DOCSLIB.ORG

Pre-Glacial Bornean Primate Impoverishment and Wallace's Line

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pre-Glacial Bornean Primate Impoverishment and Wallace's Line Bornean primates and Wallaces line 393 Pre-glacial Bornean primate impoverishment and Wallaces line Douglas Brandon-Jones Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Key words: Asia, Australasia, Borneo, climate, dispersal barriers, island hopping, Java, Mentawai archipelago, Oriental biogeography, rafting, rainforest refugia, Sumatra, Wallacea Abstract bine monkeys (Nasalis, Pygathrix, Presbytis and Semnopithecus, subgenus Trachypithecus), Leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus, subgenus Trachypithecus) macaques (Macaca), loris (Nycticebus) and and lorises (Loris and Nycticebus) are both geographically tarsiers (Tarsius)* Twelve (or thirteen if the pres- disjunct between southern India and SE Asia, with endemic representatives in eastern Indochina! These parallels appear ence of Hylobates agilis is accepted) primate to result from restriction to, and re-expansion from, rainfor- species occur on the island of Borneo* And yet, est glacial refugia in southern India, northeast Indochina despite the presence of suitable habitats, only and west Java! Sureli (Presbytis) and gibbon (Hylobates) dis- the macaques on Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda tributions reveal further refugia in north Borneo, north Sumatra and the Mentawai Islands! Modern Sumatran pri- Islands and, to a much lesser extent, the leaf mate distribution was moulded by at least two cold dry gla- monkeys on Lombok (purportedly by human cial periods! The earlier one 190,000 years ago eliminated introduction), have crossed Wallaces line* all Sumatran primate habitats whereas, after recolonization, The effectiveness as a faunal barrier of this the later one 80,000 years ago left a north Sumatran rainfor- est refugium! Not only did the Mentawai Islands provide a most widely-adopted division of the Oriental reservoir for the recolonization of Sumatra, but indirectly for from the Australasian zoogeographic region, is an interglacial invasion of Borneo which, like Sulawesi, had generally attributed to the depth of the sea chan- previously been outside the range of Presbytis and gibbons! nel extending from the Bali-Lombok Strait, be- Bornean primate zoogeography indicates that before the tween Borneo and Sulawesi, to the east of the first arid period there may have been fewer than four pri- mate species on Borneo! Most of the present twelve or thir- Philippines* The deep Makassar Strait remained teen Bornean primate species rafted there interglacially or a sea barrier when the Sunda and Sahul shelves post-glacially from Sumatra! Pre-glacial Bornean primate im- were exposed during glacial sea-level depres- poverishment is primarily attributed to a suspected south sions* Huxleys line coincides approximately coastal dry zone which would have inhibited or precluded colonization! Colonization of islands further east must gen- with the eastern edge of the Sunda shelf, and erally have bypassed Borneo via Java or the Philippines! Lydekkers line with the western edge of the The Bornean climatic barrier presented a more severe im- Sahul shelf* These later variations on the divi- pediment to faunal exchange across Wallaces line than did sion have been regarded as clear-cut faunal the sea depth along its course! Such climatic barriers, whose boundaries enclosing a transitional zone* influences waxed and waned with the glacial cycles, would have affected most SE Asian islands and were the prime However, major recolonization of the vol- inhibitor of faunal and floral exchange between the Oriental canic Krakatau archipelago, 12 km away from and the Australasian regions! the next nearest island, has occurred in only a matter of decades (Smith, 1943; Thornton, 1996)* No convincing explanation has been of- Introduction fered as to how a sea barrier such as the Bali- Lombok Strait, little more than three times as SE Asia has a rich primate fauna, comprising wide, could have inhibited colonization for mil- orang-utans (Pongo), gibbons (Hylobates), colo- lennia* Floating islands capable of transporting a Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, pp! 393-404 Edited by Robert Hall and Jeremy D! Holloway © 1998 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands 394 D) Brandon-Jones viable sample of flora and fauna have been reli- Indochina and southern India (Brandon-Jones, ably reported* Even if these crossed a strait only 1993, 1995, 1996a, b, 1997)* Some of these once a century, their impact on floral and faunal refugia are located at one thousand metres or exchange between the two land masses would more in altitude, but most are areas which have been significant* Conditions favouring would have remained sea-bound, either as such rafting would have been enhanced during promontories or islands, or are coastal areas periods