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Wallace Line Wallace line DR.ACHYUTHA Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) “A prisoner of scientific parentheses, as in, "the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin (and also by Alfred Russel Wallace).”’ QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a decompressor decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. The Wallace Line Alfred Wallace, one of the premier zoobiogeographers, wrote the definitive treatise “Distributions of Animals” in 1876 where he summarized the known distributions and causes of their biogeographical pattern Discoveries Founder of biogeography Recognized the six great biogeographical regions on Earth. “Wallace Line”: imaginary line separating Asia and Australia QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Wallace Line — the imaginary line separating the Oriental and Australian biotas — extends between Bali and Lombok and bet Borneo/Philippines and Sulawesi Sulawesi, with its mixture of Oriental and Australian fauna, was so perplexing to Wallace, that he vacillated back and forth on where to place the island main interest was in the vertebrate fauna of the Indo-Malay Archipelago from Asia to Australia where he clearly saw a sharp faunistic break Wallace’s trips Sclater’s & Wallace’s faunistic regions Probably his most important trip he ever made was a 6 km ferry ride from Bali to Lombok “In the archipelago . there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as those of South America and Africa, and more than those of Europe and North America” [Letter to Henry Bates in London (1858)] “The boundary line often passes between islands closer than others in the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, the eastern the fragmentary prolongation of a former Pacific continent Wallace graphically depicts what has since been termed the “Wallace Line” in his book by showing birds and mammals that are found in the Oriental (Borneo, ) and Australian (New Guinea, ) sides Now know that the two regions are different continental plates that have been moving independently — the Asian and Australian plates The IndoMalay - New Guinea Archipelago area includes island groups mostly confined to either of two continental shelves: Sunda shelf — Asian Sahul shelf — Australian Collision of the Australian plate with the Asian plate occurred between 15-5 mya Sulawesi is a hybrid island from both plates! Tree shrews (family Tupaiidae) were indicated by Wallace as honoring this biogeographical line. An Asian group whose entire range gets as far east as Bali and Borneo but not to Lombok or Sulawesi All but 3 of the genera of Dipterocarpaceae honor the Wallace Line Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is an Australian genus and basically honors the Wallace Line from the east Discontinuous distribution Animals are not uniformly distributed on land and in freshwater. They are restricted to certain places by several factors such as climate, food, shelter, flora and fauna etc. Generally distribution can be classified into three categories, namely, Continuous, Discontinuous and Bipolar distribution. When continuity of distribution of a species is broken by uninhabited areas which are sometimes very large stretches of oceans. There are primarily four reasons why animals are distributed in widely separated areas. 1. Animals reach distant areas by sweepstake routes, as insects, snails and rats by rafting, turtles by floating and swimming and birds blown by storms. 2. The species was earlier distributed continuously but the land masses in the intermediate areas submerged, breaking the species into widely separated populations. 3. Continental drift separated the continents and carried them to long distances, isolating the animals from other areas. 4. A widely distributed species can become extinct in the intermediate areas due to change in the climate to which the species is unable to adapt. Examples: Peripatus (Phylum Onychophora) has 75 species distributed in Southeast Asia, East Indies, Australia,New Zealand, Africa, South and Central America. The three surviving genera of lungfishes occur in three different continents; Protopterus in Africa,Lepidosiren in South America and Neoceratodus in Australia. Similarly the limbless amphibians (Apoda or Gymnophiona) of the genera Ichthyophis, Gegenophis andDermophis occur in Africa, South America, Central America, South Asia and East Indies. Ostriches are distributed in the southern hemisphere; Rhea americana in Argentina and Brazil, Strut hio camelus in Africa, Emu in Australia, Cassowaries in North Queensland and New Guinea and Kiwi in forests of New Zealand. Marsupials occur in Australia but one family Didelphidae occurs in South America that includes opossum (Didelphis), water opossum (Chironectes) and opossum rat (Coenolestes). The common camel (Camelus dromidarius) occurs in the Middle East, India and Northern Africa;Camelus bactrianus is found in Mongolia and China, while two species, Llama vicuna and Llama guanaco are found in the mountainous regions of South America. Of the two elephant species surviving today, Loxodonta africana occurs in Africa while another species,Elephas maximus is found in India, Burma, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Alligators occur in America and China; Alligator mississipiensis in Americas, Caiman in South America and Alligator sinensis in China. Wegener 1880-1930 earthobservatory.nasa.gov .Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift. Continental drift was Wegener’s theory that all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since. Wegener named this supercontinent Pangaea. Wegener’s theory was rejected by scientists because he could not explain what force pushes or pulls continents. Continental drift video clip Evidence for Continental Drift Fit of the continents Correlation of mountain belts Diversity of species correlation of dinosaur species (Pangea) isolation of mammal species (after breakup) Glaciers Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic Mountain ranges in South America line up exactly with those in Africa! Seafloor Features: Continental Margins Submarine canyons (cut into the c. slope) Abyssal plain Continental shelf Continental rise Abyssal plain Continental slope http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/history/fossils3.gif Notice how fossils lined up across continents! Amazing Facts: Did you know... ...that India was once in the Southern Hemisphere connected to Antarctica? ...that North America was once surrounded by warm, tropical seas? ...that Africa was once covered by glaciers, which were kilometers in thickness? ...that the Sahara desert was once a tropical rain forest? An example of the proof for changing climate: At one time, the area that is New Mexico was below the equator! As North America has drifted to different latitudes, changing climates were experienced. This shows the changes in the state of New Mexico. f He could not find the force that was causing the continents to drift. Because of this, he could not convince anyone that continents could move. He died in Greenland on an expedition. At the time of his death, no one believed his hypothesis! Technology developed during the 1940’s changed all that! .The place where two plates move apart or diverge is called a divergent boundary. Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading Sea floor spreading video clip What causes sea floor spreading? Convection currents! This is a model of sea floor spreading at a divergent boundary called a mid ocean ridge. : www.ocean.udel.edu Did you know that the Earth’s longest mountain range is underwater and is called the mid-ocean ridge? The Mid-Ocean Ridge system, shown above snaking its way between the continents, is more than 56,000 kilometers (35,000 mi) long. It circles the earth like the stitching on a baseball! .A convergent boundary is where two plates come together, or converge. The result of the plates hitting together is called a collision. .A transform boundary is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. Oceanic crust to oceanic Continental crust to continental crust collision Before collision India-Asia (Himalayas) After collision from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270 Also the way the Appalachian Mountains formed! Because one plate gets pushed under another, it is called subduction. This is where volcanoes form! Oceanic crust Oceanic crust colliding with colliding with oceanic crust continental crust all from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270 The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep- ocean trench and back into the mantle is called Worldwide Earthquake patterns help us know where the edges of plates are located The Earth’s Plates.
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