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Hausein, an Aniatomiiist at the U'niversity of Bonni
I 0 5 Early Research on Pleistocene Races in Europe: Putting Neandertal Man's Head Together Stephen R. Holtzman' The validity of putative associations of disarticu- A most remarkable peculiarity is at once obvious in the lated hominid fossil remains has been a recurrent extra-ordinary development of the frontal sinuses, owing to which the superciliary ridges, which coalesce theme in the history of interpretations of human completely in the middle, are rendered so prominent, evolution. The debate over the supposed affinity, and that the frontal bone exhibits a considerable hollow or the ultimate demonstration of the lack of association, depression above, or rather behind them, whilst a of the mandible and calvarial fragments from deep depression is also formed in the situation of the Piltdown is the most notorious example. Simons' root of the nose. The forehead is narrow and low ... (1961) more recent taxonomic association of (trans. in Busk 1861:156). "Bramapithecus" and "Kenyapithecus" with All the remains were "characterized by their unusual Ramapithecus in another controversial example. thickness, and the great development of all the eleva- Perhaps the earliest case of an error of association is tions and depressions for the attachment of muscles" that of the Neandertal calvaria and the La Naulette (Ibid: 158). mandible, now recognized as belonging to the same One of the difficulties with the man from Neander- taxon, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Studies dealing tal was the question of his antiquity. It was not possible with the affinities of these two specimens took place to date with assurance the remains, as they were not durinig the debate betwseen scholars favoring dar- clearly associated with animal remains. -
Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124. -
Early Craniometric Tools As a Predecessor to Neurosurgical Stereotaxis
HISTORICAL VIGNETTE J Neurosurg 124:1867–1874, 2016 Early craniometric tools as a predecessor to neurosurgical stereotaxis Demitre Serletis, MD, PhD, FRCSC, and T. Glenn Pait, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neurosciences Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas In this paper the authors trace the history of early craniometry, referring to the technique of obtaining cranial measure- ments for the accurate correlation of external skull landmarks to specific brain regions. Largely drawing on methods from the newly emerging fields of physical anthropology and phrenology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, basic mathematical concepts were combined with simplistic (yet at the time, innovative) mechanical tools, leading to the first known attempts at craniocerebral topography. It is important to acknowledge the pioneers of this pre-imaging epoch, who applied creativity and ingenuity to tackle the challenge of reproducibly and reliably accessing a specific target in the brain. In particular, with the emergence of Broca’s theory of cortical localization, in vivo craniometric tools, and the introduction of 3D coordinate systems, several innovative devices were conceived that subsequently paved the way for modern-day stereotactic techniques. In this context, the authors present a comprehensive and systematic review of the most popular craniometric tools developed during this time period (prior to the stereotactic era) for the purposes of craniocerebral measurement and target -
The Following Essay Was Published in Struggles in the Promised Land , Ed
[The following essay was published in Struggles in the Promised Land , ed. Jack Salzman and Cornel West (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) 21-51. It appears here substantially as published but with some additions indicated in this color .] THE CURSE OF HAM: A CASE OF RABBINIC RACISM? David M. Goldenberg In 1604 Fray Prudencio de Sandoval had this to say about the Jew and the Black: Who can deny that in the descendants of the Jews there persists and endures the evil inclination of their ancient ingratitude and lack of understanding, just as in the Negroes [there persists] the inseparable quality of their blackness. 1 His linking of Jew and Black was not unusual. Indeed, the explicit and implicit comparison of these two peoples is found throughout western literature over many centuries. Leslie Fiedler may have been right when he said, “Surely the Negro cannot relish...this improbable and unwanted yoking any more than the Jew.” Nevertheless, yoked they are, at least in the minds of the rest of the world. At various times and in various places, both peoples were said to be genetically diseased, physically and intellectually inferior, cursed by God, oversexed, more animal than human, ugly, smelly, and, of course, associated with the devil. From Jerome and Augustine, who saw biblical Ham as typologically the Jew while biologically the Black, to the 1930’s American graffito “A nigger is a Jew turned inside out,” these two peoples have been typecast as reflections of one another, and as substitutes for one another in society’s categorization of the Other. -
Southeast Asian Traditions in the Philippines1 Lawrence A
