ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Albert Gallatin HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1528

October: Henry Thoreau would be motivated, in “A YANKEE IN CANADA”, to dispel a myth that had grown up about this period in the history of the exploration of the North American continent: “Schoolcraft [Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1793-1864] was misled by Gallatin [Albert Gallatin, 1761-1849] into saying that Narvaez [the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, 1478-1528)] discovered the Mississippi. De Vega [Garcilaso de la Vega, 1539-1616] does not say so.”

“A YANKEE IN CANADA”: The most interesting object in Canada to me was the River St. Lawrence, known far and wide, and for centuries, as the Great River. Cartier, its discoverer, sailed up it as far as Montreal in 1535, — nearly a century before the coming of the Pilgrims; and I have seen a pretty accurate map of it so far, containing the city of “Hochelaga” and the river “Saguenay,” in Ortelius’s THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM, printed at Antwerp in 1575, – the first edition having appeared in 1570,– in which the famous cities of “Norumbega” and “Orsinora” stand on the rough-blocked continent where New England is to-day, and the fabulous but unfortunate Isle of Demons, and Frislant, and others, lie off and on in the unfrequented sea, some of them prowling near what is now the course of the Cunard steamers. In this ponderous folio of the “Ptolemy of his age,” said to be the first general atlas published after the revival of the sciences in Europe, only one page of which is devoted to the topography of the Novus Orbis, the St. Lawrence is the only large river, whether drawn from fancy or from observation, on the east side of North America. It was famous in Europe before the other rivers of North America were heard of, notwithstanding that the mouth of the Mississippi, or even the Hudson, was known to the world. (Schoolcraft was misled by Gallatin into saying that Narvaez discovered the Mississippi. De Vega does not say so.) The first explorers declared that the summer in that country was as warm as France, and they named one of the bays in the Gulf of St. Lawrence the Bay of Chaleur, or of warmth; but they said nothing about the winter being as cold as Greenland. In the manuscript account of Cartier’s second voyage, attributed by some to that navigator himself, it is called “the greatest river, without comparison, that is known to have ever been seen.”

ABRAHAM ORTELIUS HENRY ROWE SCHOOLCRAFT ALBERT GALLATIN HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

Thoreau seems to have been making reference to a footnote on page 32 of Volume III of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft’s and Seth Eastman’s HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION, RESPECTING THE HISTORY, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE INDIAN TRIBES OF THE UNITED STATES: COLL. AND PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS PER ACT OF CONGRESS OF MARCH 3RD 1847: “It has been stated by Mr. Gallatin, vide Am. Eth. Trans. Vol. II., p.—, that he [the 1528 expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, 1478-1528)] discovered the mouth of the Mississippi; but this is not sustained by De Vaca, and there is no other authority” (we should make careful note of the fact that Thoreau has here substituted the name “De Vega,” which is to say “Garcilaso de la Vega, 1539-1616, author of the 1605 LA FLORIDA DEL INCA,” for Schoolcraft’s “De Vaca,” meaning “Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, circa 1490/1507-circa 1557/1559, author of the 1543 LA RELACIÓN” — because I do no myself know whether this amounts to Thoreau’s silent correction of an error, or, perhaps, his inadvertent introduction of an error). Here is the actual passage by Albert Gallatin containing that misunderstanding (it had appeared in Transactions of the American Ethnological Society for 1848):

1848 TRANS. AM. ETHN. SOC.

What the 1528 expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez did do was skirt the coast and note that they sailed through fresh water far at sea. This was however not a “first sighting by a white man,” not only because it was not a sighting, but also because already in June 1519, nine years earlier the four ships of Alfonsó Alvaréz Pinéda had reconnoitered the mouth of the Mississippi.

It was in this year that Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and three others off the coast of Texas, at Galveston Island, became castaways from the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1761

January 29, Thursday: Albert Gallatin was born at Geneva in a family that was able to trace itself back to the 13th Century. He would become an orphan, his father dying while he was at the age of four.

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

Albert Gallatin “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1765

In Switzerland, Jean Gallatin, the father of Albert Gallatin, died. The 4-year-old would be brought up by Mademoiselle Pictet, a family friend.

In a piece from which he distanced himself a bit by titling it LA PROFESSION DE FOI DU VICAIRE SAVOYARD (THE PROFESSION OF FAITH OF A SAVOYARD VICAR) Jean-Jacques Rousseau at this point was setting out his own religious views. He confessed he never could entertain doubt as to the existence of God or as to the immortality of the human soul. He indicated a strong emotional drive toward the worship of a God whose presence he felt most forcefully in nature untouched by the hand of man, as in remote mountains and forests. He attached great importance to conscience as the “divine voice of the soul in man,” opposing this both to the reliance upon mere reason in ethics and to the reliance upon scriptural authority. Such minimalism set him at odds not only with the orthodox devotees of faith but also with the atheistic Philosophes with their religion of reason, so that he found himself after being expelled from France being pursued also in Switzerland, from canton to canton.

Appropriating the terminology of usefulness, Rousseau pled for the preservation of the forests of Corsica (PROJET DE CONSTITUTION POUR LA CORSE). This amounted to ad hominem argumentation, based not upon the author’s own attitudes but upon attitudes presumed to be typical of the members of his intended audience, and thus one must read this treatise most carefully in order to perceive in it any irony, or to come to suspect that original nature was to this author something other than a mere source of raw material.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Albert Gallatin HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1773

January: At the age of 12, Albert Gallatin was sent to boarding school.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Albert Gallatin HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1775

August: Albert Gallatin matriculated at the academy of Geneva (instruction there was primarily in Latin, with also some Greek).

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Albert Gallatin HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1779

May: Albert Gallatin graduated from the academy of Geneva.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

Albert Gallatin “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1784

After some misadventures in Massachusetts and Maine, the 22-year-old from Switzerland, Albert Gallatin, arrived at Richmond, Virginia and noted Southern Hospitality to have “no parallel anywhere within the circle of my travels.”

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

Albert Gallatin “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1793

December 2, Monday: Albert Gallatin, who had been duly credentialed by the Pennsylvania legislature, took his seat in the federal Senate. A week later that body would begin discussion on a motion to eject him because he had not yet been a citizen for the nine years required by the US Constitution. Senator Gallatin would use his brief period in office to introduce a bill demanding that Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton provide a detailed accounting for all Treasury operations, all loans, and all imports and exports. In this he would have the support of Senator Aaron Burr. Eventually this “Swiss financial expert” would in fact be expelled from the US Senate.

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

Albert Gallatin “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1794

August 7, Friday: The Whiskey Rebellion. READ THE FULL TEXT

When President George Washington would send Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton at the head of a military formation to western Pennsylvania to put down this insurrection and enforce the federal excise tax on whiskey, one of the hidden no-longer-Mr.-Nice-Guy objectives of that military formation would be to seek out and “terminate,” their term, Hamilton’s political foe, the local fiscal hero Albert Gallatin. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1796

Albert Gallatin had helped to initiate, in western Pennsylvania, a Democratic-Republican or Jefferson Republican political formation, on the foundation of a less-governmental-intervention-in-the-economy, strict- construction-of-the-Constitution, states-rights rhetoric. He had made himself the financial leader of these Jeffersonians. In this year he wrote a major plank of their platform in opposition to the Federalists, “A Sketch of the Finances of the United States,” positioning them as what we might term deficit hawks: we shouldn’t found a national bank and become a debtor nation because “every nation is enfeebled by a public debt” (the Jacksonians would later build up their new political formation on a similar rhetorical foundation).

March 1, Thursday: Albert Gallatin proposed to the federal Congress that they eliminate appropriations for the US ministers in Germany and Holland, thus limiting the federal government’s diplomatic contact to Great Britain, France, and Spain. This would not only save some money, he offered, but also, would keep dangerous powers of patronage and influence out of the hands of the executive branch. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1807

August: Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin noted that anti-British feelings among New-York businessmen seemed to be lessening. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1808

April 4, Monday: A “Report on Public Roads and Canals” by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was made in pursuance of a resolution of the US Senate on March 2, 1807. ERIE CANAL

Jesse Hawley’s treatise “Observations on Canals” predicted that a canal across New York would greatly increase the state’s trade and importance (this consisted of his series of 13 pseudonymous articles composed while he had been imprisoned for debt in Canandaigua). The New York legislature introduced a bill to fund a feasibility study for a New York State canal, retaining Judge James Geddes to make surveys of routes across the state, to Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. He completed his study and reported that the project could work despite the 500-foot change in elevation from west to east.

A pamphlet was published proposing a wooden flume linking New-York with Philadelphia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd 4th of 4th M / The day has passed as many, yea very many others have with a retrograde motion as respects devotion of heart - In the eveng called at Saml Gibbs on buisness & then a few minutes at CR’s RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN 1809

From this year into 1817, the 4th administration, that of President James Madison. Secretaries of State: • Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 6, 1819 • James Monroe, of Virginia, April 2, 1811

Secretaries of the Treasury: • Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, continued in office • George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, February 9, 1814 • Alexander J. Dallas, of Tennessee, October 6, 1814

Secretaries of War: • William Eustice, of Massachusetts, March 7, 1809 • John Armstrong, of New York, January 13, 1813 • James Monroe, of Virginia, September 27, 1814 • W.H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 3, 1815

Secretaries of the Navy: • Paul Hamilton, of South Carolina, March 7, 1809 • William Jones, of Pennsylvania, January 12, 1813 • Benjamin W. Crowninshield, of Massachusetts, December 17, 1814

Postmasters-General: • Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, continued in office • Return J. Meigs, of Ohio, March 17, 1814

Attorneys-General: • Caesar Rodney, of Delaware, continued in office • William Pinkney, of Maryland, December 11, 1811 • Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, February 10, 1814

Speakers of the House of Representatives: • Joseph B. Varnum, of Massachusetts, XIth Congress, 1809 • Henry Clay, of Kentucky, XIIth Congress, 1811 • Henry Clay, of Kentucky, XIIIth Congress, 1813 • Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, XIIIth Congress, 1814 • Henry Clay, of Kentucky, XIVth Congress, 1815 HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN Prexy Veep

1789-1797 George Washington of [No party John Adams 1789-1797

1797- 1801 John Adams Federalist Thomas Jefferson 1797- 1801

1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson Democratic- Aaron Burr 1801-1805 Republican George Clinton 1805-1809

1809-1817 James Madison Democratic- George Clinton 1809-1812 Republican [No “Veep”] April 1812-March 1813 Elbridge Gerry 1813-1814 [No “Veep”] November 1814-March 1817

1817-1825 James Monroe Democratic- Daniel D. Tompkins 1817-1825 Republican

1825-1829 John Quincy Adams Democratic- John Caldwell Calhoun 1825-1829 Republican

1829-1837 Andrew Jackson Democrat John Caldwell Calhoun 1829-1832 [No “Veep”] December 1832-March 1833 Martin Van Buren 1833-1837

1837-1841 Martin Van Buren Democrat Richard M. Johnson 1837-1841

1841 William Henry Harrison Whig John Tyler 1841

1841-1845 John Tyler Whig [No “Veep”] 1841-1845

1845-1849 James Knox Polk Democrat George M. Dallas 1845-1849

1849-1850 Zachary Taylor Whig Millard Fillmore 1849-1850

1850-1853 Millard Fillmore Whig [No “Veep”] 1850-1853

1853-1857 Franklin Pierce Democrat William R. King 1853 [No “Veep”] April 1853-March 1857

1857-1861 James Buchanan Democrat John C. Breckinridge 1857-1861

1861-1865 Abraham Lincoln Republican Hannibal Hamlin 1861-1865 Andrew Johnson 1865

1865-1869 Andrew Johnson Democrat / [No “Veep”] 1865-1869 National Union HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1814

December 24, Saturday: George Gordon, Lord Byron and Hobhouse left London.