of climatic change (see the discussion which retained a maritime climate during below)* desiccative glacial sea-level depressions* The inference (Brandon-Jones, 1996a) that The dual contraction and re-expansion of the during the glaciations Asian rainforest was rainforest led to the fracturing of the distribution reduced by drought to a few scattered pockets of the pied leaf monkeys from continuity be- of distribution provides a more plausible tween Java, northeast Indochina and southern explanation for these biogeographic barriers* India, to survival in those areas alone (Fig*1; Not only could rainforest communities on such Brandon-Jones, 1995)* The prosimian loris has a islands as the Philippines and Sulawesi, have parallel distribution, with an endemic represent- been entirely eliminated, leaving only severely ative, Nycticebus pygmaeus, in eastern Indochi- degraded forest or no forest at all, but the na (Fig*2)* This suggests a similar history of dis- recession of rainforest from some coastal areas, junction and partial recolonization* In both cas- would have seriously impaired the ability of es recolonization has been northward, undoubt- rainforest to disperse by rafting* Contraction and edly from Java in the case of the leaf monkeys, expansion of rainforest distribution has been the and probably so in the case of the loris* Gibbon prime mediator of present primate species (Hylobates) distribution is similar, but without diversity on Borneo (Brandon-Jones, 1996b), in an outlying population in southern India* Recol- sharp contrast to the probable presence there, onization has been extensive but incomplete* At demonstrated in this paper, of only two primate least four primate genera (Hylobates, Presbytis, species before the penultimate glaciation* If Semnopithecus and Macaca) have added Bor- such a faunal turnover can be established for neo to their pre-glacial distribution, but others Borneo, seemingly in the heart of the Asian (Pongo, Nasalis and Pygathrix) have undergone moist rainforest, extending such analysis to little or no post-glacial dispersal* other Indo-Pacific islands should produce The Mentawai archipelago is the key to inter- further insights into the effects of climate change preting the biogeography of Sumatra and Bor- on floral and faunal migration and diversity* neo* Ancestors of its endemic primates (Hylobates klossii, Nasalis concolor, Presbytis potenziani and Macaca pagensis) must formerly Glacial effects on Asian primate distribution have existed on Sumatra, but no longer occur there* The ebony leaf monkey (Semnopithecus Both the pied leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus auratus) can only have reached Java by way of auratus, S) francoisi, S) hatinhensis, S) laotum, Sumatra, from which it is also now absent* S) delacouri and S) johnii) of Java (Indonesia), Presbytis potenziani is sister-taxon to P) comata northeast Indochina and southern India of north Sumatra, north Borneo and west Java (Brandon-Jones, 1995), and the grizzled surelis (Brandon-Jones, 1993)* An ancestral taxon simi- (Presbytis comata) of Java, north Sumatra and lar to P) potenziani is presumed to have been north Borneo (Brandon-Jones, 1993, 1996a, b) the initial coloniser of SE Asia* Hylobates klossii display a tripartite disjunction* Brandon-Jones and the gibbons of Java and (with some varia- (1996a) inferred that the once continuous sub- tion) north Borneo, are chromatically monomor- continental Indian, Chinese and SE Asian rain- phic, unlike those of the Malay peninsula and forest was fragmented by a glacial drought Sumatra* H) lar' vestitus of north Sumatra is re- 190,000 years ago* It subsequently re-expanded, placed in southern Sumatra by the polymorphic although probably not to its former extent, only H) agilis) The call of the south Bornean gibbon to contract again during a second, less severe (whose specific allocation, like that of H) lar drought 80,000 years ago* Asian colobine mon- vestitus, remains debatable) is virtually identical key zoogeography suggests that these droughts to that of H) agilis (Geissmann, 1995)* This indi- eliminated all but a few small pockets of rainfor- cates a geographic relationship between the est* Such rainforest refugia survived in north Mentawai Islands gibbon and other gibbons Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands (off west analogous to that between P) potenziani and P) Sumatra), north Borneo, west Java, northeast comata) H) klossii today is suggested to be mor- Bornean primates and Wallaces line 395 80°W 100°W 120°W Siwaliks CHINA 20°N INDIA Luzon INDOCHINA PHILIPPINES Vietnam Malay Peninsula Mindanao Sabah Singapore Sarawak Sumatra 0° BORNEO Kalimantan Sulawesi MOLUCCAS Belitung LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS Java Krakatau Flores Bali Lombok ? Timor Fig!1! The glacial refugial distribution of the pied leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus auratus,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biogeography of Indonesia
