The Malay Archipelago
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Alfred Russel Wallace and the Darwinian Species Concept
Gayana 73(2): Suplemento, 2009 ISSN 0717-652X ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE AND THE Darwinian SPECIES CONCEPT: HIS paper ON THE swallowtail BUTTERFLIES (PAPILIONIDAE) OF 1865 ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Y EL concepto darwiniano DE ESPECIE: SU TRABAJO DE 1865 SOBRE MARIPOSAS papilio (PAPILIONIDAE) Jam ES MA LLET 1 Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London UK, NW1 2HE E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Soon after his return from the Malay Archipelago, Alfred Russel Wallace published one of his most significant papers. The paper used butterflies of the family Papilionidae as a model system for testing evolutionary hypotheses, and included a revision of the Papilionidae of the region, as well as the description of some 20 new species. Wallace argued that the Papilionidae were the most advanced butterflies, against some of his colleagues such as Bates and Trimen who had claimed that the Nymphalidae were more advanced because of their possession of vestigial forelegs. In a very important section, Wallace laid out what is perhaps the clearest Darwinist definition of the differences between species, geographic subspecies, and local ‘varieties.’ He also discussed the relationship of these taxonomic categories to what is now termed ‘reproductive isolation.’ While accepting reproductive isolation as a cause of species, he rejected it as a definition. Instead, species were recognized as forms that overlap spatially and lack intermediates. However, this morphological distinctness argument breaks down for discrete polymorphisms, and Wallace clearly emphasised the conspecificity of non-mimetic males and female Batesian mimetic morphs in Papilio polytes, and also in P. -
The Type Locality of the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Sondaicus Desmarest, 1822)
Sonderdrudre aus Zeitschrifl f. Siugetierkunde Bd. 47 (1982), H. 6, S. 381-382 VERLAG PAUL PAREY SPITALERSTRASSE 12 D-2000 HAMBURG 1 Alle Rechte, auch die der Obersetzung, des Namdrudts, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe und Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, vorbehalten. @ 1982 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin WISSENSCHAFTLICHE KURZMITTEILUNG The type locality of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822) Receipt of Ms. 29. 9. 1982 There has always been uncertainty about the type locality of Rhinoceros sondaicus. In 1821, a hide and skeleton of a young adult single-horned rhinoceros was received in Paris. DESMAREST(1822: 399-400) described it as "Rhinoceros sondaicus . Espece nouvelle, dkcouverte par MM. DIARDet DUVAUCEL,envoyee au MusCum d'Histoire Naturelle en 1821". He first stated that the animal was found in "Sumatra" (p. 400), but corrected this in the supplement to his book, published simultaneously, into "trouvC h Java, et non h Sumatra, comme nous l'avons indique par erreur" (p. 547). SODY(1941: 61; 1946, 1959: 133, 157) doubted the accuracy of this emendation primarily because DIARDand DUVAUCELnever collected together in Java, and he consi- dered Sumatra as the correct type locality of R. sondaicus. Although SODY'Shistorical arguments have not received any comment, most recent authors give the type locality as "probably Java" (e.g. HOOIJER1946: 6; GROVES1967: 233; HONACKIet al. 1982: 31 1; ROOKMAAKERin press). It is possible to settle this problem more definitively. STRESEMANN(1951: 146) summarized the more important biographical details of ALFREDDUVAUCEL (1793-1824) and PIERRE-MBDARDDIARD (1794-1863). DUVAUCEL,the stepson of GEORGESCUVIER, had been sent to India as "naturaliste du Roi" in 1817. -
Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace
Search | Glossary | Home << previous | next > > Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace The genius of Darwin (left), the way in which he suddenly turned all of biology upside down in 1859 with the publication of the Origin of Species , can sometimes give the misleading impression that the theory of evolution sprang from his forehead fully formed without any precedent in scientific history. But as earlier chapters in this history have shown, the raw material for Darwin's theory had been known for decades. Geologists and paleontologists had made a compelling case that life had been on Earth for a long time, that it had changed over that time, and that many species had become extinct. At the same time, embryologists and other naturalists studying living animals in the early 1800s had discovered, sometimes unwittingly, much of the A visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped Darwin best evidence for Darwin's formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found theory. several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured. Pre-Darwinian ideas about evolution It was Darwin's genius both to show how all this evidence favored the evolution of species from a common ancestor and to offer a plausible mechanism by which life might evolve. Lamarck and others had promoted evolutionary theories, but in order to explain just how life changed, they depended on speculation. Typically, they claimed that evolution was guided by some long-term trend. Lamarck, for example, thought that life strove over time to rise from simple single-celled forms to complex ones. -
“Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought
humanities Article The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought Stefan Eklöf Amirell Centre for Concurrences in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden; [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations. This development preceded the notion of the Malays as one of humanity’s principle races, which emerged toward the end of the eighteenth century. The idea that Malays were natural pirates also paved the way for several brutal colonial anti-piracy campaigns in the Malay Archipelago during the nineteenth century. -