In Stockholm, Muzio Clementi was elected to the Royal Academy of Music.

A convention of New England states, meeting at the State House in Hartford, Connecticut, called for changes in defense and federal taxation and issued its list of proposed constitutional amendments.

The territorial government in Kaskaskia (Illinois) authorized a prize of $50 for any “Indian” scalp, or any captured female or child “Indian.”

American sailors being held in the prison complex on the Devonshire moor near Plymouth, England received their long-awaited Christmas present when John Quincy Adams, James Asheton Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin as commissioners on the part of the United States of America set their signatures to a Treaty of Ghent officiously terminating the War of 1812. Almost all territory was returned status quo ante, CRIMPING with other issues being either put off or ignored — but as it would turn out, the free enterprise USA would be in no great hurry to send ships to repatriate any such low-income, low-status naval laborers. They were definitely worthy enough to serve as a pretense for the war, as a “cause” — but definitely not worthy enough actually to be worth the bother of arranging such personal assistance.

It was agreed by all that if there had been anything that the war had been about, definitely it had not been about freedom for any former slaves, who were immediately to be remanded to their bondage: All ... possessions whatsoever taken by either party from the other during the war ... shall be restored without delay and without causing any destruction or carrying away any ... Slaves or other private property.... Adams, one of the American commissioners who had negotiated this agreement, had pretended to commit the United States “to use their best endeavors” to assist the British fleet in bringing the Atlantic slave trade to an end. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

Two White Men Shaking Hands

Actually this international slave trade would be expanding as the clipper ships built in the shipbuilding yards of Baltimore and of Rhode Island would become able to outdistance the ponderous British men-of-war on guard off the coast of Africa, to deliver their cargoes of slaves to ports in the New World. As secretary of state and as president, Adams would have something of greater moment on his mind. He would consistently oppose any British search of these American slave vessels as a violation of the vital principle of freedom of the seas. When asked in 1824 by the British minister to Washington if he could think of a greater evil than the slave trade, he would reply that there was indeed a greater evil of which he could think, for to grant that right of search on the high seas would be to “make slaves of ourselves” — and that would be an even greater evil than continuation of the trade in black slaves.1 LA AMISTAD

1. Remember that in 1783 John Quincy Adams had visited the British Museum in London to view the seal of his ancestor Saer de Quincy upon the original parchment of the Magna Carta. He would come to consider his representing the blacks of the La Amistad as of the greatest importance only because the Amistad had been seized by the USS Washington without warrant, in a “gross violation” by the US government of a principle underlying this foundational document which his eponymous ancestor had helped to create. In other words, he wasn’t defending the black defendants at all, but was defending instead the historical significance of his alleged white ancestor Saer de Quincy. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

His father John Adams evaluated the proceedings: Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled, nothing of substance but an indefinite suspension of hostilities was agreed to.

The British forces had, during the 17 months that they held Fort Niagara, made a number of improvements and repairs to the position. The terms and conditions of the Treaty of Ghent between the United States of America and Great Britain now called for a return to the “status quo ante bellum” — and so these troops were going to need to march away from their conquest. THE TREATY OF GHENT HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1823

Our national birthday, Friday the 4th of July: An elaborate ceremony took place at Mount Vernon with Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins in attendance. CELEBRATING OUR B-DAY

Timothy Pickering publicly repeated the charge that John Adams had communicated to him on August 22, 1822, of Thomas Jefferson’s plagiarism of ideas placed in the Declaration of Independence.2

Hezikiah Prince Jr., in the small port town (for the coasting trade) of Thomaston, Maine, in his journal of 1822- 1828 (published by the Maine Historical Society in 1965) described a July 4th celebration. He reported more of a formal celebration this year than the previous one, but:3 There being considerable division, the parties divided and the Federalists had this meetinghouse and the Republicans the Brick Meetinghouse at the Meadow. I of course joined the Republicans. The Brick Meetinghouse was very neatly and handsomely decorated. The clerical services were performed by Rev. Job Washburn. The Declaration of Independence was read by William Farley of Waldoboro and an oration by John Ruggles, Esq. which was received with universal applause. [Later] a company of about 300 took dinner with all the usual ceremonies. The party broke up about four o’clock and every one retired to their homes, well pleased with what they had seen, heard, and tasted.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN (edited by Count Gallatin with an introduction by Viscount Bryce and published in London by William Heinemann in 1916): A horrible day here [New-York]; the noise of the July 4 celebration intolerable. I have to rub my eyes to see if I am awake, that it is true I am not in the Rue de l’Université. How 2. COL. PICKERING’S OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO READING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AT SALEM, JULY 4, 1823. Richard Henry Lee had already suggested that Jefferson had “copied from [John] Locke’s treatise on government.” 3. This was Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, or Hathorne’s, 19th birthday. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

I regret it. Father is going alone to see the new house in Western Virginia-also to Washington. I take mamma and Frances to Baltimore to-morrow. We are stopping right in the country at a nice old house which belongs to the Montgomery family. But the difference in everything; only about three private coaches in New York- no means of getting about. The streets absolutely filthy and the heat horrible. I have been nearly every night for a long walk. No roads-no paths. I never realized the absolutely unfinished state of the American cities until I returned. The horrible chewing of tobacco- the spitting; all too awful. We have had a charming and hospitable reception, but all is so crude.

In England, the suicide law sponsored by Sir James MacKintosh (4 George IV.c 52) was enacted by the House of Commons. The new suicide arrangements decreed that bodies of suicides could in the future be interred in churchyards or public burial places, so long as the interment took place within 24 hours of the coroner’s inquest and certificate, was after 9PM and before midnight, and was bereft of any accompanying Christian religious observance. (This law would be altered in 1882 to allow interment in churchyards at any time of day and to allow the interment to be accompanied by a religious observance. Then, in 1961, suicide would be declared to be no longer a criminal offence in England.) All goods and chattels still were of course forfeit to the Crown (some things don’t change).

July 8, Tuesday: The English ceased to impale the bodies of those who had committed suicide with a stake and bury them at midnight at the meeting of four crossroads, and by edict would henceforward inter such bodies without impalement between the hours of nine and twelve at night in an ordinary churchyard, without any religious ceremony (the Turks would, however, be continuing their practice of capital execution by impalement).

Since 1430 the sending or delivering of threatening letters had been in England categorized as high treason, and since 1723 it had been a capital felony. At this point, however, the penalty for such an offense was lowered, to either transportation for life or imprisonment not to exceed 7 years.

The 35-mile Bude Canal opened in Cornwall, England with 6 incline planes instead of locks.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We are now in Baltimore. Not quite so dirty as New York. We are with mamma’s relations-the Nicholsons. They are kindness itself, but I even see that mamma feels the change most keenly. The young men of Baltimore stare at me as if they thought I were a wild beast let loose. Everybody knows everybody else, and all call each other by their christian names. If I am offered a post, no matter how humble, abroad, I will accept it with joy.

July 12, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The heat [in Baltimore] is something I did not ever realize. We go in a few days to some place by the sea. Frances has lost all HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

her colour. Albert has written me the most distressing letter. It seems he compromised himself with a farmer’s daughter. They threatened him with exposure and he was weak enough to marry her on May 23, when we were at sea. He is afraid to tell father and begs me not to do so. The girl is living with her family. I do not know what to do. Troubles do not come singly. It seems this girl is without education.

September 10, Wednesday: The Champlain Canal was completed at a cost of $875,000 (excluding the feeder to Glens Falls) finally connecting the Hudson River with Lake Champlain.

Lands belonging to Mary Jemison, the “White Woman of the Genesee,” were sold to Micah Brooks and Jellis Clute for next to nothing.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Back again in Baltimore and most thankful. A horrible place on the Eastern shore of Maryland called Sennox, a wooden shanty to live in, food not so bad but we have to eat like pigs. When we arrived and saw what it was going to be like we commenced to laugh and we could not stop ourselves. The poor people thought we must be lunatics. Father has gone to his beloved Western Virginia alone. Albert is there. He is going to report to us how the beautiful new residence is progressing. They tell me Baltimore is very cheerful in the winter. It does not look much like it now. Mr. Patterson, Madame Bonaparte’s father, has kindly invited us to dinner, fortunately the weather is much cooler. General Reubel and his wife have just called. They are living with Monsieur Pascault who has the beautiful daughter.

Johann Simon Mayr was elected president of the Ateneo, Bergamo.

The National Assembly of Peru named Simón Bolívar as supreme commander of the country.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 11th of 9 M 1823 / Short testimony from J Dennis - a [low?] time at Meeting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 22, Monday: Stanhope arrived at Argostoli.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I have seen Miss Pascault; Madame Bonaparte was right. I have never seen anything more lovely. As Madame Reubel has invited me to call I will certainly take advantage of her invitation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

Incidental music to Hell’s play Ali Baba oder Die 40 Rauber by Heinrich August Marschner was performed for the initial time, in Dresden.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 25th of 9th M / Our Moy [Monthly] Meeting this day held in Town was a pretty good one. Anne Greene & A Sherman preached. — In the last Jonathon Nichols & Sister Elizabeth Rodman & Welcome Congdon rec’d their liberty to Marry according to the good order of Friends. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS [This volume of Friend Stephen Gould’s journal ends at this point with a list of names: Ruth Hallack, Sarah Hull, Ruth Halsted, space, Olive Cobb, Lydia Purinton, Eunice Jones, Susan Collins, Sarah Collins, Edwd Cobb, Thos Jones, John Reid.]

September 24, Wednesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I went this afternoon to Monsieur Pascault’s house,4 it is the oldest house in Baltimore. Most beautiful iron gates that he had sent from France, an air of refinement about the interior that I have never seen out of France. I was received by Madame Reubel, who is very handsome. She has a daughter and two sons; the youngest, Frederic, is the handsomest young man I have ever seen. He must be about seventeen. Mlle Pascault was charming. I am without doubt in love with her. Her father has lost most of his money. Madame Reubel begged me to sup with them to-morrow evening; quite sans facon. She wishes to present me to her father - he is very old. Madame Pascault never appears.

September 26, Friday: Franz Liszt and his family arrived in München from Vienna.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I am quite off my head. Monsieur Pascault, who is the Marquis de Poleon, is a gentleman of the old regime. No wonder his daughter is so well bred. He received me with the most wonderful courtesy-tapped a beautiful gold snuff-box and offered it to me. The supper quite simple but served on beautiful silver. Everything had the air of the greatest refinement. I thought myself back in France again. I will speak to father tomorrow and beg him to approach Monsieur Pascault - with a view of my paying my addresses to his daughter.

4.This was Jean Charles Marie Louis Pascault, Marquis de Poleon. His father married a Mlle Dupuy, a daughter of a naval surgeon. It was considered a mesalliance, and he was given a large estate in St. Domingo. He died in 1766. His son escaped with his family during the massacre of St. Domingo. As France was in such a disturbed state he sailed to Baltimore. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

September 27, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I have written to father, who is in New Geneva, telling him that I wish, if she consents, to make Miss Pascault my wife. Frances had a letter from him to-day which is most amusing. He gives a description of the home. The architect is some local man who never built a house before. He had no idea of Grecian architecture but a style of his own which is Hiberno-teutonic. The outside is like a French barracks with port-hole windows, the inside ornamentations like those of a Dutch tavern, so that the French marble chimney-pieces, mirrors and papers which he sent out are rather out of place. The workmen are still there and live and board in what Lucien calls “The Chateau.” The approach to the house is hidden by a log-cabin which is occupied by Monsieur, Madame, Mlle and the petite Bouffe family. Albert has taken possession of the only parlour in the old brick house. This young gentleman has four guns, a pointer, three boats, two riding horses, and a pet colt smaller than a jackass. His wardrobe is distributed about the parlour. A billiard-table with Albert’s old stockings for pockets. “So, my dear daughter,” he adds, “we will pass the winter in Baltimore.” This is a respite for us. I am delighted, for this will give me an opportunity for pressing my suit with Miss Pascault. I am anxiously awaiting father’s answer to my letter. I know it would be wise.

