DOCSLIB.ORG

Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R STUDIA FORESTALIA SUECICA NR 39 1966 Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. An Analysis of Soviet Competitive Potentialities Skogsekonomi i Sovjet~rnionen rned en unalys av landets potentiella konkurrenskraft by KARL VIICTOR ALGTTERE SICOGSH~GSICOLAN ROYAL COLLEGE OF FORESTRY STOCKHOLM Lord Keynes on the role of the economist: "He must study the present in the light of the past for the purpose of the future." Printed in Sweden by ESSELTE AB STOCKHOLM Foreword Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. is a special study of the forestry sector of the Soviet economy. As such it makes a further contribution to the studies undertaken in recent years to elucidate the means and ends in Soviet planning; also it attempts to assess the competitive potentialities of the U.S.S.R. in international trade. Soviet studies now command a very great interest and are being undertaken at some twenty universities and research institutes mainly in the United States, the United Kingdoin and the German Federal Republic. However, it would seem that the study of the development of the forestry sector has riot received the detailed attention given to other fields. In any case, there have not been any analytical studies published to date elucidating fully the connection between forestry and the forest industries and the integration of both in the economy as a whole. Studies of specific sections have appeared from time to time, but I have no knowledge of any previous study which gives a complete picture of the Soviet forest economy and which could faci- litate the marketing policies of the western world, being undertaken at any university or college. With the present work the Department of Forest Economics of the Royal College of Forestry (Skogshogskolm), Stockholm, Sweden, has undertaken the important but dii'f'icult task of endeavouring to fill this research gap in forest economics. It should be stated that the oondi- lions for a more objective and valid analysis of the purely forestry situation in the U.S.S.R. have improved very considerably during the last few years through the recently made forest inventories. This has made it possible to carry out the present work on a regional basis, with studies of the position of the forest industries in the different econornic regions of the U.S.S.R., and to attempt to forecast the develop- ment potentialities of the forest industries on the basis of the invento- ries made. In view of the importance of assessing the competitive potentialities of the Soviet planned economy in forest products enter- ing international trade a great deal of attention has also been devoted to the centrally directed Soviet trade policy and to the possibilities that the Soviet State trading monopoly consequently has, compared with the divided efforts of the capitalist countries, in the intense competitive situation which exists in the world market to-day. This study has been facilitated by a special grant from the Pulp Industry Foundation for Research and 'reaching in Technology and Forestry (Cellulostrindlzstrierls sti/'lclse fijr ieknisk och skoglig forsk- ning). With the financial means ~~hichhale been placed at our disposal it has been possible lo conlmission the undertaking of this study by Karl Vilttor Algvere, who has previously been associated with the Department of Forest Economics as research leader on special grants. Both in the planning and the undertaking of the research project Mr. Algvere has been able to draw from hi., extensive expe- rience in the field concerned. He has systematically followed the devel- opnlent in Soviet forestry and forest industry on the basis of original Russian publications of the last 14 years and should therefore be familiar with the intricate matter oS So~ietstudies. The importance given to the setting of goals in the analysis of Soviet forest management-a suhject in which Mr. Algvere has taken special interest-is reilected in the particular attention devoted to it in this study with an account of the various economic ideologies and with a comparison of the systems of forestry employed under the Czarist regime and under the Soviets. Therefore Part I1 "Management of Forest Land under different Econonlic Systems", which follows the introductory Part I "Natural and Econonlic Background", provides not only a background for continuing the study of Soviet forest re- sources, forest industries and marketing policies concerning forest products but also can be consitleretl as a special and carefully detailed thesis on the pertaining questions. Stoclillolni, April 1966 EIXARSTRIDSBERG Head of the Department of Forest Economics Royal College of Forestry Translator's Note This study was compiled in Swedish with extensive passages in English, German and Rassian. Mr. J. Flower-Ellis has corrected the sections concerning vegetation and conditions of forest growth; for the translation work I had the assistance of Mrs. Eva hlarshall. The use of technical terms was decided in consultatio~~with the author. The final version of the translation was supervised by the