DOCSLIB.ORG

Learning Goal: SWBAT Identify the Contributions of the Evolutionary Innovators Prior to Charles Darwin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Learning Goal: SWBAT Identify the Contributions of the Evolutionary Innovators Prior to Charles Darwin Today’s Topic History of Evolutionary Thought Learning Goal: SWBAT identify the contributions of the evolutionary innovators prior to Charles Darwin. Please submit your Solar Eclipse article now, if you haven’t done so already. I will also be distributing a packet/take- home lab assignment today. Homework Complete the “Solar Eclipse” article (Due Friday, 3/27) Complete the “History of Evolutionary Thought Worksheet” (Due Thursday 4/2) Today’s Assignment Unfortunately, I would have liked to have brought us down to a computer lab to complete today’s assignment. However, because all of the labs are full, I have done the research for you. Follow along as we learn about the people that paved the way for Charles Darwin. Anaximander Born: 610 BC Died: 546 BC A Greek philosopher who wrote a text called “On Nature”. He believed that all life, including man, began as slime in the oceans, and eventually moved to drier places. Anaximander He thought that humans were born inside of fishes, and once they hit the proper age, they shed their fish-like skin and began to walk upright. He’s important because he was the first documented person to believe in an idea like evolution. Xenophanes Born: 570 BC Died: 478 BC Examined fossils and put forth the theory that the world was once entirely covered in water. He was the first documented person as performing the “Scientific Method” – making a claim with evidence. Plato Born: 428 BC Died: 348 BC Incredibly famous philosopher. Taught about philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion, and mathematics. Plato In terms of science, he believed that any variations in plants or animals just showed that they were imperfect representations of ideal forms. He attempted to reconcile variations in creatures with some sort of reasoning. Aristotle Born: 384 BC Died: 322 BC Was a member of Plato’s Academy. He wrote about physics, biology, zoology, logic, ethics, government, theater, among topics. Aristotle In terms of science, he created a structured ordering system to classify organisms. His scale ordered creatures in terms of increasing complexity. However, he believed that creatures did not evolve. Aristotle He said that organic creatures arise from inorganic materials by direct metamorphosis. Meaning, the flies that buzz around rotting meat are spontaneously created from the rotting meat. All matter complex creatures are made from less complex creatures below them. Carolus Linnaeus Born: 5/23/1707 Died: 1/10/1778 “The Father of Modern Taxonomy” Was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist. He created the two-word classification system for plants and animals. Georges Cuvier Born: 8/23/1769 Died: 5/13/1832 Full Name: Jean Leopold Nicolas Frederic Cuvier Was a French naturalist and zoologist. He expanded upon Linnaeus’ work by incorporating fossils into the classification system. Georges Cuvier He was also able to establish the fact that species do go extinct. Also found that species can change over time. He was able to prove this by looking at fossils of the Giant Sloth and Mastodon, and noticed that they do not accurately represent their modern equivalents. Skeleton of a Giant Sloth Skeleton of a normal Sloth Skeleton of a Mastodon James Hutton Born: 6/3/1726 Died: 3/26/1797 “Father of Modern Geology” Established geology as a science. Was a believer of uniformitarianism – the idea that the Earth’s crust is continually being formed. James Hutton He said the same processes that are currently shaping the Earth must have shaped the Earth millions of years ago. The processes that shape Earth, however, are VERY slow, which helped to provide evidence for the age of the planet. Charles Lyell Born: 11/14/1797 Died: 2/22/1875 Popularized Hutton’s ideas of uniformitarianism. He was one of the first people to believe that Earth is older than 300 million years old. Said that stratigraphy and geology backs up these claims. Charles Lyell Lyell also was a good friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed heavily to Darwin’s thinking on the process involved in evolution. He helped arrange the publication of Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace’s papers on natural selection. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Born: 8/1/1744 Died: 12/18/1829 Was an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. He also worked heavily with the classification of invertebrates – and coined the term! Jean Baptiste de Lamarck He believed that evolution was a goal-oriented process. Also believed in the theory of inherited acquired characteristics. He believed that if creatures do not use traits or characteristics, they will be lost. Species do not go extinct – they evolve into a different species. Erasmus Darwin Born: 12/12/1731 Died: 4/18/1802 Grandfather to Charles Darwin! Believed that all life had evolved from one common ancestor, which over time branched off into all the species we see today. Charles Darwin Born: 2/12/1809 Died: 4/19/1882 Rejected the ideas of evolution from transmutation Believed in natural selection, and wrote with Alfred Russel Wallace about the branching pattern of evolution. Charles Darwin Born: 2/12/1809 Died: 4/19/1882 Rejected the ideas of evolution from transmutation Believed in natural selection, and wrote with Alfred Russel Wallace about the branching pattern of evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace Born: 1/8/1823 Died: 11/7/1913 Independently came up with the theory of evolution from Charles Darwin. Sent his paper to Charles Darwin regarding natural selection for peer review, which prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species. Worksheet Please complete the remainder of this worksheet. Answer the questions based on your knowledge of these people. Feel free to complete your own research I am ok with Wikipedia! .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alfred Russel Wallace and the Darwinian Species Concept