September 29, Monday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I have again called at Mr. Pascault’s, and was received most kindly. I had some conversation with Mlle Josephine; she is so absolutely gentle and sweet, I am certain I am not good enough for her. We dine at the Patterson’s again to-morrow. Madame Bonaparte has written to her father to be most civil to us. Madame Reubel and Mlle Pascault are to be of the guests.

October 25, Saturday: Carl Maria von Weber’s grand Romantic opera Euryanthe to words of von Chezy after Gerbert de Montreuil was performed for the initial time, in the Karntnertortheater, Vienna, conducted by the composer. The work was enthusiastically received, although some found it confusing, including Franz Schubert who expresses dislike. Unable to gain her reserved seat through the crowd, the librettist Helmina von Chezy needed to be passed over the heads of the audience.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Father has returned, and called yesterday on Monsieur Pascault. He gave his consent to my paying addresses to his daughter. Father was so kind, he said her want of fortune should not stand in the way. Alluding to his first marriage he added, “She had nothing, but we loved each other.” Mamma has been left a nice HDT WHAT? INDEX

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little fortune, so we are now well off. Mr. Pascault has another daughter married to a Mr. O’Donnell, the son of a rich Indian nabob. She was married when she was fifteen, and had a child before she was sixteen. She is very beautiful like a fullblown rose, but seems to have but little brain or education.

November 2, Sunday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: My suit is progressing. Josephine likes to hear about France. She plays delightfully both the harp and the spinet. I talk all sorts of nonsense which all lovers do. It has cheered her up as her youth has not been very cheerful. In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 2 of 11 M 1823 / Silent Meetings, it is a low, distressingly low time It seems as if things are in a hard state. — There is however a reward for labour. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 6, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: All is settled. Mlle Pascault has consented to be my wife and we are to be married early in the New Year. Mamma and Frances are delighted with her. She is so gentle and innocent. Mamma says she is like a beautiful lily. She is beautiful, there is no doubt about that. Madame Reubel rather astonished me by appearing the other day in a bright red wig. It seems she has wigs of every colour to go with her frocks. A Bonaparte fashion and not certainly adopted by the ladies of the Restoration, as I never saw such a thing in Paris. General Reubel is horrible, has not a penny in the world, stops in bed nearly all day, and lives on Monsieur Pascault’s bounty. Does not attempt to do any work. His daughter will be very handsome. A brother of Monsieur Pascault’s lives in a lodge at the gate but nobody ever speaks to him — the reason I do not know.

December 24, Wednesday, Christmas Eve: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Madame Pascault insisted on our coming to them. They all dine with us to-morrow. We have a very good house in Charles Street for the winter. Father will be much in Washington.

December 31, Wednesday: Georgios Andreou Koundouriotis replaced Petros Iliou Mavromichalis as President of the Executive of Greece.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: HDT WHAT? INDEX

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To-night we all sup with Monsieur Pascault to see the New Year in. It is father’s first visit to the house. I am anxious to see how he treats Reubel.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 31st of 12 M / I feel, Sensibly that the present Year has closed & that another of my life is gone — How do I desire more spiritual commmunion with my God. - Many have gone down to the grave this year & some of my intimate friends & relations. — May I be prepared for the change come when it may — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1824

January 2, Friday: The South Place Chapel opened its doors in Finsbury, near where now stands the Liverpool Street Station. This chapel began as a venue for Universalist (not crediting Hell) and Unitarian (not crediting the Trinity) teachings, although eventually it would go Humanist. Among the attenders there would be Thomas Campbell, John Forster, William Hazlitt, James Henry Leigh Hunt, John Stuart Mill, Crabb Robinson, Thomas Noon Talfourd, and Harriet Taylor. Its initial minister was the Reverend William Johnson Fox, who was described at the time as follows: There is a Mr Fox, a dissenting minister, as fluent a speaker, with a sweeter voice and a more animated and beneficent countenance than Mr Irving, who is the darling of his congregation; but he is no more, because he is diminutive in person. His head is not seen above the crowd the length of a street off. He is the Duke of Sussex in miniature; but the Duke of Sussex does not go to hear him preach, as he attends Mr Irving, who rises up against him like a martello tower. (Eventually the minister at this facility would be the Reverend Moncure Daniel Conway.)

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The entertainment at Monsieur Pascault’s was of the greatest elegance. Father was much pleased and I noticed his astonishment at the fine plate, also the quantities of family portraits, &c. &c. I fear there is going to be delay with regard to our marriage. Josephine is a Catholic, and that is one thing father is adamant about. He will not allow (if we have any children) that they should be brought up in that religion.

January 5, Monday: George Gordon, Lord Byron arrived at Missolonghi.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Father was forced by his party, but much against his will, to accept the candidature for the Vice-Presidency. Mr. Crawford’s stroke of paralysis required another candidate. All this is most annoying. Father does not wish to enter into public life again. When he left America seven years ago, I believe he vowed never to return. He has given the best part of his life and all his energies to his adopted country; no one knows better than himself that he is disliked, but that they still want to pick his brains and make use of him. He goes to Washington to-night.

February 18, Wednesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I had hoped to be married this month, but still this question of religion. The Archbishop of Baltimore declines to marry us HDT WHAT? INDEX

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if there is a Protestant ceremony.

March 18, Thursday: In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 18 of 3 M / My mind in the forepart of the Meeting was favourd with a little life, but I have been a long time poor & low. — O Lord, help, help. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: At last all is settled. Monsieur Pascault is disgusted with the behaviour of the Archbishop, and has written to him to the effect that he will entirely dispense with the services of the Church of Rome, that his daughter will be married in the Protestant Church. He added that a wife’s first duty was to obey her husband.

May 5, Wednesday: Daniel-Francois-Esprit Auber’s opera comique Le concert a la cour, ou La debutante to words of Scribe and Melesville was performed for the initial time, in Theatre Feydeau, Paris.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We are back from our honeymoon and leave shortly to join poor mamma at New Geneva. Father still in Washington. The Archbishop has excommunicated Monsieur Pascault.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day Our Select Meeting was better attended than I have sometimes seen it, but a very low time, to appearance with most present — Spent the Afternoon in visiting a few friends & after the Meeting for Sufferings rose, met with the Trustees of O Browns Benevolent Fund - Lodged at cousin Wanton Caseys. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 10, Monday: The National Gallery in London opened to the public in its temporary home in a townhouse on Pall Mall Street.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The French Minister intimated to us that he has an important package to deliver into one of our hands, or accredited servants. As Lucien was returning here from Washington, father sent him for it. Imagine my surprise when I found it was addressed to me. It was from the Duc and Duchesse d’Angouleme –a most beautiful silver-gilt vase with their arms on one side– a wedding present. It was more than a surprise considering all they have been through, on account of the King’s death, to have given me a thought. Josephine is delighted with HDT WHAT? INDEX

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it. Monsieur Pascault was greatly overcome when he saw it. I must consult father in what form to acknowledge it. We go in a few days to try the new house at New Geneva. It is all ready for our reception. In all events we will pass the summer there. It is getting intolerably hot here.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 10th of 5 M / Was called up this morning to assist in laying out poor JM who departed about an hour before I got to him RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 8, Tuesday: A wool washing and fulling machine was patented by Noah Cushing of Québec (the patent office having just opened its doors, this was the 1st patent ever issued in Canada).

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 8th of 6th M / Yearly Meeting has now Commenced, (that is) Wm Forster Jr has come - had a meeting at Portsmouth day - took tea with us on his way to Connanicut to have a Meeting there tomorrow RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We have been here for some time. The place itself is delightful. The views superb. Air as pure as air can be, but not a soul to speak to-not a neighbour, with the exception of some totally uneducated farmers, their wives and daughters. We are all here. Frances has a pony. Josephine is not allowed to ride at present. So I ride a huge farm-horse-who is as thin as a knife; no roads, so we risk our lives every moment. Albert sometimes rides in front of us. and when we are approaching a dangerous spot he blows a horn. I wish some of my Paris intimes could see us-how amused they would be. Mamma attends to all our personal comforts. We have many too many servants. Frances has named it “Castle Solitude.” Our greatest friends are the mosquitoes, who certainly keep us company. Father reads all day as he is compiling some work. It is too hot for him to go to Washington at present. Mr. Crawford is no better.

September 20, Monday: The Great Salt Lake of Utah was visited by trapper and scout Jim Bridger.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Josephine and myself return to Baltimore shortly. Monsieur Pascault is very ailing and they seem worried about him. Our home is empty, so I think Josephine will not suffer too much from the heat. There is a rumour about a mission to France. I dare not think of it. When we leave, Frances says she will take HDT WHAT? INDEX

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to her bed. It is awful for her. I am certain mamma will not stand the winter here. Father will have to be in Washington on account of the elections.

October 15, Friday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Greatly to the relief of us all, greatly to the relief of father himself, he has been able to withdraw from the candidature of Vice-President. It really was nothing more than a hope of his party that should Mr. Crawford have been elected President his health would have obliged him to withdraw, and father would have been head of the State. Of course his birth disqualified him for standing for the Presidency, and this was the only means of putting him in that position. Now they are worrying him again with offers of the Treasury, but I am certain he will not accept any post of any kind or description. I had always heard Carrol- town, the seat of the Carrolls, spoken of with almost awe as to its magnificence. Josephine told me it was nonsense. So to see it we went. I really could not help laughing. Merely a square wooden house with a piazza all around it. The interior most ordinary. It seems the original Carroll, who called himself Carroll of Carrol-town, was the natural child of somebody. This I fear is very much the habit of the Americans of the Southern States- vain boasting. They of course have large plantations and slaves; but miserable houses, and live in the most untidy manner. To my astonishment I hear there are no schools in the Southern States and that all the children of the better class have to be sent to the North to be educated. Father has decided to remain with mamma, Frances and Albert for the winter at New Geneva. Of course I am obliged to remain in Baltimore.

December: Lieutenant George Back returned from the HMS Superb in the West Indies to London to go on Lieutenant John Franklin’s 2d overland expedition to explore the northern coast of North America, eastwards and westwards from the mouth of the Mackenzie River. During these explorations he would be promoted to Commander. THE FROZEN NORTH

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: My father-in-law is very ill and we are all in close attendance. Reubel found the air did not agree with him and has betaken himself to New York, much to the relief of all. Madame Reubel is a delightful woman and has suffered much. To be here in Baltimore without money, dependent on her friends, must be most galling to her, having lived at Court all her life, and particularly at the Court of Westphalia, where she was the first lady-in-waiting on the Queen. She often describes to us the splendours of the Palace at Cassel, which was built by the Landgrave of Hesse in imitation of Versailles. His son has it HDT WHAT? INDEX

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now and I believe the whole of his vast fortune intact. When she was there and King Jerome reigned, she says nothing could equal the extravagance of living. She was not at all surprised at the Westphalian troops being quite useless to Napoleon, as they were never maneouvred. All was a life of pleasure there, from morning until night. We will have, I fear, a sad Christmas. I am sorry for Josephine’s sake.

December 23, Thursday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Monsieur Pascault has recovered wonderfully and insists upon having a dinner of all the family on the 31st. He says it will be his last year, and he wants to have them all around him. I am sorry I will be away from my father and mother, but my duty is by my wife. We expect our child in the New Year.