Southeast Asian Traditions in the Philippines1 Lawrence A. Reid University of Hawai`i Introduction The Philippines today is home to over one hundred different ethnolinguistic groups. These range from the Arta, a tiny group of Negrito hunter-gatherers with only about a dozen remaining speakers, living under highly adverse conditions in Quirino Province, to the 12,000,000 or so Tagalogs, a very diverse group primarily professing Catholicism, centered around Metro-Manila and surrounding provinces, but also widely dispersed throughout the archipelago. In between there are a wide range of traditional societies living in isolated areas, such as in the steep mountains of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre of Northern Luzon, still attempting to follow their pre-Hispanic cultural practices amid the onslaught of modern civilization. And in the Southern Philippines there are the societies, who, having converted to Islam only shortly before Magellan arrived, today feel a closer allegiance to Mecca than they do to Manila. These peoples, despite the disparate nature of their cultures, all have one thing in common. They share a common linguistic tradition. All of their languages belong to the Austronesian language family, whose sister languages are spread from Madagascar off the east coast of Africa, through the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, scattered through the mountains of South Vietnam and Kampuchea as far north as Hainan Island and Taiwan, and out into the Pacific through the hundreds of islands of the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian areas. The question of how all these languages are related to one another, where their parent language may have been spoken, and what the migration routes were that their ancestors followed to bring them to their present locations has occupied scholars for well over a hundred years. -
Birdobserver17.4 Page183-188 an Honor Without Profit Richard K
AN HONOR WITHOUT PROFIT by Richard K. Walton eponymy n The derivation of a name of a city, country, era, institution, or other place or thing from the name of a person. Gruson in his Words for Birds gives seven categories for the origins of common bird names: appearance (Black-capped Chickadee), eponymy (Henslow’s Sparrow), echoics (Whooping Crane), habitat (Marsh Wren), behavior (woodpecker), food (oystercatcher), and region (California Condor). The second category comprises people and places memorialized in bird names. Many of our most famous ornithologists as well as a fair number of obscure friends and relations have been so honored. A majority of these names were given during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the pioneering era of North American ornithology. While some of these tributes are kept alive in our everyday birding language, others have slipped into oblivion. Recognition or obscurity may ultimately hinge on the names we use for birds. There is no more famous name in the birding culture than that of John James Audubon. His epic The Birds of America was responsible for putting American science, art, and even literature on the international map. This work was created, produced, promoted, and sold largely by Audubon himself. In the years since his death in 1851, the Audubon legend has been the inspiration for a multitude of ornithological pursuits and causes, both professional and amateur. Audubon painted some five hundred birds in Birds of America and described these in his five-volume Ornithological Biographies. Many of the names given by Audubon honored men and women of his era. -
Mendelism, Plant Breeding and Experimental Cultures: Agriculture and the Development of Genetics in France Christophe Bonneuil
Mendelism, plant breeding and experimental cultures: Agriculture and the development of genetics in France Christophe Bonneuil To cite this version: Christophe Bonneuil. Mendelism, plant breeding and experimental cultures: Agriculture and the development of genetics in France. Journal of the History of Biology, Springer Verlag, 2006, vol. 39 (n° 2 (juill. 2006)), pp.281-308. hal-00175990 HAL Id: hal-00175990 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00175990 Submitted on 3 Oct 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mendelism, plant breeding and experimental cultures: Agriculture and the development of genetics in France Christophe Bonneuil Centre Koyré d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS, Paris and INRA-TSV 57 rue Cuvier. MNHN. 75005 Paris. France Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 39, no. 2 (juill. 2006), 281-308. This is an early version; please refer to the original publication for quotations, photos, and original pagination Abstract The article reevaluates the reception of Mendelism in France, and more generally considers the complex relationship between Mendelism and plant breeding in the first half on the twentieth century. It shows on the one side that agricultural research and higher education institutions have played a key role in the development and institutionalization of genetics in France, whereas university biologists remained reluctant to accept this approach on heredity. -
Philosophy and the Black Experience
APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and the Black Experience John McClendon & George Yancy, Co-Editors Spring 2004 Volume 03, Number 2 elaborations on the sage of African American scholarship is by ROM THE DITORS way of centrally investigating the contributions of Amilcar F E Cabral to Marxist philosophical analysis of the African condition. Duran’s “Cabral, African Marxism, and the Notion of History” is a comparative look at Cabral in light of the contributions of We are most happy to announce that this issue of the APA Marxist thinkers C. L. R. James and W. E. B. Du Bois. Duran Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience has several conceptually places Cabral in the role of an innovative fine articles on philosophy of race, philosophy of science (both philosopher within the Marxist tradition of Africana thought. social science and natural science), and political philosophy. Duran highlights Cabral’s profound understanding of the However, before we introduce the articles, we would like to historical development as a manifestation of revolutionary make an announcement on behalf of the Philosophy practice in the African liberation movement. Department at Morgan State University (MSU). It has come to In this issue of the Newsletter, philosopher Gertrude James our attention that MSU may lose the major in philosophy. We Gonzalez de Allen provides a very insightful review of Robert think that the role of our Historically Black Colleges and Birt’s book, The Quest for Community and Identity: Critical Universities and MSU in particular has been of critical Essays in Africana Social Philosophy. significance in attracting African American students to Our last contributor, Dr. -
Hitler's American Model