    Gayana 73(2): Suplemento, 2009 ISSN 0717-652X ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE AND THE Darwinian SPECIES CONCEPT: HIS paper ON THE swallowtail BUTTERFLIES (PAPILIONIDAE) OF 1865 ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Y EL concepto darwiniano DE ESPECIE: SU TRABAJO DE 1865 SOBRE MARIPOSAS papilio (PAPILIONIDAE) Jam ES MA LLET 1 Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London UK, NW1 2HE E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Soon after his return from the Malay Archipelago, Alfred Russel Wallace published one of his most significant papers. The paper used butterflies of the family Papilionidae as a model system for testing evolutionary hypotheses, and included a revision of the Papilionidae of the region, as well as the description of some 20 new species. Wallace argued that the Papilionidae were the most advanced butterflies, against some of his colleagues such as Bates and Trimen who had claimed that the Nymphalidae were more advanced because of their possession of vestigial forelegs. In a very important section, Wallace laid out what is perhaps the clearest Darwinist definition of the differences between species, geographic subspecies, and local ‘varieties.’ He also discussed the relationship of these taxonomic categories to what is now termed ‘reproductive isolation.’ While accepting reproductive isolation as a cause of species, he rejected it as a definition. Instead, species were recognized as forms that overlap spatially and lack intermediates. However, this morphological distinctness argument breaks down for discrete polymorphisms, and Wallace clearly emphasised the conspecificity of non-mimetic males and female Batesian mimetic morphs in Papilio polytes, and also in P.
    [Show full text]
  • Birdobserver17.4 Page183-188 an Honor Without Profit Richard K
    AN HONOR WITHOUT PROFIT by Richard K. Walton eponymy n The derivation of a name of a city, country, era, institution, or other place or thing from the name of a person. Gruson in his Words for Birds gives seven categories for the origins of common bird names: appearance (Black-capped Chickadee), eponymy (Henslow’s Sparrow), echoics (Whooping Crane), habitat (Marsh Wren), behavior (woodpecker), food (oystercatcher), and region (California Condor). The second category comprises people and places memorialized in bird names. Many of our most famous ornithologists as well as a fair number of obscure friends and relations have been so honored. A majority of these names were given during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the pioneering era of North American ornithology. While some of these tributes are kept alive in our everyday birding language, others have slipped into oblivion. Recognition or obscurity may ultimately hinge on the names we use for birds. There is no more famous name in the birding culture than that of John James Audubon. His epic The Birds of America was responsible for putting American science, art, and even literature on the international map. This work was created, produced, promoted, and sold largely by Audubon himself. In the years since his death in 1851, the Audubon legend has been the inspiration for a multitude of ornithological pursuits and causes, both professional and amateur. Audubon painted some five hundred birds in Birds of America and described these in his five-volume Ornithological Biographies. Many of the names given by Audubon honored men and women of his era.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace
    Search | Glossary | Home << previous | next > > Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace The genius of Darwin (left), the way in which he suddenly turned all of biology upside down in 1859 with the publication of the Origin of Species , can sometimes give the misleading impression that the theory of evolution sprang from his forehead fully formed without any precedent in scientific history. But as earlier chapters in this history have shown, the raw material for Darwin's theory had been known for decades. Geologists and paleontologists had made a compelling case that life had been on Earth for a long time, that it had changed over that time, and that many species had become extinct. At the same time, embryologists and other naturalists studying living animals in the early 1800s had discovered, sometimes unwittingly, much of the A visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped Darwin best evidence for Darwin's formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found theory. several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured. Pre-Darwinian ideas about evolution It was Darwin's genius both to show how all this evidence favored the evolution of species from a common ancestor and to offer a plausible mechanism by which life might evolve. Lamarck and others had promoted evolutionary theories, but in order to explain just how life changed, they depended on speculation. Typically, they claimed that evolution was guided by some long-term trend. Lamarck, for example, thought that life strove over time to rise from simple single-celled forms to complex ones.
