What you should already know… Naturalists and Animal Behaviourists

-There are seven common features of living things – Naturalists Animal Behaviourists Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth,

Reproduction, Excretion & Nutrition. A natural scientist, or naturalist, studies animals and Animals behaviourists make scientific studies of plants by observation, rather than by everything that animals do, from observations to -Animals can be grouped into vertebrates (have experimenting. experimentation. backbone) and invertebrates (have no backbone). They can be grouped into further categories, e.g. One example of a naturalist is Sir David One example of an animal behaviourist is Dr Jane Attenborough, who is known for presenting mammals, reptiles, birds, etc. Goodall, who is best known for her 55-year study information and findings about animals through of the behaviour of chimpanzees. She is the -Plants can also be categorised in many different innovative and engaging television programmes. founder of a conservation institute. ways, e.g. flowering and non-flowering plants. Other naturalists include: Others include: -Animals are often adapted to the habitats they live -Charles Darwin -Karl von Frisch in. Both natural and man-made events can change -Alfred Russel Wallace -Konrad Lorenz habitats over time, placing animals in danger. -Steve Irwin -Nikolaas Tinbergen.

Animal Life Cycles Plant Life Cycles

Plants are able to reproduce in two ways – sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. A life cycle is the series of changes that an animal goes through in its life, including reproduction.

Mammals Amphibians Insects Birds Sexual reproduction in plants is cyclical, Asexual reproduction involves plants following this process: producing an identical copy of themselves. -Mammals have a 3-stage -Many amphibians have a -Most insects undergo -Birds have a 3-stage life life cycle: 5-stage life cycle: metamorphosis and have cycle: 1.Germination -The plant begins to grow This can happen in a number of different a life cycle of 4 stages: from a seed. Roots form under the soil and a ways. Some plants are able to produce bulbs -Stage 1: The gestation -Stage 1: Female lays eggs, -Stage 1: Eggs laid by the stem, leaves and flower shoots above the (e.g. daffodils and snowdrops). Others, like period - the embryo grows fertilized by the male. -Stage 1: Eggs laid by mother. Parents care for surface. potatoes produce tubers. Tubers lie below inside the mother & is female insect. the egg until hatching. the soil, and grow into plants the next year. dependent on her. -Stage 2:Tadpole breathes 2.Pollination – Pollen produced by the in water through gills. -Stage 2: Eggs hatch into -Stage 2: Mother and flower is carried by insects or blown by the -Stage 2: The young larva, e.g. caterpillars, father feed the bird until mammal grows and -Stage 3: Grows fins and maggots, grubs. it is independent. wind to another flower. develops independence. develops lungs. 3.Fertilisation – The pollen reaches another -Stage 4: The pupa (hard -Stage 3: Adult mates in -Stage 3: Adult mates in -Stage 4: Tadpole grows coating) is formed. Inside order to reproduce. flower and makes its way to the ovary, order to reproduce. front legs. Jumps from this, the larva transforms. where it is fertilised. water onto land.

-Stage 5: The adult breaks 4.Dispersal – The seeds are scattered by -Stage 5: Starts to eat out of the pupa and animals or the wind.

insects/plants. Takes 2-4 matures. years to become adult.

Human Life Cycle

Embryo Baby Childhood Adulthood – can reproduce Embryo

Key Vocabulary

The period following the onset of puberty during Adolescence which a young person develops from a child into an Invertebrate An animal lacking a backbone adult.

A warm-blooded vertebrate animal, distinguishable A cold-blooded vertebrate animal eg. frogs, toads, by the possession of hair or fur, females secreting Amphibian newts, salamanders and caecilians Mammal milk for young and typically giving birth to live young

Asexual Offspring get genes from one parent so are clones A series of physical changes some animals go Metamorphosis reproduction of their parents through to become adults.

In animals, fertilisation is when a males sperm and a The process by which a living organism creates a

Fertilisation females egg join together. Reproduction likeness of itself.

Sexual Offspring get genes from both mum and dad, Foetus An animal not yet born or hatched reproduction inheriting a mix of features from both

The period of time that a mammal carries her An animal with possession of a backbone/ spinal offspring, or babies, inside her body before giving Gestation Vertebrate column birth.