Headman Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation died in Washington DC.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 23 of 12 M / Hannah Dennis was twice engaged in testimony & a few words from Anne. — My mind in that state as not to proffit. — Oh how poor I am. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

ALBERT GALLATIN ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN

1825

February 7, Monday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: My dear wife was safely delivered of a fine boy this morning. We are going to call him Albert.

April 15, Friday: A new French law made the crime of sacrilege a capital offense.5

Johann Nepomuk Hummel gave the 2d of his concerts on his current stay in Paris.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Monsieur de Lafayette has arrived and has been received with the greatest enthusiasm. His progress is a triumphal one. His cause is the emancipation of the Spanish Colonies and of Greece. Both of which are dear to the hearts of Liberals of all nations. When in Paris father received the thanks of the Greek Governor for his efforts on their behalf. Now that I am on the subject it seems so unfair that father was never allowed to accept an order of any kind or to retain any of the superb presents that were given to him-all of which are now in Washington. All that he did keep was a superb set of glass, some eight hundred pieces, that the Emperor Alexander gave him as a purely personal gift.

May 15, Sunday: In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 15th of 5 M 1825 / A little good preaching in the forenoon from Father ROdman & J Dennis. — In the Afternoon Silent good meeting. — Took tea at cousin Henry Goulds — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Father has just written to me that I must be present at Uniontown to help him receive Lafayette, who is going to stay a couple of nights with him at Friendship Hill. So I am off to-morrow. Josephine is quite well and so happy with her baby. I do not mind leaving her.

May 16, Monday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Detained until Thursday, as I have just received a list of things which will be wanted by mamma for the 25th: it is a mile long.

5. The strong have a constant need to be defended against the weak. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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May 27, Friday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The meeting at Uniontown and the reception of Monsieur de Lafayette far surpassed anything I have ever seen in this country. People came from miles away and camped out, bringing their tents. Lafayette is the nation’s guest so was surrounded by a huge mounted bodyguard. He spoke just after father had introduced him. Father spoke after him and I really think he must have been inspired. His French accent seemed to leave him as he became excited. The subject was the critical position of the Greeks. He must have inspired his audience, as I have never heard such an outburst of genuine enthusiasm and cheering; it lasted quite half an hour. Monsieur de Lafayette embraced him publicly. We returned to Friendship Hill and quite a thousand sat down to supper in relays. Mamma had arranged everything wonderfully, rows and rows of tables in the garden. Hundreds of niggers all dressed in white to serve. Yesterday we passed in comparative quiet, but there were callers all day for Monsieur de Lafayette. We had a quiet dinner which Monsieur de Lafayette said reminded him of the Rue de l’Universite. I do not think he was the only one who was reminded of it. He left this morning as he has a prolonged tour to make and a very short time to make it in. I go back to-morrow to bring Josephine and my son here for the summer.

June 20, Monday: The Marquis de Lafayette visited the unfinished Eastern State Penitentiary on Fairmount Avenue in Philadelphia.

In his 2d Birmingham concert, Franz Liszt presented an overture (presumably the overture to his unperformed opera Don Sanche).

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We are all very happy here [at Friendship Hill]. The country is beautiful and mamma certainly has the art of making everybody comfortable. Josephine is delicate but loves the good air here, particularly for our boy, who is growing apace. Father worships him at a distance. A few days since I told father for the first time of Mr. Adams’ letter to me of February last. I had written privately to Mr. Adams informing him of father’s reasons for refusing the Treasury under his administration. Father has always been above suspicion and I may frankly say (although he is my father) that he is the only one of either party who has not fallen into some error which has cast suspicion on their motives. This Mr. Adams frankly acknowledges in his letter to me. When I read this paragraph I could see father’s evident gratification at the opinion held of him by a political opponent-and that opponent the actual President of the United States. We drifted into reminiscences of Paris. Father’s heart HDT WHAT? INDEX

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is there and in Geneva, but only stern duty keeps him here.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 20 of 6 M / Sister Elizabeth left us with her husband & child for home. - Sister Ruth accompnying them as far as Providence where she intends to spend a few days in hopes a change of Air may be beneficial to her health. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Father at last acknowledges that he made a mistake in building this house, and that we will never inhabit it after this summer. He has commissioned me to find a house in Baltimore for the winter as it is quite near enough to Washington for him in case he is obliged to go there. I was much gratified at receiving a beautiful silver bowl from some of my friends in Paris for my son. Albertine de Stael sent the most beautiful baby clothes. The first clothes my boy wore were those of Napoleon. The Queen of Westphalia gave them to Madame Reubel when her boy was born, and she gave them to Josephine. He still wears the little dressing-gown that was made by Madame Mere. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

1826

May: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I cannot realize what has happened. We are actually going to England. Mr. Rufus King’s (our Minister in London) health has broken down. Most important matters have to be negotiated. The President has begged father to take his place. He has accepted but on the condition that he goes on a special mission and not as a resident Minister; that he is at liberty to return in a year: that an ample sum is to be put at his disposal, as he knows that outward show has a great effect on the English people. This has all been agreed to privately. These are the most important negotiations and can only be placed in the hands of a very strong man. The whole of the commercial questions to be finally settled. The most important are the North-Eastern and North- Western Boundary questions. Also the Commercial Convention which father negotiated in 1815 in London, and again in 1818 to last ten years.

May 25, Thursday: Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 25th of 5 M / Our Moy [Monthly] Meeting this day held in Town was Silent & to me a low time. — The buisness conducted in the last was pretty well resulted, but great want of life on my part. — — we had several of our friend to dine with us Vizt B Freeborn, Z Chase G Dennis Asa Sherman - & Eleanor & Ann Lawton.— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

The Reverend Waldo Emerson’s 23d birthday. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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The Rensselaer school’s Erie Canal expedition left Troy aboard the LaFayette left Buffalo for the return trip. Professor Amos Eaton and the expedition crossed the mouth of “Tonnewanta” (Tonawanda) Creek, and spent the night at Lockport, New York.

Giacomo Meyerbeer got married with his cousin Minna Mosson in Berlin. They immediately departed for Paris, where he would work on a new opera.

Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I am torn both ways. I know I could be of the greatest use to father. It is impossible to take our child at his age across the ocean, as the discomforts, particularly where food is concerned, are so great. Josephine is quite willing for me to go, in fact urges me to do so. I will leave the matter entirely in father’s hands.

After her 2d appearance in Chepachet, Rhode Island Little Bett, The Learned Elephant was being walked out of town when she was executed by a broadside of gunfire from shooters concealed in a grist mill on the Chepachet River. Her keeper had made the mistake of bragging to the yokels that her tough hide was impenetrable to bullets. Her hide would be shipped to the Boston Museum and would wind up being exhibited by Phineas Taylor Barnum at the American Museum in New-York. Four years later, seven of the local residents would be found responsible for this incident at the bridge and be required to pay $1,500 in damages to Hackaliah Bailey, an ancestor of the Bailey of Barnum & Bailey Circus — and two of them would get expelled from the local chapter of the Masonic Order. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

June 7, Wednesday: The Rensselaer field expedition reached Fort Plain, New York. There was a thunderstorm.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: It is finally decided I am to accompany father, but only for six months should I be wanted at home. For many reasons this is thought to be for the best. As now arranged we sail on July 1. I am doing all I can to provide for more comfort for the voyage. I often wonder how father has stood so many of these disagreeable crossings of the Atlantic. The horrible cramped feeling. The misery of a gale when we can barely crawl about, and the absolute horrors of a fog. We are to take a very southerly course this time. Both father and mother are very much annoyed. At the last moment an application was made to father asking him to take a Miss Bates to England. It seems she is to marry a Monsieur Van der Weyer, a Belgian avocat. The latter made himself very useful to Prince Leopold, the husband of Princess Charlotte. None of us know or ever heard of the Bates family; they are very rich and extremely vulgar. Father could not refuse.

August: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We sailed on July 1, and arrived here [London] a few days since. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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We have a beautiful house in Seymour Street. I have seen to the carriages and horses, all jobbed but very fine.

August 20, Sunday: Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 20th 8th N / In the forenoon Hannah Dennis & Father Rodman were engaged in testimonys, & in the Afternoon Father said a little - both were meetings seasons of mental exercise to me -Thos Hazard & his wife were at Meeting in the forenoon - they live in NYork - Newport is her native place, she was the daughter of the Widow Rodman on the Point, & has not been here in about 23 Years - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The King received us last week and was most gracious. But what a change since I last saw him. He is fat, very red in the face and unwieldy.

September: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: As nearly the entire Cabinet had left London, including Mr. Canning, father thought it a good opportunity to pay a visit to Paris. He particularly wished to consult Pozzo di Borgo on several very important matters. He finds that Bonapartism is nearly extinct. He found Monsieur de Lafayette in a far more peaceful frame of mind than when he paid his visit to America. He spoke to him in the most forcible language of his love of petty plotting. He seems now to realize that such things are futile. His one wish now is to see the Duc d’Orleans on the throne as a constitutional Monarch. I fear this is in the dim future. Lafayette is strongly in favour of the Duke’s disputing the legitimacy of the Duc de Bordeaux. We had an interview with Monsieur de Villele, who seems much annoyed with the President’s message, particularly with regard to Hayti. I do not think father gave him much satisfaction. A funny incident I must record. When we crossed to Boulogne mamma had to dress on board for a reception at that port, which was being given to Monsieur de Lafayette. On our arrival it was low tide and as is the custom fishermen came out to the pacquet in shallow water to carry us to the shore-fisherwomen for the ladies. Mamma was mounted on the back of a fat Boulognese. Not thinking the woman was going fast enough she prodded her with her heels. The woman lost her temper and dropped mamma in about a foot of water. We could not help laughing to see her sitting up to her waist in water. She was in red velvet with a huge turban covered with white feathers. The more we laughed the more enraged she became. At last she was rescued and carried, dripping, ashore. She had to be taken at once to an inn and dried. She will never forgive us. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ABRAHAM ALFONSE ALBERT GALLATIN ALBERT GALLATIN

I find Paris delightful, but few of our friends here as all are at their chateaux or by the sea. I visited all my old haunts and have registered a vow that the moment I am in a position to do so I will return here to live and die.

October: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We have now returned here [London] and are seriously at work, and plenty of it.6

October 18, Wednesday: Professor John Hough of Middlebury College opinioned, in a sermon before the Vermont Colonization Society at Montpelier, Vermont, that: The state of the free colored population of the United States, is one of extreme and remediless degradation, of gross irreligion, of revolting profligacy, and, of course, deplorable wretchedness.... They are found in vast numbers in the haunts of riot and dissipation and intemperance where they squander in sin the scanty earnings of their toil, contract habits of grosser iniquity and are prepared for acts of daring outrage and of enormous guilt.

(Please pardon me for pointing out here, that the conclusion that the audience would be driven of necessity to derive from this professor’s description of the situation, would be that the kindest thing to be done with these unfortunate people from whom labor had been extracted for generations without compensation would be that now, when we don’t need their free labor anymore, to ship them off back to Africa and forget about them, it being clear that, failing some kind solution in that genre, it would eventually be necessary for us to rise up in our righteous wrath and put them out of their misery once and for all by a resolute act of genocide. If you don’t get that by reading the passage above, please go back and read the passage again, more slowly, and savor the final part about how we need to get them before they get us.)