    [Show full text]
  • (Evolution) Prior to Darwin's Origin of Species
    Theories of Species Change (Evolution) Prior to Darwin’s Origin of Species Theories of Species Change Prior to Darwin Entangled with: 1. Theories of geological change. 2. Theories of heredity. 3. And theories of ontogenesis, that is, of individual development– embryology. Notions of Species in the Classical Period of Greece Plato: the essence or form of an organism is eternal and unchanging; embodiment only the appearance of that form. Aristotle: the essence or form of an organism is incorporated in the physical body; the only kind of eternity enjoyed is through continued reproduction. Theories of Species Change in the Early Modern Period Descartes: gradual evolution of physical system according to fix laws (Discourse on Method, 1628). Buffon (1707-88) and Linnaeus (1707-78): God created a limited number of species, but through hybridization and impact of environment, new species appear. Kant: evolutionary development from earth possible only if earth already construed as purposive; species change possible but no evidence (Critique of Judgment, 1790). Transformation of one species into another through change of scaling, from D’Arcy Thompson, On Growth and Form (1942). Carus’s illustration of the Richard Owen’s illustration of the archetype archetype, from his On the Nature of Limbs (1849) Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). Portrait by François-André Vincent Adam’s Mammoth, found in Siberia in 18th century; St. Petersburg Natural History Museum Cuvier’s illustration of the Siberian mammoth; he identified it as an extinct species of elephant (1796). Cuvier’s illustration of the “Ohio Animal,” which he named “mastodon.” Megatherium (i.e., “large animal”), discovered in South America, described by Cuvier as an extinct creature similar to the modern sloth.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology in Post-Truth Society
    Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2017) 71:76 DOI 10.1007/s00265-017-2303-7 EDITORIAL Behavioral ecology and sociobiology in post-truth society James F. A. Traniello1 & Theo C. M. Bakker2 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 William Whewell (1833)coinedthetermscientist to describe the falsehoods and hoaxes that have virtually become every- experts in the study of natural phenomena. BNature,^ he day occurrences. Although the study of climate change has wrote, Bis a collection of facts governed by laws….To ascer- been the target of most high-profile assaults, skepticism is not tain such laws of nature is the peculiar business of science.^ restricted to atmospheric science or limited to specific research Today, scientists practice in a post-truth society in which trou- agendas. Online journalists attempt to throw truth and reality bling, and often disturbing, attitudes toward science have be- into question and undermine all science by challenging the come commonplace. Science is being marginalized and sup- peer review process. This attack on how ideas are critically pressed (Vernon 2017). Concerns are raised about risks of evaluated, how data are validated, and the nature of proof is human endangerment resulting from the disregard of science insidious. (Gross 2017). Parallels are drawn between the dissemination What should behavioral ecologists do in the present social andgrowthofBfake news^ and the spread of disease environment of denialism? How should we respond to science (Kucharski 2016). Higgins (2016) sounds the alarm: Blosing its relevance as a source of truth^ (Makri 2017)? The BScientists … should be shocked by the idea of post-truth, answer is that we should preach what we practice in a unified … speak up when scientific findings are ignored,… keep voice that is loud and clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific BIOGRAPHY and the CASE of GEORGES CUVIER