author to- gether with the undersigned. P. E. Rurlce Acknowledgements This study has been undertalien as a research project of the Depart- ment of Forest Economics of the Royal College of Forestry, Stocliholm, Sweden. I aclinowledge my indebtedness to that institution which has placed resources at illy disposal for the realisation of this project. hIy chief debt of gratitude is due to Professor EINARSTHIUSBERG, the Head of the Del~artmentof Forest Economics, for the initiation of the study and for the generous support and friendly advice at all stages of the work. The various portions of the test have been read in draft form by a grcat many experts and improved by their coinments. In this respect I owe profound gratitude to Professor TII~RST~NSTREIFFEHT, the for- mer Dean of the Royal College of Forestry, Stocliholm, who has given me much encouragelnent, insight and ~aluablesuggestions during our discussions of the subject matter. For valuahle suggestions made after reading the manuscript I am indebted to Professors Gvsrvan ALES~KUEHSSONof the Stocliholm School of Economics, BER~ILN:is~vsu of Slocliholm University, EINO SAARI,the fornlcr Head of the Departinent of Forest Policy at the Uni~ersityof I-Ielsingfors, Finland. Part IV has benefited from the critical co~liinentsof Professor VILJO HOLOPAINLK,the Director of the Forest Kesearch Institute, Helsingfors, Finland, and of KNUTRohcc, the Director of the Swedish Timber Export Association, Stockholm. hIy indebtedness is extended also to EUIJARDPOOM, lecturer at the University of Stocliholm, mho has read Part I1 and some sections of Part IV. In addition, I have been aided in the collection of the material, in the compilation and the translation of the nlani~scriptby a great nun~ber of persons in the employment of the Royal College of Forestry and else- where. Their help and co-operation are aclinosvledged with gratitude. Stockllolm, April 1966 K. V. ALGVERE CONTENTS Page Fore~vord................................................................. 3 Translator's Kote ......................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ......................................................... 5 List of Tables ............................................................. 11 List of Figures ............................................................ 14 Abbreviations ............................................................. 16 INTRODUCTION 1.Purpose and Scope ....................................................... 17 2 . Nature of the Study and Availability of Source Material ..................... 20 3 . Research IIethodology ................................................... 22 4 . Outlineof Presentation ................................................... 24 PART I NATURAL AND ECONOBIIC BACKGROC'ND 1. Vegetation Zones 1.1 General Characteristics of Physiographic and Climatic Conditions ............ 1.2 Division into Soil and Vegetation Zones ................................. 1.3 Tundra Zone ........................................................ 1.4 Forest Zone ......................................................... 1.5 Steppe Zone ......................................................... 1.6 Semi-Desert and Desert Zone ......................................... 1.7 Subtropical Zone .................................................... 1.8 RIountainRegions .................................................... 2. Sutural Conditions for Forest Growth 2.1Pine Forests ......................................................... 42 2.2 Spruce Forests ....................................................... 47 2.3 Larch Forests ........................................................ 52 2.4 Other Coniferous Forests .............................................. 54 2.5 Oak Forests ......................................................... 56 2.6 Birch Forests ........................................................ 57 2.7 Aspen and Poplar Forests ............................................. 58 2.8 Other Deciduous Forests .............................................. 59 3 . Statistics of Forest Resources 3.1 Soviet Forest Inventories .............................................. 62 3.2 Forest Area ......................................................... 66 3.3 Classification of Forests ............................................... 74 3.4 Volume and Growth .................................................. 78 4. Settlement and Popdation 4.1 Historical Outline of Settlement on Russian Plains ......................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Developments in Arctic Shipping and Logistics