The last lottery was held in England. ENGLISH EVENTS OF 1826

6. James Gallatin went to America in 1826 and returned to London in March 1827. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Thomas Carlyle arose from his wedding bed and with great vehemence tore up a flowerbed in the yard. One suspicion is that he had discovered himself to be hopelessly impotent. Another suspicion is that his eroticism had become anally fixated. Another suspicion is that he was exclusively homosexual (there is doubt that he ever became able to consummate his union with Jane Welsh, Mrs. Carlyle).7

THOMAS CARLYLE

Albert Gallatin wrote to John Quincy Adams:

DEAR SIR, LONDON, October 18, 1826 I had intended next spring, before my return to America, to have an excursion to Paris once more to see some of my friends. Mr. Canning’s absence and the dispersion of the other members of the Cabinet having left me literally without anything to do here, I embraced what was the most favourable opportunity of making that journey, from which I have just returned. My letter of yesterday to the Secretary of State contains the substance of the information I was able to collect there; and I will now add some particulars which, as they involve the names of individuals, I did not wish to remain on record in the Department of State. In the course of a long conversation with Pozzo di Borgo the state of our relations with Great Britain was alluded to. I told him that the Emperor’s decision in the case of slaves carried away and the convention relative thereto had not been carried into effect by Great Britain in conformity with what we considered their real intention and meaning; that the British Government had offered to compromise the matter by payment of a 7. According to the early biographer James Anthony Froude, Carlyle had intended that there be no biography written of him because “there was a secret connected with him unknown to his closest friends, that no one knew and no-one would know it, and that without a knowledge of it no true biography of him was possible.” Jane Carlyle had related the secret to Geraldine Jewsbury, but Victorian reticence was such that when it came time to pass this on to Froude, all Jewsbury was able to communicate was “she had something to tell me which I ought to know. I must have learnt that the state of things had been most unsatisfactory; the explanation of the whole of it was that ‘Carlyle was one of those persons who ought never to have married.’” It was clear to Froude on the basis of this communication only that the secret was not that Mrs. Carlyle had been incapable of becoming pregnant, but that the secret had to do rather with an “injury which she believed herself to have received. She had often resolved to leave Carlyle. He, of course, always admitted that she was at liberty to go if she pleased.” Froude inferred that Carlyle had been impotent, and that this was the reason why, on the morning after his wedding night, he “tore to pieces the flower garden at Comely Bank in a fit of ungovernable fury.” Frank Harris, not your paragon of truthfulness, would later allege that in a casual conversation Carlyle had indicated that the marriage had not been consummated: “The body part, he pleaded, seemed so little to him.” On the basis of little other than Freudian theology, Dr. James Halliday had been able to propose that the author of a set of writings such as Carlyle’s could only had been anally fixated, inclined toward homosexually, and sado-masochistic. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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sum of money which fell short of our expectations; but that we were nevertheless inclined to accept it, principally on account of the reluctance we felt to trouble the Emperor by an appeal, asking from him further explanation of his decision. Pozzo immediately expressed his wish that we might compromise or otherwise adjust the matter without making such an appeal, which, particularly at this time, would be, as he thought, extremely inconvenient to the Emperor; and speaking of the Maine Boundary question, with which and its possible consequences he appeared well acquainted, he appeared also desirous, though he did not express himself as positively as on that of slaves, that Russia should not be selected as the umpire. I only observed that if there was any inconvenience in being obliged to make decisions which might not please both parties, that inconvenience was less to Russia than to any other Power, and that a compensation for it was found in the additional degree of consideration accruing to the Monarch in whom such confidence was placed. All this, however, corroborates what I have stated in my official letter respecting an approximation between Russia and Great Britain, and the disposition of the Emperor to interfere less than his predecessor in affairs in which he has no immediate interest. The most remarkable change discoverable to France is the extinction of Bonapartism, both as relates to dynasty and to the wish of a military Government. This, I am happy to say, appears to have had a favourable effect on our friend Lafayette, who was very ungovernable in all that related to petty plots during my residence at Paris as Minister, and to whom I had again spoken on the same subject in the most forcible manner whilst he was in America. His opinions and feelings are not changed; but he appears to be thoroughly satisfied of the hopelessness of any attempt to produce a change at present; and he confines his hopes to a vague expectation that, after the death of the present King and of the Dauphin, the Duc d’Orleans will dispute the legitimacy of the Duke of Bordeaux and become a constitutional King. This is such a doubtful and distant contingency as is not likely to involve Lafayette in any difficulties. Mr. de Villele complained to me of those expressions in the President’s message which declared Hayti to have placed herself in a state of vassalage to France, as calculated to increase the dissatisfaction amongst the people of the island at the late arrangement. He said that he was aware of the objections of a very different nature which we had to a recognition of the independence of Hayti, but did not see the necessity of alleging the reason alluded to. As I did not wish and did not think it at all proper to enter into any discussion of the subject, I answered, as if in jest, “Qu’un tribut, impose a une colonie cornme le prix de son independance, etait contraire aux grands principes.” I forgot to mention the circumstance to Mr. Brown, and do not know whether the thing had already been complained of to him. If so, its being repeated to me-and they were almost the first words Mr. de Villele addressed to me-shows that it HDT WHAT? INDEX

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must have made a deep impression on the French Government. This reminds me that I received here a communication from a respectable quarter stating that, a few days before the publication of the order in council of July last, one of the King’s Ministers had complained to a confidential friend of the general tone of the American (United States) diplomacy towards England, still more so as respected manner than matter, and added that it was time to show that this was felt and resented. As to manner, the reproach cannot certainly attach either to Mr. Rush’s or Mr. King’s correspondence; and I know, from a conversation with Mr. Addington, that in that respect Mr. Clay’s has been quite acceptable. On looking at your own communications, I am satisfied that those to the British Ministers can have given no offence whatever, and that what they allude to and which has offended them is your instructions to Mr. Rush, printed by order of the Senate, and which have been transmitted both to Mr. Canning and to Mr. Huskisson; a circumstance, by the by, not very favourable to negotiations still pending. That they have no right to complain of what you wrote to our own Minister is obvious; still, I think the fact to be so. I forgot to mention in my letter of yesterday to the Secretary of State that there is some alarm amongst the legitimates about a plan of Metternich to change the line of succession in Austria, or a plea of the presumed incapacity of the heir presumptive; and that the King of the Netherlands has at last, by his unabated and exclusive attention to business and by his perfect probity and sincerity, so far conquered the prejudices of the Belgians as to have become highly respected and almost popular amongst them. I have the honour, &c., ALBERT GALLATIN

November 14, Tuesday: Aaron Anthony, probably Frederick Douglass’s father, died without a will. His property, including little Freddy and his 28 slaves, would be divided equally among his heirs.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Yesterday the Convention of 1818 was renewed and signed; a meeting again to-morrow. Mr. King left yesterday. Mr. Lawrence is expected to-day.

December: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Father is anxious that the Emperor of Russia should act as arbiter on the North-Eastern Boundary question, but Prince Lieven thinks it will not be convenient for him to do so. ... Frances is enjoying herself amazingly and is I think a great favourite. She is at present paying some visits in the country with mamma. The Marchioness of Stafford has been most gracious. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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She has bidden us all to Trentham in January. They say it is a most magnificent palace, and that wonderful state is kept up. The Duke of Devonshire, whom we knew in 1818, has been most attentive. He is not married and never will. It seems he is the son of the Duke-: that at nearly the same time the Duchess had a daughter, the Duke’s mistress had a son-as they were most anxious for an heir the babies were changed. For a long time the deception was kept up, but somebody in the end confessed. This Duke was then in possession of the title; as he was so much beloved it was agreed that he should retain all his honours but that he was never to marry. The Barings were most cordial in their greetings to us. We dine with them on Christmas Day. At times I feel very low in my mind and feel that after all I should not have left my dear wife and child. I was torn both ways. It seems to take such an unconscionable time to receive any news from home. The King goes openly everywhere with Lady Conyngham. Scandal says she is getting all the money and property that she can for her children, before the King dies. She wore the other night at Princess Lieven’s all the Crown Sapphires. They say the King has given them to her.

December 15, Friday: The largest of the Schubertiads took place in the Vienna home of Josef von Spaun, at which Johann Vogl sang 30 songs. This night would inspire the famous von Schwind sepia drawing.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 15th of 12 M / This Afternoon rec’d a very pleasant letter from our Dear John who is yet at School in Providence. - I feel grateful, & I may say very thankful for the priviledge he enjoys of being there & in the way of obtaining a good education, & yet more so for the favourable turn of mind he seems to have taken. — I hopes are that he will make a good man - but when I consider the Slippery path that yet awaits him, my hopes are mingled with fear as to the Issue. — This Evening we had the compnay of Isaiah Gove from Ware, who is here, for the purpose of carrying home his son Albert, who Married & has lived in this town some time, but unfortunately had his leg broken, when the roof of the Town School House was raised some time ago. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: There is not much entertaining. The King is at Brighton. I met Mr. Greville (Charles Greville, author of Journals of the Reign & of George III and William IV) the other night. He is Clerk of the Council. I was amused to see him making notes of the different things I told him. Rather a pedantic person. Princess Lieven is the Ambassador: Prince Lieven is absolutely a nonentity. Lord Goderich is always the same delightful HDT WHAT? INDEX

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gentleman, it is a pleasure to meet him. Lord Grey I suppose means to be civil, but his manners are not what they should be. Mr. Canning is always most gracious to father, who likes him very much but does not think him a very strong man. Lady Wellesley (Mrs. Robert Patterson - Editor’s Note.-Mrs. Robert Patterson, widow of Robert Patterson, who was a brother of Madame Bonaparte. Patterson, married some years after the death of her husband, the Marquis of Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, elder brother of the Duke of Wellington) has been in London. We dined with her. Of course now she is a very great lady, and does not forget it. She has asked me to come to Dublin after Christmas. She says I will be much amused at Dublin society and the Viceregal Court. I will certainly go if there is not too much work here. There is that horrible Irish Channel to be considered and the very long journey. Mamma arrives to-morrow. We have to entertain some Americans, there are a great many in London at present. Father has declined to present any at Court. He is not resident Minister only a special Ambassador. I ride every day as I fear I am getting fat; Mrs. Baring has just told mamma that she has invited every available member of the Baring family to her Christmas dinner. We are to be the only outsiders.

December 20, Wednesday: Ludwig van Beethoven underwent a surgery to remove abdominal fluids, the initial of four such operations.

James Melvin was born in Concord to Charles Melvin (1) and Betsy Farrar Melvin. He would get married with Elizabeth Gates. THE MELVINS OF CONCORD

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Looked in at White’s. All intent on gambling. While I was there a sum of £8000 changed hands. Had some supper; a thick fog, had to have a link man to show me the way home.

December 21, Thursday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Dined at a large Diplomatic dinner at Prince Jules de Polignac’s at the French Embassy; all men. I was delighted to meet Montmorency; we had good talk over our old days in Paris. He says things are much changed now, and that the King is much disliked. Our successors are not at all well received and do not entertain at all. After dinner, Montmorency and I went for a short time to White’s and had supper late. London unutterably dull. Mamma is very happy as she has a perfect riot of churches to go to. It will be gayer after Christmas, but only among the Corps Diplomatique. We are booked for several visits. I was delighted with a long letter from my dear wife. All are well and HDT WHAT? INDEX

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seem very happy. Father will have to have some sort of reception for the Americans in the New Year. We really make quite a show. We are using all our old French State liveries-which are perfectly fresh.

Der Zwerg D.771, a song by Franz Schubert to words of von Collin, was performed for the initial time, in the Musikvereinsaal, Vienna.

200 Anglo settlers seized Nacogdoches, Mexico (Texas) and proclaimed the Republic of Fredonia. Mexican authorities would down the revolt with the help of Anglo leaders.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 21st of 12 M / Silent Meeting — I could not divest my mind of John & his leaving School — My desires for his right disposal & direction were fervant, & aspirations for his preservation from evil were ardent. — It was to me a good meeting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 26, Tuesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We had a delightful Christmas with the Barings, who are hospitality itself. There are Barings of all shapes and colours, all sizes-tall ones, short ones, lean ones, fat ones, but all are so nice and cheerful; they seem indeed a united family. We played all sorts of silly games and became children again. I could not keep my thoughts from home. Mr. Baring would drink my wife and boy’s health, this nearly broke me up. We have a big reception of Americans on January 2.

