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Biogeography of Indonesia

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Biogeography of Indonesia 27/11/2011 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA Ani Mardiastuti MESOZOIC ERA (200 million years ago) 1 27/11/2011 Distribution of Ratites Distance does not matter 2 27/11/2011 CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION Biogeographic Regions Sclater—Birds, Marine Mammals Wallace—Terrestrial Mammals Hooker—Plants 3 27/11/2011 The World‟s Zoogeographic Regions from Time to Time FATHER OF BIOGEOGRAPHY Philip Lutley Sclater 4 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions 5 27/11/2011 6 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Region 1. Holarctic (Palearctic plus Nearctic) a. Palearctic Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India, Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East. Number of vertebrate families = 42; Endemics families = 0. b. Nearctic Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics Number of families = 37; endemics = 2. 2. Neotropical Tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles Number of families = 50; endemics = 19. 7 27/11/2011 3. Ethiopian Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabian Peninsula Number of families = 52; endemics = 18. 4. Oriental Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) Number of families = 50; endemics = 4. 5. Australian Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian Islands east of Wallace's line (Celebes, Timor, etc.) NOTE: does not include New Zealand Number of families = 28; endemics = 17. 6. Oceanic Oceans of the world and truly oceanic, isolated, small islands 8 27/11/2011 Alfred Russel Wallace 9 27/11/2011 10 27/11/2011 Endemic Fauna of Sulawesi 11 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions for Marine Species (based on marine mammals) 12 27/11/2011 Phytogeographic Regions of the World Floristic Regions (Good‟s) 1. Boreal or Holarctic 2. Neotropical 3. Paleotropical 4. Cape or South African 5. Australian 6. Antarctic 13 27/11/2011 Nikolai Vavilov's centers of origin: Southeast Asia - coconut, rice, sugarcane China - Chinese cabbages, soybean India - cucumbers, eggplant, pigeonpea Turkey-Iran - wheat, barley, oats, figs Mediterranean - almonds, cabbage, olives Mexico/Central America - maize, tomato Andes/Brazil/Paraguay - peppers, potato, rubber 14 27/11/2011 Global Climate Pattern Global Warming and Shift of Plant Distribution 15 27/11/2011 Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International) 17 Wallaces’ Biogeographic Principles 1. Distance alone does not determine degree of biogeographic affinity. 2. Climate has strong, but not complete, effect on taxonomic similarity. 3. Prerequisites for determining biogeographic patterns: detailed knowledge of distributions natural classification of organisms theory of evolution knowledge of extinct forms knowledge of historical geology 4. Fossil record is positive record of past migrations. 16 27/11/2011 5. Present biota strongly influenced by last geological and climatic events. 6. Competition, predation, etc. influence distribution, dispersal, extinction. 7. Discontinuous ranges result (sometimes) from extinction or habitats mosaics. 8. Species results from geographic isolation and local adaptation. 9. Disjunctions of genera and higher taxa are older than those between species. 10. Oceanic islands usually colonized through long- distance dispersal. 11. Past land connections reflect current distributions of poor dispersers. 12. Adaptive radiations can occur when predation and competition are reduced. 13. Suturing formerly isolated biotas can lead to extinctions through competition. 14. Current and historical processes can act at different intensities. 15. Island biotas form according to island type (land- bridge, oceanic). 16. Patterns are simplified in island biotas, making them important model systems. 17. To analyze the history of a regional biota: phylogenetic and distributional data. 17 27/11/2011 Human Influence on Original Species Distribution Human colonization Harvest flora and fauna Introduction of new species Reintroduction Human Colonization Competition with indigenous human / flora / fauna Impact : Failure of colonization Coexistence Extirpation of indigenous human/flora/fauna 18 27/11/2011 Cases Americans vs. First Nations (“Indian”) Australians vs. Aborigins Harvest of Flora and Fauna Related to human colonization Impact : Decrease or extinction of some species, esp. endemic species Habitat degradation Community change 19 27/11/2011 Cases : Extinction Passenger Pigeon 20 27/11/2011 Birds of Hawaii Human: the „intelligent‟ creature 21 27/11/2011 Animal Extinction Since 1600 Taxon Island Continents Birds 97 20 Molluscs 151 40 Mammals 34 24 Reptiles 22 1 Amphibians 0 2 Insects 51 10 Total 355 97 Habitat Degradation 22 27/11/2011 Community Change Introduction of New Species Why introduce species ? Sentimental reason European Starling Water hyacinth Production Eucalyptus Ostrich Long-tailed Macaques Various domesticated species “Control” of pest Mongoose in Hawaii Dingo in Australia 23 27/11/2011 Domesticated Plants & Animals Alien species around us 24 27/11/2011 Trends Floriculture species Horticulture Aquaria Agriculture Usually ok if NON-INVASIVE Pets Sylviculture Estate crops Global Problem : Invasive Alien Species Indigenous Species decrease or extinct Carp vs. trout in US rivers Cause problems to human Water hyacinth (eceng gondok), Keong emas 25 27/11/2011 Alien sp. Alien species sometimes lead to transmission of new disease and new pests Some diseases zoonosis 26 27/11/2011 Cases in Indonesia „Kutu loncat‟ New Castle Disease Avian influenza (Flu burung) Anthrax Reintroduction Try to “fix” ecosystem Case: Bali Starling in Bali Rote Island Snake-necked Turtle 27 .
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