    Hist. Sci.) xiv (1976), 101-137 1976HisSc..14..101O SCIENTIFic BIOGRAPHY AND THE CASE OF GEORGES CUVIER: WITH A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Dorinda OutralU University of Reading The purpose of this introduction is to provide some interpretative tools for the reader of the body of secondary literature on Georges Cuvier which is examined in the attached critical bibliography. Criticism and analysis of existing work is therefore emphasized, and the problems in­ volved in constructing a positive biography of Cuvier are only briefly examined. Not only strictly biographical studies, but also work on all aspects of Cuvier's achievement, have been so strongly informed by pre­ suppositions about his character, that a knowledge of this bias and its characteristic expressions is nece.<;sary before previous work on Cuvier can be properly interp'reted. This bibliography is thus also intended as a necessary clearing of the ground before further study of Cuvier's career can be undertaken. This is true not only because it is necessary to discover the precise extent of factual inadequacy in our knowledge of Cuvier's life and achievement, but also because we need to increase our awareness of the role which biographical inquiry has played in the history of science, for without this awareness, the full implications of the adoption of the form cannot be assessed. Interest in Georges Cuvier has increased considerably during the last decade, but so far almost no account has been taken of the extraordinary biographical tradition through which we view him. Almost every presen­ tation of Cuvier since his death in 1832 has been dominated by emphases which were established very soon afterwards, and which have continued to monopolize the attention of historians of the life-sciences until very recently.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Chapter 1 History Systematics has its origins in two threads of biological science: classification and evolution. The organization of natural variation into sets, groups, and hierarchies traces its roots to Aristotle and evolution to Darwin. Put simply, systematization of nature can and has progressed in absence of causative theories relying on ideas of “plan of nature,” divine or otherwise. Evolutionists (Darwin, Wallace, and others) proposed a rationale for these patterns. This mixture is the foundation of modern systematics. Originally, systematics was natural history. Today we think of systematics as being a more inclusive term, encompassing field collection, empirical compar- ative biology, and theory. To begin with, however, taxonomy, now known as the process of naming species and higher taxa in a coherent, hypothesis-based, and regular way, and systematics were equivalent. Roman bust of Aristotle (384–322 BCE) 1.1 Aristotle Systematics as classification (or taxonomy) draws its Western origins from Aris- totle1. A student of Plato at the Academy and reputed teacher of Alexander the Great, Aristotle founded the Lyceum in Athens, writing on a broad variety of topics including what we now call biology. To Aristotle, living things (species) came from nature as did other physical classes (e.g. gold or lead). Today, we refer to his classification of living things (Aristotle, 350 BCE) that show simi- larities with the sorts of classifications we create now. In short, there are three featuresCOPYRIGHTED of his methodology that weMATERIAL recognize immediately: it was functional, binary, and empirical. Aristotle’s classification divided animals (his work on plants is lost) using Ibn Rushd (Averroes) functional features as opposed to those of habitat or anatomical differences: “Of (1126–1198) land animals some are furnished with wings, such as birds and bees.” Although he recognized these features as different in aspect, they are identical in use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Archipelago
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Racism and the Legal Prohibitions Against Miscegenation
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 5 2000 Blood Will Tell: Scientific Racism and the Legal Prohibitions Against Miscegenation Keith E. Sealing John Marshall Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Law and Race Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Keith E. Sealing, Blood Will Tell: Scientific Racism and the Legal Prohibitions Against Miscegenation, 5 MICH. J. RACE & L. 559 (2000). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol5/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLOOD WILL TELL: SCIENTIFIC RACISM AND THE LEGAL PROHIBITIONS AGAINST MISCEGENATION Keith E. Sealing* INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 560 I. THE PARADIGM ............................................................................ 565 A. The Conceptual Framework ................................ 565 B. The Legal Argument ........................................................... 569 C. Because The Bible Tells Me So .............................................. 571 D. The Concept of "Race". ...................................................... 574 II.
