOUURR CCOODDEESS OOFF TTHHEE RREEPPUUBBLLIICC OOFF UUZZBBEEKKIISSTTAANN 1 ©2008 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 Chapter I. GENDER ASPECTS AND FAMILY LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN .… 7 1. CONTRIBUTION INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN PROVISION WITH GENDER EQUALITY IN FAMILY RELATIONS ………..………………………………………………………….. 10 2. FAMILY CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF GENDER EQUALITY ……………………………………… 15 2.1. Freedom of marriage and problems of gender equality ... 17 2.2. Marriage age and matters of gender equality ……….. 19 2.3. Spouses’ privacy relations and problems of 22 equality…………………………………………………………… 2.4. Determination of an origin of children and problems of 23 quality…………………………………………………………… 2.5. Affiliation in the voluntary order and a problem of gender equality ……………………………………………………………. 24 2.6. The spouse obligation on payment of the alimony to the wife during her pregnancy and within three years from the date of a birth of the common child …………………………….. 26 2.7. The obligations of the spouses (former spouses) on the mutual support …………………………………………………… 27 2.8.Marriage contract and alimony agreements in the light of gender equality …………………………………………………… 28 2.9. Divorcement and a problem of gender equality …………… 29 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………… 31 Chapter II LABOUR CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND ITS GENDER MEASUREMENT ………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PARTNERING FOR GENDER EQUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized TRUST FUNDS PROGRAM REPORT This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality ................................................................ 3 Activities in 2017 .............................................................................................. 6 Improving Human Endowments ................................................................. 7 Removing Constraints for More and Better Jobs ......................................... 9 Removing Barriers to Women’s Ownership
    [Show full text]