    Felix H. Tschudi Tschudi Shipping Company Centre for High North Logistics Developments in Arctic Shipping and Logistics Seminar on Economic Risks and Opportunities in the Arctic Reykjavik, 22.11.2012 TSCHUDI SHIPPING COMPANY The Tschudi Group with roots back to 1883 (www.tschudishipping.com) is an offshore, shipping and logistics group with particular focus on the east-west trades of cargoes and projects involving the Baltic, Russia and the CIS countries including the High North of Russia and Norway. CONVENTIONAL SHIPPING ICE CLASS MULTIPURPOSE CONTAINER VESSELS TANKERS, BULK AND COMBINATION CARRIERS PROJECT CARGOES COMMODITY SHIPPING OFFSHORE •Anchorhandling tug supply vessels •Ocean going tugs TSCHUDI LOGISTICS East – West .Container lines logistics between western Europe, .Door – door transportation Russia and the Central Asian .Project cargoes Republic .Rail and road forwarding Including Tschudi Northern Logistics based in Kirkenes and Murmansk, specialising in cross border transportation and custom clearance The TSC rationale for focusing on logistics in the High North is: . Energy and Mineral Resource development in the High North is accelerating transport solutions are key to its realisation! . This development is possible due to : climate change - ice reduction technological developments - resource extraction/ice operations active interest from Russia and a general cooperative spirit but most importantly; high commodity prices Sydvaranger Gruve – Northern Iron In 2006, the closed down Sydvaranger iron ore mine in Kirkenes, Northern Norway was acquired in order to gain access to arctic port facilities. In November 2009 the first vessel was loaded for China with 75 000 of iron ore concentrate. During 2010 all shipments went to China The company Northern Iron (www.northerniron.com.au) is listed on the Australian stock exchange (ASX) Tschudi controls 20% of the outstanding shares today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Revolutions: the Impact and Limitations of Western Influence
    Dickinson College Dickinson Scholar Faculty and Staff Publications By Year Faculty and Staff Publications 2003 The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence Karl D. Qualls Dickinson College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Qualls, Karl D., "The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence" (2003). Dickinson College Faculty Publications. Paper 8. https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications/8 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Dickinson Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Karl D. Qualls The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence After the collapse of the Soviet Union, historians have again turned their attention to the birth of the first Communist state in hopes of understanding the place of the Soviet period in the longer sweep of Russian history. Was the USSR an aberration from or a consequence of Russian culture? Did the Soviet Union represent a retreat from westernizing trends in Russian history, or was the Bolshevik revolution a product of westernization? These are vexing questions that generate a great deal of debate. Some have argued that in the late nineteenth century Russia was developing a middle class, representative institutions, and an industrial economy that, while although not as advanced as those in Western Europe, were indications of potential movement in the direction of more open government, rule of law, free market capitalism. Only the Bolsheviks, influenced by an ideology imported, paradoxically, from the West, interrupted this path of Russian political and economic westernization.
    [Show full text]
  • Реки Сахалина Rivers of Sakhalin Island
    Сахалин Энерджи Инвестмент Компани Лтд. Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. Реки Сахалина Rivers of Sakhalin Island Владивосток 2012 ББК 28.68 Анд 65 Реки Сахалина / «Сахалин Энерджи Инвестмент Компани Лтд. — Владивосток: издательство «Апельсин», 2012. 156 С. «Реки Сахалина» — очередная книга в серии изданий, посвященных природе острова и подходам компании «Сахалин Энерджи» к сохранению биоразноо- бразия. Научно-популярный текст рассказывает о многообразии и богатстве рек, об особенностях речных обитателей. Для иллюстрации использованы фо - тографии, сделанные во время проведения строительных и мониторинговых работ, а также подаренные неравнодушными к сахалинской природе людьми. “Rivers of Sakhalin Island” is another publication in a series of books focusing on Т. Звездов / T. Zvezdov the nature of Sakhalin Island and the approaches of Sakhalin Energy to conserve its biological diversity. This popular science publication explores the diversity and richness of local rivers, as well as their inhabitants. It also contains photographs captured during construction and monitoring activities, as well as images donated by enthusiasts of Проект «Cахалин-2» и реки Sakhalin nature. Под общей редакцией к.б.н. Валентины Андреевой Сахалин со всех сторон окружен морской водой, да Sakhalin-2 Project and rivers Авторы текста: Наталья Сурмач, к.б.н. Валентина Андреева, Тимофей Звездов и на его поверхности воды хоть отбавляй — множество Перевод: Михаил Водопьянов рек, ручьев, озер и болот, кроме того, остров богат и Sakhalin is surrounded by the sea, yet it lacks no water Редактор перевода: Т.Р. Налл подземными водами. Речная сеть здесь настолько гу- sources on its surface – there are many rivers, brooks, Дизайн и верстка: Эллина Киселева стая, что если нанести все известные водотоки, карта lakes, wetlands, as well as underground waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fires and Their Causes in the Czech Republic (1992–2004)
    JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 59, 2013 (2): 41–53 Forest fires and their causes in the Czech Republic (1992–2004) E. Kula, Z. Jankovská Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTraCT: Forest fires under conditions of the Czech Republic are evaluated from the aspect of their frequency of occurrence in 1992–2004 at a level of particular years, seasons, days and daytime, and causes of their origin. They are confronted with a situation in the CR in 1974–1983. Effects of climatic conditions are a limiting factor not only for the frequency of their origin but also for the size of the burnt area. Spring (April) and summer (August) culminations were balanced. The burnt area of the best part of forest fires (88.9%) was < 1 ha. The increased frequency of forest fires was noted in afternoon hours and during weekends. Areas threatened by fires are characterized by the increased visit number. In the spectrum of causes, a dominant position is taken up by fire raising, smoking and management in the forest. Railway operation and lightning represent minority causes of the origin of forest fires. In the course of the year, the structure of forest fire origin changes depending on activities in the forest and visit number. Keywords: fire risk; preventive measures; occurrence; burnt area; season; frequency Forest fires depending on site conditions and their tion of causes of their origin. In addition to ordinarily extent can disturb the stability of forest ecosystems. occurring types of forest fires (ground, surface, crown) Affected areas show changes in their water regime, the fire of a gale-disaster area (Chromek 2006) was in the content and composition of nutrients and newly attached to the types mentioned above due to their cycling, physical and chemical properties of the specific properties of the fire spreading.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Aspects About the Illegal Loggings in Romania
    SOME ASPECTS ABOUT THE ILLEGAL LOGGINGS IN ROMANIA By Viorel MARINESCU Director Forestry Regulation Department Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development ROMANIA TABLE OF CONTENTS: page I. GENERAL APPRECIANTIONS.......................................................................1 1. A short presentation of the situation of Romanian forests..............................1 2. A short presentation of the legislation.............................................................4 II. THE SITUATION CREATED AFTER 1989 CONCERNING ILLEGAL CUTTING.................................................................................................................5 1. The presentation of the forest property situation.............................................5 2. The presentation of the manner in which is ensured forest administration and forest management in Romania................................................................6 3. The presentation of the forest state from the point of view of illegal cutting, before and after 1989......................................................................................7 III. THE PROJECTED AND TAKEN MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTING AND LIMITING ILLEGAL CUTTING....................................................... 9 IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………11 2 I. GENERAL APPRECIATION: I.1. A short presentation of the Romanian forest aspects The areas covered in Romania by forest vegetation in conformity with Law no.26/1996 – Forest Code, are classified in the following categories: • The lands
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Aviation Transportation
    SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Response CapacityandSustainableDevelopment Arctic Transportation Infrastructure: Transportation Arctic 3-6 December 2012 | Reykjavik, Iceland 3-6 December2012|Reykjavik, Prepared for the Sustainable Development Working Group Prepared fortheSustainableDevelopment Working By InstituteoftheNorth,Anchorage, Alaska,USA PROCEEDINGS: 20 Decem B er 2012 ICElANDIC coast GuARD INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 6 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................... 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................... 8 Chapters—Workshop Proceedings................................................. 10 1. Current infrastructure and response 2. Current and future activity 3. Infrastructure and investment 4. Infrastructure and sustainable development 5. Conclusions: What’s next? Appendices ................................................................................ 21 A. Arctic vignettes—innovative best practices B. Case studies—showcasing Arctic infrastructure C. Workshop materials 1) Workshop agenda 2) Workshop participants 3) Project-related terminology 4) List of data points and definitions 5) List of Arctic marine and aviation infrastructure AlASkA DepartmENT OF ENvIRONmental
    [Show full text]
  • The Petroleum Potential of the Riphean–Vendian Succession of Southern East Siberia