Biogeography of Indonesia
27/11/2011 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA Ani Mardiastuti MESOZOIC ERA (200 million years ago) 1 27/11/2011 Distribution of Ratites Distance does not matter 2 27/11/2011 CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION Biogeographic Regions Sclater—Birds, Marine Mammals Wallace—Terrestrial Mammals Hooker—Plants 3 27/11/2011 The World‟s Zoogeographic Regions from Time to Time FATHER OF BIOGEOGRAPHY Philip Lutley Sclater 4 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions 5 27/11/2011 6 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Region 1. Holarctic (Palearctic plus Nearctic) a. Palearctic Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India, Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East. Number of vertebrate families = 42; Endemics families = 0. b. Nearctic Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics Number of families = 37; endemics = 2. 2. Neotropical Tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles Number of families = 50; endemics = 19. 7 27/11/2011 3. Ethiopian Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabian Peninsula Number of families = 52; endemics = 18. 4. Oriental Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) Number of families = 50; endemics = 4. 5. Australian Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian Islands east of Wallace's line (Celebes, Timor, etc.) NOTE: does not include New Zealand Number of families = 28; endemics = 17. 6. Oceanic Oceans of the world and truly oceanic, isolated, small islands 8 27/11/2011 Alfred Russel Wallace 9 27/11/2011 10 27/11/2011 Endemic Fauna of Sulawesi 11 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions for Marine Species (based on marine mammals) 12 27/11/2011 Phytogeographic Regions of the World Floristic Regions (Good‟s) 1. -
The Malay Archipelago
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question. -
University of Birmingham Archipelagos and Meta-Archipelagos
University of Birmingham Archipelagos and meta-archipelagos Matthews, Thomas DOI: 10.21425/F5FBG41470 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Matthews, T 2018, 'Archipelagos and meta-archipelagos', Frontiers of Biogeography, vol. 10, no. 3-4. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG41470 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. -
Evolutionary Cascades Induced by Large Frugivores
Evolutionary cascades induced by large frugivores Jedediah F. Brodiea,1 aDivision of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 Edited by Pedro Jordano, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Douglas Futuyma September 19, 2017 (received for review June 5, 2017) Large, fruit-eating vertebrates have been lost from many of the patterns whereby particular frugivore species prefer particular world’s ecosystems. The ecological consequences of this defauna- constellations of fruit traits (12, 17). tion can be severe, but the evolutionary consequences are nearly The problem with dispersal syndromes, however, lies in de- unknown because it remains unclear whether frugivores exert termining the direction of causality. Because nearly all studies on strong selection on fruit traits. I assessed the macroevolution of fruit dispersal syndromes have been correlative, we have very little traits in response to variation in the diversity and size of seed- understanding of whether different frugivores induce different dispersing vertebrates. Across the Indo-Malay Archipelago, many selection pressures, and whether this generates or maintains of the same plant lineages have been exposed to very different variation in fruit traits. On the one hand, it could be that dis- assemblages of seed-dispersing vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis persal syndromes have arisen in response to differential selection of >400 plant species in 41 genera and five families revealed that imposed by (for example) frugivory from birds versus mammals average fruit size tracks the taxonomic and functional diversity of (10, 12, 17). On the other hand, fruit traits could be correlated frugivorous birds and mammals. -
UC Santa Barbara Journal of Transnational American Studies
UC Santa Barbara Journal of Transnational American Studies Title Archipelagic American Studies and the Caribbean Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52f2966r Journal Journal of Transnational American Studies, 5(1) Authors Roberts, Brian Russell Stephens, Michelle Publication Date 2013 DOI 10.5070/T851019711 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California SPECIAL FORUM Archipelagic American Studies and the Caribbean BRIAN RUSSELL ROBERTS AND MICHELLE STEPHENS During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a white American preacher and an African American scholar arrived at converging prophecies regarding the racialized colonial and postcolonial trends that would characterize planetary relations during the coming decades. In 1885, Josiah Strong (of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States) predicted that “the world [will] enter upon a new stage of its history—the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled.” “Strengthened in the United States,” averred Strong, “this powerful race will move down upon Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond.”1 Less than two decades after Strong advanced this prediction, W. E. B. Du Bois advanced a geographically similar vision of racial conflict in his 1903 The Souls of Black Folk. Prefacing a discussion of the US Civil War and Reconstruction, Du Bois famously wrote, “The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line—the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the sea.”2 The two men’s visions were clearly antithetical in terms of their racial and imperial politics. -
Notes on Various Theories Regarding the Islamization of the Malay Archipelago