December 29, Friday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Driving home late last night near the top of Park Lane, we heard cries for help. I jumped down and found a hackney-coach which had been stopped by footpads. Two lonely females were in it. They had stunned the jarvey. I at once escorted them to our coach and we drove them home. They lived quite close to us. A Lady Lucy and her daughter. We had just come upon them in the nick of time and had disturbed the robbers. We never go out at night without at least two footmen and generally father’s chasseur as well. It is extraordinary how unsafe London is at night, and in the very best quarters.

December 30, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Rumours of a change in the Cabinet, but nothing definite The HDT WHAT? INDEX

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King comes to Buckingham House in a few days. There is a report that Lord Liverpool is ill — not confirmed.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 30 of 12th M / This day I am 45 Years of Age — Even if my life should be extended to very old age - I have lived considerably over half my days. — I feel the advance of years already, & it is probably I shall very sensibly realize it soon, in a more full degree. — I desire to be thankful for the past, & for the future place my just confidence in HIM who has been with me from my childhood & borne with me in Great loving kindness & tender mercy. — & kindly provided for me far beyond my deserts -this I know right well — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

January 3, Wednesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The “rout” for all of our compatriots last night was as successful as any “rout” can be; to be several hours sitting in a coach before arriving at the door of one’s destination; then to crawl up about three or four steps every half-hour; to be stifled and toes trodden upon; to make a bow to your hosts; to edge one’s way through the crowd; to drink hot champagne and secure an ice down one’s back. Then to start one’s journey back again. If this spells pleasure, then a “rout” is pleasant. We indeed take our pleasures oddly. “Crockford’s,” the magnificent new gambling-hell in St. James’s Street, was opened yesterday. Pozzo di Borgo, Prince Esterhazy, the Duke of Wellington, Talleyrand, &c. &c., all belong to it. Pozzo took me under his wing. It was very fine. Supper lavish. It is to be the fashionable gambling resort of the aristocracy.

January 6, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: The Duke of York died yesterday, quietly seated in an arm-chair. This of course puts the Court into deep mourning. They say he never recovered from the shock of the Duchess of Rutland’s death-his mistress. She induced him to build that huge palace in the Mall called York House. He incurred huge debts. I only saw him once or twice in 1818. He was a great contrast to the then Prince Regent-coarse and very loud in his manners; a viveur in every sense of the word. He had the reputation of being a most loyal friend, and never forsook anybody who was in trouble. Peace to his ashes! I will have to go to the funeral as father’s health does not permit him to attend such ceremonies. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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January 20, Saturday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We have had some difficulty with our coachman. He committed an assault outside the Embassy but took refuge when they were about to arrest him in the Embassy. Of course no officers of the law can enter an Embassy. Father was informed of the matter. He inquired into the facts of the case and absolutely refused to give the man up. It has caused a good deal of correspondence and the matter is not yet closed. Our visit to Trentham was a great success. It is a palace indeed, and such magnificence I have never seen outside a royal residence, either here, in France, or in Russia. Lady Stafford received us in her usual dignified and gracious manner. She has always liked father, I believe, because Madame de Stael was so fond of him, and she had a cult for her. My room was quite beautiful, looking out on a fine sheet of water. In summer it must be perfectly beautiful. Then it stands empty as all the family come up to London. The reception rooms, state rooms, &c. &c., beggar description, full of superb works of art. We were sixty guests, a large portion of the Corps Diplomatique and Mr. Canning. Great ceremony for dinner, but the rest of the day we were allowed to do exactly as we chose. Horses to ride, coaches of all sorts at our disposal. Dancing and music in the evening. I thoroughly enjoyed it. So did Frances.

January 25, Thursday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We are going on apace with the negotiations for the absolutely final settlement of the Commercial Treaty. Of course delays are inevitable in so important a matter. Lord Liverpool has seemed very odd in his manner lately as if he were half dazed. Walked in the Mall this morning with Frances, the inevitable footman following us. Lord Cassillis called to- day with his charming wife; she was a daughter of Mr. and Lady Mary Watts. Lady Mary was brought up in America as she and her sister, Lady Cathrine Duer, were the daughters of Lord Stirling. Mamma had known them well.

Nachthelle D.892 for tenor, male chorus and piano by Franz Schubert was performed for the initial time, in the Musikvereinsaal, Vienna.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 25th of 1st M / Yesterday died Elizabeth Mitchell & this morning Rebecca Goddard. - both are to be carried to the Meeting house on 7th day Our Moy [Monthly] Meeting was pretty well attended considering the Season. - The public appearances in the Ministry of Mary Hicks were considered & approved & forwarded to Quarterly HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Meeting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: There is a Cabinet crisis which has kept everything at a standstill-very annoying. We dined with the Duke of Devonshire yesterday, at his house in Piccadilly. He is a most gracious host. Snappy Charles Greville, always asking questions and taking notes, was there. A book called “Vivian Grey,” published by Colburn and immensely puffed, appeared last year. There were many surmises as to who the author was. Great names were mentioned and there was much speculation on the matter. It now turns out to be by a quite unknown youth called Disraeli, a Jew. Greville had the audacity to say that he knew who the author was from the first. Father thought well of the book. Lady Conyngham appears in the depth of mourning for the Duke of York. This causes much amusement. I do not think we will remain here much longer. I am most anxious to return home. Father is really despondent, everything goes at a snail’s pace. Mr. Adams after promising him an absolutely free hand is evidently irritated by Mr. Clay’s continual interference and also influenced by him. Father looks upon Mr. Clay as simply an obstinate firebrand who is not capable of grasping or dealing with a subject without prejudice. The present negotiations are of a most delicate nature and have to be treated as such. Here it seems the custom for statesmen to conceal the truth. In France they do not pretend to tell the truth. The President has written a private letter to father begging him to remain in England. It is flattering to his vanity, but he has none. He is determined after this mission is fulfilled to give up political life altogether.

February 28, Wednesday: The first American railway public carrier, the Baltimore & Ohio RR, was chartered with plans to connect Baltimore on the coast with boat traffic on the other side of the Appalachians, on the Ohio River 379 miles away at Wheeling in what was then still part of Virginia rather than West Virginia.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Lord Liverpool had a stroke on the 17th, and died yesterday. Father does not think this will make any difference He hopes that Mr. Canning will not be Prime Minister. It will be some time before anything definite is decided.

March: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We seem to be slowly creeping toward the end. Patience, is the only thing and we want a sack full of it. Supped at Crockford’s last night. Talleyrand was opposite to me and looked more like an ape than ever. The absolute silence of the gambling-rooms is HDT WHAT? INDEX

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extraordinary. I cannot realize the passion for gambling. I suppose it is a disease like everything else. Father has little dinners of his beloved cronies, Humboldt, Pozzo di Borgo, Baring, &c. I really enjoy their delightful conversation — their contempt for the world amuses me. ... The weather, which has been dreadful, is a little better. No entertaining to speak of. Desperately dull. I am glad I have plenty of work to do. Mr. Lawrence seems very capable and father is much pleased with him.

April 10, Tuesday: Fryderyk Chopin’s sister Emilia died of tuberculosis (he may have caught the disease from her).

George Canning replaced Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Mr. Canning is now Prime Minister. It seems to have put him into a good temper and he is far more gracious, although his temper at times is very trying. Father much to his disgust, has been summoned by the King to Brighton — I go with him.

April 15, Easter Sunday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We only stopped one night at Brighton. Rooms had been prepared for us at a house close to the Pavilion, which the King keeps for his guests. We were received by his Majesty, who was lying on a divan — he could hardly hold himself up. Lady Conyngham was present at first, but at a nod from the King, retired. She looks as if she had something of a temper. The King spoke on several political subjects, and for a wonder with great lucidity. He said suddenly, “Canning is a damned old woman.” We were bid to sup with the Royal circle. I could see that father could hardly dissemble his disgust. The conversation was boisterous and indecent. Cards after supper, and on a plea of being very fatigued father begged leave to retire. He and I went for a walk by the sea. The only remark he made was, “And that is a King.” We left in the morning without seeing His Majesty.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 15th of 4 N / Our Morning Meeting was pretty well attended & was a solid favourd meeting to me. — D Buffum deliverd a very solemn testimony on the Subject of divine Worship & while he was speaking a gust of thunder & lightening & rain came up which with his slow & solemn pronunciation & the grave appearance of his person. - added an impressive feeling, which I trust will not be forgotten by some present - he dwelt on the text “Woman believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain nor yet at Jerusalem worship the Father- But HDT WHAT? INDEX

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the hour cometh & now is when the true worshipers shall worship the Father in spirit & in truth”— We were small & silent in the Afternoon RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 24, Tuesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Mr. Canning’s temper has become most uncertain. At dinner last night father was sitting next to Baron Humboldt; after dinner, Mr. Canning came up to father and said, “The opinion universally entertained abroad and generally in England is that the Government is an aristocracy — it is not, it is a monarchy.” Both father and Baron Humboldt were much surprised at this extraordinary outburst. They could not explain it. Some of the gentlemen sitting near, too, heard this remark and seemed much astonished. Later on the Duke of Wellington had a chair brought and placed between father and Humboldt. He made himself most agreeable, but seemed worried about something. He suddenly said, “Do you find anything odd in Mr. Canning’s manner?”

April 28, Saturday: The Reverend Waldo Emerson arrived in Baltimore, Maryland.

A letter from Albert Gallatin to Henry Clay, as recorded by his son James (THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN): LONDON, April 28, 1827 ... At the dinner of the 23rd, Mr. Canning came near Baron Humboldt and me and told us, “You see that the opinion universally entertained abroad, and very generally indeed in England, that this Government is an aristocracy, is not true. It is,” said he emphatically, “a monarchy. The Whigs had found it out in 1784, when they tried to oppose the King’s prerogative of choosing his Prime Minister. The Tories have now repeated the same experiment, and with no greater success.” He appears certainly very confident, and speaks of any intended opposition in Parliament as if he had no fear of it. As all the leading newspapers are in his favour, I enclose the only pamphlet of note that has appeared on the other side. An infusion of Whiggism in the Ministry, by the accession of such a man as the Marquis of Lansdowne, might perhaps, after a while, have produced some favourable change in the policy of the Administration towards the United States. For the present, none can be expected. I do not believe that there is a single question between us in which the Ministers will not be supported by the public opinion of the country in taking rank ground against us. Our dependence for friendly arrangements rests solely on the superior sense of the Ministers Unfortunately Mr. Huskisson ((Colonial Secretary 1827, responsible for the repeal of the navigation laws.)) is less favourably disposed towards the United States, principally on the commercial subjects, than towards any other country. And, having to meet in other respects a formidable opposition to his plans, he may be disposed to HDT WHAT? INDEX

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regain some popularity with the shipping interest to pursuing with the United States measures inconsistent with his avowed general principles on that subject. If there is any reaction as relates to us, it must come from the West Indies, and perhaps, at last, from the manufacturing interests. I have been compelled to remain perfectly quiet for the last months; but now that a temporary Administration is formed, which will last at least as long as this session of Parliament, I will ascertain in the course of next week whether it is intended that our negotiations should be resumed. Mr. Canning, on the 23rd, again expressed great regret that they should have been so long interrupted, and intimated his intention of having, within a few days, a special conversation with me. I have the honour, and &c., ALBERT GALLATIN

May: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: People are returning to London, and it promises to be a very gay season. Already we have several invitations, but we are here for too short a time to make really any friends. The Court returns to Buckingham House in June, but there will not be any Court entertainments, which is a relief. London is looking her best now; the Park is gay with flowers. I ride out to Kew and Richmond in the early morning — before anybody is stirring. Lady Kensington has been most kind to mamma and Frances. Miss Edwards and the latter are inseparable. I go sometimes to Holland House, which is very beautiful.