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253369249 The petroleum potential of the Riphean–Vendian succession of southern East Siberia CHAPTER in GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS · MAY 2012 Impact Factor: 2.58 · DOI: 10.1144/SP366.1 CITATIONS READS 2 95 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Olga K. Bogolepova Uppsala University 51 PUBLICATIONS 271 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Alexander P. Gubanov Scandiz Research 55 PUBLICATIONS 485 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Olga K. Bogolepova Retrieved on: 08 March 2016 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on March 25, 2013 Geological Society, London, Special Publications The petroleum potential of the Riphean-Vendian succession of southern East Siberia James P. Howard, Olga K. Bogolepova, Alexander P. Gubanov and Marcela G?mez-Pérez Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2012, v.366; p177-198. doi: 10.1144/SP366.1 Email alerting click here to receive free e-mail alerts when service new articles cite this article Permission click here to seek permission to re-use all or request part of this article Subscribe click here to subscribe to Geological Society, London, Special Publications or the Lyell Collection Notes © The Geological Society of London 2013 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on March 25, 2013 The petroleum potential of the Riphean–Vendian succession of southern East Siberia JAMES P. HOWARD*, OLGA K. BOGOLEPOVA, ALEXANDER P. GUBANOV & MARCELA GO´ MEZ-PE´ REZ CASP, West Building, 181a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DH, UK *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The Siberian Platform covers an area of c.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy
    Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy Mark Harrison* Department of Economics and CAGE, University of Warwick Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University Inga Zaksauskienė** Faculty of History, Vilnius University Abstract We provide the first thick description of the counter-intelligence function in a command economy of the Soviet type. Based on documentation from Soviet Lithuania, the paper considers the KGB (secret police) as a market regulator, commissioned to prevent the disclosure of secret government business and forestall the disruption of government plans. Where market regulation in open societies is commonly intended to improve market transparency, competition, and fair treatment of consumers and employees, KGB regulation was designed to enforce secrecy, monopoly, and discrimination. One consequence of KGB regulation of the labour market may have been adverse selection for talent. We argue that the Soviet economy was designed to minimize the costs. Keywords: communism, command economy, discrimination, information, loyalty, regulation, security, surveillance, Soviet Union. JEL Codes: N44, P21. * Mail: Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected]. ** Mail: Universiteto g. 7, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania. Email: [email protected]. First draft: 26 April 2013. This version: 11 December 2014. Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy Data Appendix Table
    [Show full text]
  • European Freshwater Mussels (Unio Spp., Unionidae) in Siberia and Kazakhstan: Pleistocene Relicts Or Recent Invaders?
    Limnologica 90 (2021) 125903 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Limnologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/limno European freshwater mussels (Unio spp., Unionidae) in Siberia and Kazakhstan: Pleistocene relicts or recent invaders? E.S. Babushkin a,b,c,*, M.V. Vinarski a,d, A.V. Kondakov a,e, A.A. Tomilova e, M.E. Grebennikov f, V.A. Stolbov g, I.N. Bolotov a,e a Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb., 7/9, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia b Surgut State University, Lenina Ave., 1, 628403, Surgut, Russia c Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026, Tyumen, Russia d Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14 Tukhachevskogo Emb., 644099, Omsk, Russia e N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb., 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia f Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 marta St., 202, 620144, Yekaterinburg, Russia g Tyumen State University, Volodarskogo St., 6, 625003, Tyumen, Russia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Unionidae is a species-rich family of large freshwater mussels with an almost worldwide distribution. In many Bivalves regions of the world, these mussels are imperiled. Northern Asia, excluding the Far East, is an excellent example ’ Ob River basin of a region with a sharply impoverished fauna of the Unionidae as recently thought with one native species. Since Range recovery the end of the 19th century, two freshwater mussel species of the genus Unio (U. pictorum and U.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Forest Management and Urban Green Spaces in the Post-Stalinist Press, 1953-1982