Hitler’s American Model The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law James Q. Whitman Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford 1 Introduction This jurisprudence would suit us perfectly, with a single exception. Over there they have in mind, practically speaking, only coloreds and half-coloreds, which includes mestizos and mulattoes; but the Jews, who are also of interest to us, are not reckoned among the coloreds. —Roland Freisler, June 5, 1934 On June 5, 1934, about a year and a half after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich, the leading lawyers of Nazi Germany gathered at a meeting to plan what would become the Nuremberg Laws, the notorious anti-Jewish legislation of the Nazi race regime. The meeting was chaired by Franz Gürtner, the Reich Minister of Justice, and attended by officials who in the coming years would play central roles in the persecution of Germany’s Jews. Among those present was Bernhard Lösener, one of the principal draftsmen of the Nuremberg Laws; and the terrifying Roland Freisler, later President of the Nazi People’s Court and a man whose name has endured as a byword for twentieth-century judicial savagery. The meeting was an important one, and a stenographer was present to record a verbatim transcript, to be preserved by the ever-diligent Nazi bureaucracy as a record of a crucial moment in the creation of the new race regime. That transcript reveals the startling fact that is my point of departure in this study: the meeting involved detailed and lengthy discussions of the law of the United States. -
The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(S): Edith R
The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(s): Edith R. Sanders Source: The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1969), pp. 521-532 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179896 . Accessed: 08/05/2014 00:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of African History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Thu, 8 May 2014 00:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of African History, x, 4 (I969), pp. 521-532 521 Printed in Great Britain THE HAMITIC HYPOTHESIS; ITS ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONS IN TIME PERSPECTIVE1 BY EDITH R. SANDERS THE Hamitic hypothesis is well-known to students of Africa. It states that everything of value ever found in Africa was brought there by the Hamites, allegedlya branchof the Caucasianrace. Seligmanformulates it as follows: Apart from relatively late Semitic influence... the civilizationsof Africa are the civilizations of the -
The Historiography of Archaeology and Canon Greenwell
The Historiography of Archaeology and Canon Greenwell Tim Murray ([email protected]) In this paper I will focus the bulk of my remarks on setting studies of Canon Greenwell in two broader contexts. The first of these comprises the general issues raised by research into the historiography of archaeology, which I will exemplify through reference to research and writing I have been doing on a new book A History of Prehistoric Archaeology in England, and a new single-volume history of archaeology Milestones in Archaeology, which is due to be completed this year. The second, somewhat narrower context, has to do with situating Greenwell within the discourse of mid-to-late 19th century race theory, an aspect of the history of archaeology that has yet to attract the attention it deserves from archaeologists and historians of anthropology (but see e.g. Morse 2005). Discussing both of these broader contexts will, I hope, help us address and answer questions about the value of the history of archaeology (and of research into the histories of archaeologists), and the links between these histories and a broader project of understanding the changing relationships between archaeology and its cognate disciplines such as anthropology and history. My comments about the historiography of archaeology are in part a reaction to developments that have occurred over the last decade within archaeology, but in larger part a consequence of my own interest in the field. Of course the history of archaeology is not the sole preserve of archaeologists, and it is one of the most encouraging signs that historians of science, and especially historians writing essentially popular works (usually biographies), have paid growing attention to archaeology and its practitioners. -
(Evolution) Prior to Darwin's Origin of Species
Theories of Species Change (Evolution) Prior to Darwin’s Origin of Species Theories of Species Change Prior to Darwin Entangled with: 1. Theories of geological change. 2. Theories of heredity. 3. And theories of ontogenesis, that is, of individual development– embryology. Notions of Species in the Classical Period of Greece Plato: the essence or form of an organism is eternal and unchanging; embodiment only the appearance of that form. Aristotle: the essence or form of an organism is incorporated in the physical body; the only kind of eternity enjoyed is through continued reproduction. Theories of Species Change in the Early Modern Period Descartes: gradual evolution of physical system according to fix laws (Discourse on Method, 1628). Buffon (1707-88) and Linnaeus (1707-78): God created a limited number of species, but through hybridization and impact of environment, new species appear. Kant: evolutionary development from earth possible only if earth already construed as purposive; species change possible but no evidence (Critique of Judgment, 1790). Transformation of one species into another through change of scaling, from D’Arcy Thompson, On Growth and Form (1942). Carus’s illustration of the Richard Owen’s illustration of the archetype archetype, from his On the Nature of Limbs (1849) Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). Portrait by François-André Vincent Adam’s Mammoth, found in Siberia in 18th century; St. Petersburg Natural History Museum Cuvier’s illustration of the Siberian mammoth; he identified it as an extinct species of elephant (1796). Cuvier’s illustration of the “Ohio Animal,” which he named “mastodon.” Megatherium (i.e., “large animal”), discovered in South America, described by Cuvier as an extinct creature similar to the modern sloth.