June: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Took Frances to Kew Gardens this afternoon. Flowers and plants beautiful. Dinner at the French Embassy. Glad to see some of my old Paris friends. Mr. Canning more and more odd in his manner. Lord Goderich had a long interview with father this morning.

June 4, Monday: When the 1st ever university cricket match took place, at Lord’s, Oxford versus Cambridge ended in a tie.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Took Frances to Eton for the 4th of June. A fine company, a very charming sight. The procession of boats delightful and very English. We are stopping at the White Hart Inn, directly opposite the Castle. Lady Kensington, her son and daughter, are of our party.

June 10, Sunday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Matters are going on very well, and father has great hopes of a speedy settlement. A splendid banquet at the Duke of Wellington’s last night. A wonderful display of gold plate. A rout at Lady Lansdowne’s. It took me exactly one hour to get from the top to the bottom of the stairs. I was wedged between Charles Greville and an immensely fat Dowager. We all three moved step by step together — and this is called pleasure. Dinner at Devonshire House to-night. The Court is at Buckingham House, but no entertaining.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 10 of 6 M / Today commenced our large public Yearly Meeting - In the morning Our friend Anna Braithwaite was engaged in a living & powerful gospel testimony followed by a short but good one by Elizabeth Coggeshall The Meeting concluded under a most solemn covering after a prayer by Anna Braithwaite. — In the Afternoon, the Meeting was very large & Anna again concerned in a living gospel testimony then Thos Shillitoe made an addition at three different standings & our friends Wm Almy concluded [in a] solemn reverend Supplication — perhaps these meeting were rarely ever excelled for solemn quiet. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 15, Friday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Frances has just come in from a walk in the Mall. She made us guess whom she met — fat Miss Bates whom we brought from America with us. The King was in a wheeled chair; Lady Conyngham walking along side of him. The weather intolerably hot. Good news from home. All are well. Plenty of work for me to-night.

At about the midpoint of the month, the Reverend Waldo Emerson returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Soon after his return, he wrote his poem “The River.”

July: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Work, work, work, nothing but work, copying dispatches, preparing drafts of treaty, only to be torn up and new ones made. Weather intolerably hot. I will be glad when all is signed and sealed and we can have a little breathing time. Mamma and Frances in their element as they are dining out every night, and routs and balls following. Mrs. Baring is most assiduous in her attentions and insists on chaperoning Frances when mamma is tired.

August: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Bad rumours of Mr. Canning’s health; some say he cannot possibly live.

August 10, Friday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: Mr. Canning died on the 8th. Lord Goderich, much to father’s delight, is Prime Minister. All will now be plain sailing. When this treaty is signed it will be a final and we hope a lasting one. Certainly nothing has been left to chance, every detail has been discussed, assuring peace for years to come.

August 14, Tuesday: Albert Gallatin wrote from London to Henry Clay: LONDON, August 14, 1827 SIR, It is now understood that the new Administration of this country is to be but a continuation of that of Mr. Canning, to act on the same principles, and no new appointments to be made but those that are strictly necessary. Lord Goderich is First Lord of the Treasury. Lord Harrowby, President of the Council, retires from office, principally on account of a domestic affliction. Marquis Lansdowne, Lord Dudley, and the other Ministers, with the exception perhaps of Mr. Huskisson, remain in their respective offices. The Duke of Wellington may resume his place of Commander-in-Chief, but without a seat in the Cabinet, which he could not with propriety have accepted, since his fellow-seceders were excluded. Mr. Peel, and this is the greatest loss to the Administration, cannot at this time come in, having so lately committed himself by his solemn declaration that his reason for resigning was that he could not make part of an Administration at the head of which was a friend to Catholic emancipation. The places to be filled are: (1) the President of the Council; and I have not heard who is intended, perhaps the Duke of Portland; (2) Colonial Department, vacant by Lord Goderich’s promotion; (3) Chancellor of the Exchequer, an office which as a peer he cannot fill. It is probable that the option of these two places will be given to Mr. Huskisson, now on the Continent, where he was to remain three months, but whom the late event will probably bring back. The last place is that for which he is best qualified, and to which he is called by public opinion- but his precarious health will probably induce him to take the Colonial Department, as less laborious and, above all, as requiring less public speaking. In that case Mr. Herries, the principal Under-Secretary of the Treasury, and a capable man, but without political influence, will probably be the Chancellor, though Lord Palmerston is also spoken of; and Mr. Grant, now Vice-President, will naturally become President of the Board of Trade. The great difficulty is who shall succeed Mr. Canning as leader HDT WHAT? INDEX

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of the House of Commons. Mr. Peel, who would have more of their confidence than any other man, is out of the question; and all that can be hoped is that, agreeing on almost every subject but that of the Catholic emancipation with the members of the Cabinet, he will not become the leader of an opposition. Without him there hardly can be one in the House of Commons; and the return of the Duke of Wellington to the command of the Army would go far to paralyse that in the House of Lords, whilst it would add to the weight of the Administration abroad. Mr. Brougham is undoubtedly the first man in the House of Commons, superior to Mr. Canning in force and logic, at least equal in sarcastic powers, far more consistent in his political opinions; but these are much too rank for the House, and perhaps for the nation. Not even a moderate Whig would do for the present, and Mr. Brougham is, besides too harsh, better calculated to drive than to lead. Mr. Huskisson is, therefore, the only man; and he is accordingly looked on and intended as the Ministerial leader in the House. This place, for it is one united to the superiority of his talents and energy over his colleagues, would make him in reality almost Prime Minister, if he was not rather a sensible than an eloquent speaker, and if it was not that he must govern through at least two of his associates — Lord Goderich, who besides all the patronage of his office, must be considered as the head of the moderate Tory Party, and Marquis Lansdowne, who is the head of almost the whole Whig Party; both also greatly and justly respected, and men of sound judgment and solid, if not showy, talents. Power will be more divided than under Mr. Canning. I think that the influence of Marquis Lansdowne would be greater if he could be transferred to the Foreign Office. As matters now stand, the great political questions will be decided by the Cabinet. Mr. Huskisson will have more weight in those affecting the finances of the country; he will direct almost exclusively (with the exception of the corn question) the commercial regulations, whether interior or in their connexion with foreign relations. There will, therefore, be no change in the policy of Great Britain towards us. The question of Colonial intercourse was decided almost entirely by Mr. Huskisson’s influence. He adheres to that decision, and immediately before leaving the country again committed himself in that respect by positive assurance to merchants interested in the subject. All the difficulties in renewing the commercial convention, and the determination not to renew it unless it might be rescinded at will, also originated with him. He has an undue and not very liberal jealousy of the increasing navigation of the United States. In other respects he cannot be said to be hostile to them; and he would wish that causes of actual rupture might be removed. I have reason to believe that he would be in favour of a satisfactory arrangement on the subject of impressment. His views in regard of the country west of the Rocky Mountains are, on the whole, temperate, and the difficulties on the subject of the North-East Boundary cannot be ascribed to him. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Whether his reign will last is extremely doubtful, his general health is precarious, and he has an organic affection of the throat, so serious that he never made a long speech during the last session of Parliament without experiencing a relapse. The present Administration will, at all events, last till after the next meeting of Parliament in January, and will probably become permanent if not disturbed by untoward events. The critical situation of affairs in Portugal is at this moment the principal cause of embarrassment. I have the honour to be respectfully, sir, Your most obedient servant, ALBERT GALLATIN

August 16, Thursday: Sultan Mahmud II of Turkey rejected the demands of Britain, France, and Russia and continued his assault on Greece.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: A treaty was signed to-day which continues the Commercial Convention of 1815 indefinitely. All is now entirely satisfactorily settled and we return at once to America. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 16th of 8 M / A short good testimony from Father Rodman Meeting small — the rainy weather & sickness preventing several who usually attend. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: London empty. We have to go to Brighton to take formal leave of his Majesty. We sail on October 9. All left now for us to do is to settle our domestic affairs. Mamma and Frances are paying some farewell visits in the country. Father is serenely content and believes there will be peace for many years between Great Britain and the United States.

October 9, Tuesday: Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James, at Liverpool, as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: We embark to-morrow morning. The weather very bad. It is a bad season of the year but we must take our chance. Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Baring have accompanied us here — most kind of the latter. I leave with some regret, but long to see my dear wife and child. Now for a new life in the New World. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1831

June 10, Friday: When Field Marshal Baron Ivan von Diebitsch, commander of Russian forces in Poland, died of cholera, this temporarily halting the Russian advance.

At about 2PM a passing ferryman witnessed Francis Abbott, “hermit of Niagara Falls,” enter the water below the American Falls. He appeared to be bathing, but after he went beneath the surface of the water, the ferryman did not again see him. His clothing would be found neatly folded.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day engaged in preparing for Y Meeting - In the Steam Boat came passengers our English friends Jonathon & Hannah Backhouse - who took quarters at David Buffums Elisha Bates & Doctor William Carey took quarters at Our house as we shared[?] with Aunt Nancy Carpenter & have the use of the rooms of the part of the house we hire of her & occupy when in Newport. Jeremiah Hubbard & his wife went to Job Shermans- & found all who came got quarters pretty readily which considering the state of things was a favour. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

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In New-York, Alexis de Tocqueville met with community leaders and had a conversation with Albert Gallatin concerning the ideals of American men and women in regard to chastity and adultery: I. Is it true, as I am told, that morals are pure? He. Conjugal fidelity is admirably kept. It’s not always thus with virtue before marriage. It very often happens in the country (not in our cities) that the extreme liberty enjoyed by the young people of both sexes has its drawbacks. The savage peoples who surround us carry disregard for chastity before marriage even further. They do not regard it as a moral obligation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1842

Thomas Ewbank’s DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER MACHINES, ANCIENT AND MODERN (New York).

John Russell Bartlett, Thomas Ewbank, and Albert Gallatin helped found the American Ethnological Society.

April 12, day: A convention of the National Charter Association took place in London.

Richard Wagner and his wife arrived in Dresden where he was to assist in rehearsals for Rienzi.

The initial organizational meeting for the New York Philharmonic Society was chaired by Anthony Philip Heinrich.

Frederick Douglass spoke in Wrentham MA.

Lord Ashburton wrote to Albert Gallatin: LORD ASHBURTON to ALBERT GALLATIN WASHINGTON, April 12, 1842 DEAR MR. GALLATIN, My first destination was to approach America through New York, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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but the winds decided otherwise, and I was landed at Annapolis. In one respect only this was a disappointment, and a serious one. I should have much wished to seek you out in your retreat to renew an old and highly valued acquaintance, and I believe and hope I may add, friendship; to talk over with you the Old and New World, their follies and their wisdom, their present and bygone actors, all of which nobody understands so well as you do, and, what is more rare, nobody that has crossed my passage in life has appeared to me to judge with the same candid impartiality. This pleasure of meeting you is, I trust, only deferred. I shall, if I live to accomplish my work here, certainly not leave the country without an attempt to find you out and to draw a little wisdom from the best well, though it may be too late for my use in the work I have in hand and very much at heart. You will probably be surprised at my undertaking this task at my period of life, and when I am left to my own thoughts I am sometimes surprised myself at my rashness. People here stare when I tell them that I listened to the debates in Congress on Mr. Jay’s treaty in 1795, and seem to think that some antediluvian has come amongst them out of his grave. The truth is that I was tempted by my great anxiety in the cause, and the extreme peace between our countries. The latter circumstance induced my political friends to press this appointment upon me, and with much hesitation, founded solely upon my health and age, I yielded. In short, here I am. My reception has been everything I could expect or wish; but your experience will tell you that little can be inferred from this until real business is entered upon. I can only say that it shall not be my fault if we do not continue to live on better terms than we have lately done, and, if I do not understand the present very anomalous state of parties here, or misinterpret public opinion generally, there appears to be no class of politicians of any respectable character indisposed to peace with us on reasonable terms. I expect and desire to obtain no other, and my present character of a diplomatist is so new to me that I know no other course but candour and plain dealing. The most inexpert protocolist would beat me hollow at such work. I rely on your good wishes, my dear sir, though I have nothing else, and that you will believe me unfeignedly yours, ASHBURTON HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1849

April 12, Thursday: Albert Gallatin died on Long Island at the age of 88.