-, NOTES ON VARIOUS THEORIES REGARDING THE ISLAMIZATION OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO Introduction a~ In the study of the history of the Islamization of the Malay Archipelago (present-day Malaysia and Indonesia) various theories and points of view have It see been presented and the issue of objectivity arises in this context as clearly as in brough any writing of history. Mannheim's thesis that "the greatest comprehensiveness the thir and the greatest fruitfulness in dealing with empirical materials" are the criteria describi to be applied in the choice between various interpretations' would seem to be observa relevant also in this case. view, a The history of the Islamization of the Malay Archipelago is still a much the ship neglected field, particularly the period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth perspeci century, a period of large-scale and vigorous conversion to Islam. At the heart of interpre this neglect are two related issues: the impact of Islam in the Malay Archipelago and the periodization of Malay history (see below at note 49). Trade QJ The idea of a distinctive period of Islamization between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century has not been seriously entertained by either Western or Malay historians. While the periodization of history is not entirely divorced from the In rev I draw t Weltanschauung of the historian, there are instances in which it is possible to corrobo determine more or less objectively events that mark the end of one epoch and the beginning of another. With reference to the question of the end of the period of raise a f Many antiquity in Western history, Pirenne observed: stressed The Germanic invasions destroyed neither the Mediterranean unity of Persia a the ancient world, nor what may be regarded as the truly essential features tenth ce of the Roman culture as it still existed in the 5th century, at a time when Malay I there was no longer an Emperor in the West. -
INSECTS of MICRONESIA Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae
INSECTS OF MICRONESIA Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae By o. L. CARTWRIGHT EMERITUS ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND R. D. GORDON SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY LABORATORY, ENTOMOLOGY Research Division. ARS. USDA INTRODUCTION The Scarabaeidae, one of the larger and better known families of beetles has world-wide distribution. The group has penetrated in surpris ing numbers even the remote islands of the Pacific Ocean. How this has been accomplished can only be surmised but undoubtedly many have managed to accompany man in his travels, with his food and domestic animals, accidental ly hidden in whatever he carried with him or in his means of conveyance. Commerce later greatly increased such possible means. Others may have been carried by ocean currents or winds in floating debris of various kinds. Although comparatively few life cycles have been completely studied, their very diverse habits increase the chances of survival of at least some members of the group. The food habits of the adults range from the leaf feeding Melolonthinae to the coprophagous Scarabaeinae and scavenging Troginae. Most of the larvae or grubs find their food in the soil. Many species have become important as economic pests, the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linn.) being a Micronesian example. This account of the Micronesian Scarabaeidae, as part of die Survey of Micronesian Insects, has been made possible by the support provided by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, the Pacific Science Board, the National Science Foundation, the United States office of Naval Research and the National Academy of Sciences. The material upon which this report is based was assembled in the United States National Museum of Natural History from existing collections and survey collected specimens. -
Alfred Russel Wallace's Record of His Consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861
ZM 75 251-342 | 16 (baker) 12-01-2007 07:52 Page 251 Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861 D.B. Baker Baker, D.B. Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861. Zool. Med. Leiden 75 (16). 24.xii.2001: 251-341, figs 1-19.— ISSN 0024-0672. D.B. Baker, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, U.K. Keywords: A.R. Wallace; C. Allen; S. Stevens; Malaysia; Indonesia; biography; biogeography; bio- diversity. An annotated facsimile of those pages of Alfred Russel Wallace’s notebook recording his consign- ments from the Malay Archipelago to his London agent, Samuel Stevens, is provided. Records of indi- vidual consignments are linked with the stages of Wallace’s and Charles Allen’s itineraries to which they relate and are amplified from data provided by Wallace elsewhere; wherever possible, dates and places of the despatch of consignments and of the dates of their receipt in London are noted; and the dates of material becoming available for study are established, chiefly from British Museum acces- sions registers. It is intended that this should provide readier access to scattered collection data and should in particular assist in determining what specimens may properly be regarded as types or syn- types of the many taxa described by numerous contemporary authors from Wallace’s material. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 254 The notebook ....................................................................................................................................... 254 The emphasis of Wallace’s collecting ...................................................................................... 254 Profit and loss; the dispersal of Wallace’s material .......................................................... 255 The publication of Wallace’s collections ...............................................................................