    [Show full text]
  • Eduard Uhlenhuth/Anatomy Department Library
    Dr. Eduard Uhlenhuth Papers Item Type Other Authors Wink, Tara Publication Date 2020-12-11 Abstract Dr. Eduard Uhlenhuth was a professor of Anatomy at the University of Maryland School of Medicine from 1925 until his retirement in 1955. In 1957 he was named professor emeritus. He was an avid book collector amassing an extensive collection of Anatom... Keywords Uhlenhuth, Eduard; Department of Anatomy; Anatomical Book Collection; Anatomy; Anatomy--education; Anatomists; University of Maryland, Baltimore; University of Maryland, Baltimore. School of Medicine; Medical education Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Download date 28/09/2021 04:39:25 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10713/14245 Eduard Uhlenhuth/Anatomy Department Library Title Author Date Found in Cat Notes De Medicina Aulus Cornelius Celsus 1497 Cordell Coll "On Medicine" Matthaei Curtii…In Mundini Anatomen Commentarius Elegans & Docties Mondino dei Luzzi 1551 Cordell Coll De conceptu et generatione hominis : et iis quae circa hȩc potissimum consyderantur, libri sex Jakob Rueff 1554 Cordell Coll "On Conception and Generation in Man" Gabrielis Falloppii medici Mutinensis Obseruationes anatomicae Gabriel Fallopius/Falloppio 1562 Cordell Coll Theatrum anatomicum Caspar Bauhin 1605 Cordell Coll 1st ed. De lactibus sive lacteis venis Gaspare Aselli 1627 Cordell Coll Syntagma anatomicum Johann Vesling 1647 Cordel Coll Corporis hvmani disqvisitio anatomica Nathaniel Highmore 1651 Cordell Coll
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Bodies
    Chapter One Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human difference Bronwen Douglas In letters written to a friend in 1790 and 1791, the young, German-trained French comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) took vigorous humanist exception to recent ©stupid© German claims about the supposedly innate deficiencies of ©the negro©.1 It was ©ridiculous©, he expostulated, to explain the ©intellectual faculties© in terms of differences in the anatomy of the brain and the nerves; and it was immoral to justify slavery on the grounds that Negroes were ©less intelligent© when their ©imbecility© was likely to be due to ©lack of civilization and we have given them our vices©. Cuvier©s judgment drew heavily on personal experience: his own African servant was ©intelligent©, freedom-loving, disciplined, literate, ©never drunk©, and always good-humoured. Skin colour, he argued, was a product of relative exposure to sunlight.2 A decade later, however, Cuvier (1978:173-4) was ©no longer in doubt© that the ©races of the human species© were characterized by systematic anatomical differences which probably determined their ©moral and intellectual faculties©; moreover, ©experience© seemed to confirm the racial nexus between mental ©perfection© and physical ©beauty©. The intellectual somersault of this renowned savant epitomizes the theme of this chapter which sets a broad scene for the volume as a whole. From a brief semantic history of ©race© in several western European languages, I trace the genesis of the modernist biological conception of the term and its normalization by comparative anatomists, geographers, naturalists, and anthropologists between 1750 and 1880. The chapter title Ð ©climate to crania© Ð and the introductory anecdote condense a major discursive shift associated with the altered meaning of race: the metamorphosis of prevailing Enlightenment ideas about externally induced variation within an essentially similar humanity into a science of race that reified human difference as permanent, hereditary, and innately somatic.
    [Show full text]
  • Alfred Russel Wallace's Record of His Consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861
    ZM 75 251-342 | 16 (baker) 12-01-2007 07:52 Page 251 Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861 D.B. Baker Baker, D.B. Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861. Zool. Med. Leiden 75 (16). 24.xii.2001: 251-341, figs 1-19.— ISSN 0024-0672. D.B. Baker, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, U.K. Keywords: A.R. Wallace; C. Allen; S. Stevens; Malaysia; Indonesia; biography; biogeography; bio- diversity. An annotated facsimile of those pages of Alfred Russel Wallace’s notebook recording his consign- ments from the Malay Archipelago to his London agent, Samuel Stevens, is provided. Records of indi- vidual consignments are linked with the stages of Wallace’s and Charles Allen’s itineraries to which they relate and are amplified from data provided by Wallace elsewhere; wherever possible, dates and places of the despatch of consignments and of the dates of their receipt in London are noted; and the dates of material becoming available for study are established, chiefly from British Museum acces- sions registers. It is intended that this should provide readier access to scattered collection data and should in particular assist in determining what specimens may properly be regarded as types or syn- types of the many taxa described by numerous contemporary authors from Wallace’s material. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 254 The notebook ....................................................................................................................................... 254 The emphasis of Wallace’s collecting ...................................................................................... 254 Profit and loss; the dispersal of Wallace’s material .......................................................... 255 The publication of Wallace’s collections ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]