In Montréal, Tories burned the Parliament building.

Walter Hunt patented the 1st version of the safety pin.

On the 4th page of the Salem, Massachusetts Register, under the headline “A Man of the Woods,” appeared a review of Henry Thoreau’s lecture “Life in the woods”/“Where I lived” from “Economy,” delivered at Exchange Hall in Portland, Maine on March 21st. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1856

James V. Marshall’s THE UNITED STATES MANUAL OF BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY (Philadelphia PA: James B. Smith & Company) waxed eloquent on one of our favorite topics, to wit, how great we all are by association with each other: The name of Rufus King stands high in our history, as that of a statesman, orator, and diplomatist of rare powers. He was born in 1755, at Scarborough, Maine, where his father was a wealthy merchant. Young King was entered at Harvard College, in 1773; but, in 1775, his collegiate pursuits were interrupted by the commencement of the Revolutionary war, the buildings appertaining to the institution having become the barracks of the American troops. The students were, in consequence, dispersed until the autumn of the same year, when they reassembled at Concord, where they remained until the evacuation of Boston by the British forces, in 1776. In 1777 he received his degree, and immediately afterward entered as a student of law, into the office of the celebrated Theophilus Parsons, at Newburyport. Before he was admitted to the bar in 1778, Mr. King volunteered his services in the enterprise conducted by General Sullivan and Count d’Estaing against the British in Rhode Island, and acted in the capacity of aid-de-camp to the former. In 1780 he began the practice of his profession, and soon after was elected representative of the town of Newburyport, in the legislature or General Court, as it is called, of Massachusetts, where his success paved the way to a seat in the old Congress in 1784. His most celebrated effort in the legislature was made in that year, on the occasion of the recommendation by Congress to the several States to grant to the general government a five percent. impost, a compliance with which he advocated with great power and zeal. he was re-elected a member of Congress in 1785 and 1786. In the latter year, he was sent by Congress, with Mr. Monroe, to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to remonstrate against one of its proceedings. A day was appointed for them to address the legislature, on Which Mr. King rose first to speak; but, before he could open his lips, he lost the command of his faculties, and, in his confusion, barely retained presence of mind enough to request Mr. Monroe to take his place. Meanwhile, he recovered his self- possession, and on rising again, after complimenting his audience by attributing his misfortune to the effect produced upon him by so august an assemblage, proceeded to deliver an elegant and masterly speech. In 1787, when the general convention met at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a constitution for the country, Mr. King was sent to it by the legislature of Massachusetts, and, when the convention of that State was called, in order to discuss the system of government proposed, was likewise chosen a member of it by the inhabitants of Newburyport. In both assemblies, he was in favor of the present constitution: In 1788, he removed to New York city. In 1789, he was elected a member of the New York legislature, and, during its extra session, in the summer of that year, General HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Schuyler and himself were chosen the first senators from the State, under the constitution of the United States. In 1794, the British treaty was made public, and, a public meeting of the citizens of New York having been called respecting it, Mr. King and General Hamilton attended to explain and defend it; but the people were in such a ferment, that they were not allowed to speak. They therefore retired, and immediately commenced the publication of a series of essays upon the subject, under the signature of Camillus, the first ten of which, relating to the permanent articles of the treaty, were written by General Hamilton, and the remainder, relative to the commercial and maritime articles, by Mr. King. The most celebrated speech made by Mr. King, in the Senate of the United States, was in this year, concerning a petition which had been presented by some of the citizens of Pennsylvania against the right of Albert Gallatin to take a seat in the Senate, to which he had been chosen by that State, on the ground of want of legal qualification, in consequence of not having been a citizen of the United States for the requisite number of years. Mr. King spoke in support of the petition, and in answer to a speech of Aaron Burr in favor of Mr. Gallatin. Mr. Gallatin was excluded. In the spring of 1796, Mr. King was appointed, by President Washington, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James, having previously declined the offer of the department of state. The functions of that post he continued to discharge until 1803, when he returned home. In 1813, he was a third time sent to the senate by the legislature of New York, at a period when the nation was involved in hostilities with Great Britain. His speech on the burning of Washington by the enemy, was one of his most eloquent displays, and teemed with sentiments which had echoes from all parties. In 1816, while engaged with his senatorial duties at Washington, he was proposed as a candidate for the chief magistracy of the State of New York, by a convention of delegates from several of its counties. The nomination was made without his knowledge, and it was with great reluctance that he acceded to it, at the earnest solicitation of his friends. He was not, however, elected. In 1820, he was re-elected to the Senate of the United States, where he continued until the expiration of the term, in March, 1825. Several of the laws which he proposed and carried, in that interval, were of great consequence. In the famous Missouri question, he took the lead. On his withdrawal from the Senate, he accepted from President Adams the appointment of minister plenipotentiary at the court of London. During the voyage to England, his health was sensibly impaired. He remained abroad a twelvemonth, but his illness impeded the performance of his official duties, and proved fatal soon after his return home. He died like a Christian philosopher, April 29, 1827, in the seventy-third year of his age. In person, Mr. King was somewhat above the middle size, and well proportioned. His countenance was frank, manly, and beaming with intelligence. His orations and writings were remarkable for their condensation and force of style. His conversation was brilliant and varied. As a statesman, all parties agreed that he HDT WHAT? INDEX

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ranked among the first of his age. *** Francis Dana was born in Massachusetts in 1743. His parents were wealthy and respectable, and gave him the benefit of an excellent education. Young Dana graduated at Harvard College in 1762, and then turned his attention to the study of the law. On being admitted to the bar, Mr. Dana went to England, where he remained one year, and then returned and began the practice of his profession. His learning and ability secured him speedy success. At the commencement of the troubles occasioned by the arbitrary and oppressive measures of the British Parliament, Mr. Dana manifested a decided partiality for the cause of the colonists, and was a valuable acquisition to the ranks of the patriots. In 1776, he was elected to a seat in the Continental Congress, and he continued to be an active member of that body until 1779. He was one of the committee appointed by Congress to consider the conciliatory propositions of the British commissioners, Messrs. Johnson and Eden; but nothing was effected by the negotiation. In 1779, Mr. Dana accompanied John Adams to France as secretary of legation. In 1780, he was appointed minister to Prussia, and although not publicly received as such, he remained there until the close of the war. He then returned to America, and in 1784 was elected to a seat in Congress. In 1792, Mr. Dana was appointed chief- justice of Massachusetts, and he continued to discharge the grave duties of that office until 1806, when he resigned. This eminent servant of the public died in 1811, at the age of sixty-eight years. His character was estimable in every respect; — it was that of a firm patriot, an upright judge, and a cheerful domestic companion. *** John Collins was an active patriot of Rhode Island during the Revolution. He was born in that State in 1717. After receiving a good education, he studied law, and became an advocate of considerable reputation. Being a zealous supporter of the rights of the colonists, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, where his services were of a practical and efficient character. When the independence of his country was once declared, he lent all his energies to upholding the declaration, and was a chief advocate of the Articles of Confederation to which we find his signature affixed. In 1786, Mr. Collins was elected governor of Rhode Island; and he held that office until 1789. He then retired from the theatre of public action, to enjoy the calm pleasures of private life. He died in 1795, at the age of seventy-eight years. He was an earnest and intelligent patriot. *** James Lovell was an instance of a patriotic son in conflict with a Tory refugee father. John Lovell, his father, was a schoolmaster in Boston, Massachusetts. he was a good scholar, and a man of HDT WHAT? INDEX

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considerable force of character. Many of the principal men of the Revolution had been under his tuition. He was a decided loyalist, and in 1777 he accompanied the British troops to Halifax, where he died in 1778, at the age of seventy years, his son, James Lovell, was born in 1737, and graduated at Harvard College in 1756. For many years afterward he was a distinguished teacher of the Latin school, being associated with his father. From the commencement of the colonial troubles, James Lovell was a firm Whig. In consequence of his patriotic zeal, General Gage put him in prison, and he was carried by the British troops to Halifax, where he was for a long time kept in close confinement. The father was there a Tory refugee; the son a prisoner, suffering for his devotion to his country’s cause. At length, Mr. Lovell was exchanged, and he returned to Boston to receive the congratulations of his fellow-citizens on his fidelity. He was immediately elected to a seat in the Continental Congress in which station his services were manifold and exceedingly valuable. He was a member of the committee of foreign correspondence, and unwearying in attention to his duties. Before the establishment of the constitution of Massachusetts, in 1786, Mr. Lovell was collector of customs for the port of Boston, and afterward was naval officer for Boston and Charleston until his death, in 1814, at the age of seventy-six years. Mr. Lovell was truly a devoted patriot, and an example of the sacrifice of domestic peace for the general good. *** Nathaniel Gorman was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, May 27, 1738. He received an excellent education, and possessing uncommon talents, he always appeared to advantage in company with literary men. He settled in business at the place of his nativity, but being a constant, fearless, and independent lover of freedom, seemed to be formed more for public life than to succeed in mercantile pursuits. Mr. Gorham was chosen representative for Charlestown, in 1771, and every year till the commencement of the Revolutionary war. He was a very assiduous attendant on the house of representatives, and was a leader in all their debates. In 1779 he was elected a delegate of the convention which formed the constitution of his native State. In 1784 he was chosen a member of the Congress of the United States, and soon after elected president of that honorable body. In 1787, Mr. Gorham was a member of the grand convention which formed the federal constitution. In this august body, he sustained a high reputation for his knowledge and integrity. He stood high with all parties for his wisdom and prudence, and eloquence in debate. He was on this account one of the most influential members of the State convention, which adopted the constitution. He died, June 11, 1796, at the age of fifty-eight. *** Samuel Holten, who had the honor of becoming one of the presidents of the Continental Congress, was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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June 9, 1738. Having received a good education, he studied medicine, and then commenced the practice of his profession in his native town. He was a zealous Whig, and gave all his energy and ability to the cause of his country at the commencement of the struggle against British oppression. In 1778, Mr. Holten was elected a member of Congress, and he continued an active member of that august body for five years, serving for a time as its presiding officer. He then retired from prominent public positions and enjoyed an interval of repose. In 1793, Mr. Holten was again elected a representative in Congress. In 1796 he was appointed judge of probate for the county of Essex, which office he resigned in 1815, after having been in public stations forty-seven years, a long period of patriotic and honorable service. He died in 1816, aged seventy-seven years. Mr. Holten was a man of high character and dignified bearing; rigidly faithful in the performance of his duties, and exacting the same strictness in keeping engagements from others. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1879

Henry Adams’s LIFE OF ALBERT GALLATIN; THE WRITINGS OF ALBERT GALLATIN (3 volumes).

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Albert Gallatin HDT WHAT? INDEX

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2014. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: October 28, 2014 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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