    Soviet Forest Management and Urban Green Spaces in the Post-Stalinist Press, 1953-1982 Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of History Gregory L. Freeze, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by Allison Brown May 2016 Copyright by Allison Brown © 2016 ABSTRACT Soviet Forest Management and Urban Green Spaces in the Post-Stalinist Press, 1953-1982 A thesis presented to the Department of History Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Allison Brown In the decades following Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953, the Soviet government largely continued his policies of accelerated industrialization. This drive for industrial growth had a profound impact on Soviet forests and the industry that was responsible for their management. While certain sectors of the economy, such as the military and space programs, enjoyed significant attention and monetary contributions from the government in the latter half of the twentieth century, the forestry industry was less fortunate. The Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras (1953-82) were plagued by poor communications between state officials and the management structure of the forestry sector, a lack of investment to train specialists and to develop new technologies and techniques, little commitment to waste reduction and more efficient use of resources, and an inability to break “old habits” that had beset that sector of the industry for decades. While the forestry industry struggled to modernize and reorganize, city planners faced challenges in meeting the demands of city-dwellers and state officials, who demanded the inclusion of urban green spaces and forest belts in both old and new cities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Sea Route: Turning a Transportation Disadvantage Into an Advantage
    Felix H. Tschudi Chairman Tschudi Shipping Company Centre for High North Logistics The Northern Sea Route: Turning a transportation Disadvantage into an Advantage Arctic Tipping Points Tromsø, January 25, 2010 CONVENTIONAL SHIPPING ICE CLASS MULTIPURPOSE CONTAINER VESSELS TANKERS, BULK AND COMBINATION CARRIERS PROJECT CARGOES COMMODITY SHIPPING OFFSHORE •Anchorhandling tug supply vessels •Ocean going tugs Tschudi Logistics .Container lines East – West logistics between .Door – door transportation western Europe, Russia and the . Central Asian Project cargoes Republic .Rail and road forwarding Including Tschudi Northern Logistics based in Kirkenes and Murmansk, specialising in cross border transportation and custom clearance We like to see the Earth from this Direction The TSC rationale for focusing on logistics in the High North is: . Energy and Mineral Resource development in the High North is now accelerating transport solutions are key to realising this . This development is more realistic than ever before due to : ice reduction technological developments high commodity prices and, not least, an interest from Russia in making it possible. Too large savings to be ignored! An example: Iron ore prices and the importance of freight Centre for High North Logistics An international independent non-profit organisation initiated by TSC and supported by the Norwegian MFA , Statoil, DnV and others (www.chnl.no) Vision: To be the preferred knowledge network for creating and developing efficient and sustainable logistical solutions for the
    [Show full text]
  • Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby
    THE PRE- AND PROTO-HISTORIC FINNS BOTH EASTERN AND WESTERN WITH THE MAGIC SONGS OF THE WEST FINNS BY THE HONOURABLE JOHN ABERCROMBY IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. 1898 Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby. This edition was created and published by Global Grey ©GlobalGrey 2018 globalgreyebooks.com CONTENTS Preface The Value Of Additional Letters Of The Alphabet Full Titles Of Books Consulted And Referred To Illustrations Chapter 1. Geographical Position And Craniology Of The Finns Chapter 2. The Neolithic Age In Finland Chapter 3. Historical Notices Of Classical Authors Chapter 4. The Prehistoric Civilisation Of The Finns Chapter 5. The Third Or Iranian Period Chapter 6. Beliefs Of The West Finns As Exhibited In The Magic Songs 1 PREFACE In this country the term Finn is generally restricted to the natives of Finland, with perhaps those of Esthonia thrown in. But besides these Western Finns there are other small nationalities in Central and Northern Russia, such as the Erza and Mokša Mordvins, the Čeremis, Votiaks, Permians, and Zịrians, to whom the term is very properly applied, though with the qualifying adjective—Eastern. Except by Folklorists, little attention is paid in Great Britain to these peoples, and much that is written of them abroad finds no response here, the 'silver streak' acting, it would seem, as a non-conductor to such unsensational and feeble vibrations. Although the languages of the Eastern and Western Finns differ as much perhaps among themselves as the various members of the Aryan group, the craniological and physical differences between any two Finnish groups is very much less than between the Latin and the Teutonic groups, for instance.
    [Show full text]