    27/11/2011 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA Ani Mardiastuti MESOZOIC ERA (200 million years ago) 1 27/11/2011 Distribution of Ratites Distance does not matter 2 27/11/2011 CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION Biogeographic Regions Sclater—Birds, Marine Mammals Wallace—Terrestrial Mammals Hooker—Plants 3 27/11/2011 The World‟s Zoogeographic Regions from Time to Time FATHER OF BIOGEOGRAPHY Philip Lutley Sclater 4 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions 5 27/11/2011 6 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Region 1. Holarctic (Palearctic plus Nearctic) a. Palearctic Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India, Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East. Number of vertebrate families = 42; Endemics families = 0. b. Nearctic Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics Number of families = 37; endemics = 2. 2. Neotropical Tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles Number of families = 50; endemics = 19. 7 27/11/2011 3. Ethiopian Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabian Peninsula Number of families = 52; endemics = 18. 4. Oriental Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) Number of families = 50; endemics = 4. 5. Australian Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian Islands east of Wallace's line (Celebes, Timor, etc.) NOTE: does not include New Zealand Number of families = 28; endemics = 17. 6. Oceanic Oceans of the world and truly oceanic, isolated, small islands 8 27/11/2011 Alfred Russel Wallace 9 27/11/2011 10 27/11/2011 Endemic Fauna of Sulawesi 11 27/11/2011 Zoogeographic Regions for Marine Species (based on marine mammals) 12 27/11/2011 Phytogeographic Regions of the World Floristic Regions (Good‟s) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Archipelago
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia-SE Asia Collision, the Wallace Line and Wallacea Robert Hall
    Australia-SE Asia collision, the Wallace Line and Wallacea Robert Hall SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK Today, Australia is colliding with the SE Asian part of Eurasian plate. Sadly, the expression of this collision, and the subduction that led up to it, has become known to the world because of the devastation caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the region and the consequent loss of life. However, the collision zone in eastern Indonesia is fascinating to earth scientists because we can observe the processes that lead to the formation of mountains, and to life scientists because the islands of the region, and the seas around them, contain an exceptionally diverse and unusual fauna and flora. Life and geology are intimately linked in this region. Eastern Indonesia illustrates mountain building in progress. 45 million years ago Australia began to move rapidly north, and from that time there was subduction beneath the SE Asia margin from Sumatra eastwards. In the Early Miocene, at about 23 million years ago, an Australian continental promontory collided with the SE Asian margin in eastern Indonesia and the collision continues today. However, collision has not led simply to elevation of mountains but to a topographic mixture of high mountains and deep basins. Since 15 million years ago subduction of oceanic lithosphere in the Banda region has caused major extension, and later there was collision of the Banda volcanic arc with the southern margin of the embayment. In the Sulawesi region and Banda Arc islands there has been dramatic uplift and subsidence in the last 5 million years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Species the Making of a Theory
    The Origin of Species HANDS-ON ACTIVITY The Making of a Theory STUDENT WORKSHEET DISCOVERING THE WALLACE LINE INTRODUCTION Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) was a naturalist and a contemporary of Charles Darwin. As a young man, he became intrigued with the idea that species arise from earlier forms. He conducted two expeditions to collect specimens and to research where species come from. The first expedition, a four-year trip to the Amazon, ended in disaster when his ship caught fire and sank, taking his entire collection with it. Undaunted, Wallace mounted his second expedition in 1854, this time to the Malay Archipelago. He spent 8 years exploring the islands, and it was during this time that he described the phenomenon of natural selection. After returning to England, Wallace continued his work and made many important contributions in fields including politics, geodesy, glaciology, and planetary science. In this activity, you will walk in Wallace’s footsteps as you investigate the animals that live in the Malay Archipelago and explore how those observations contributed to the theory of evolution by natural selection. Published May 2014 www.BioInteractive.org Page 1 of 11 The Origin of Species The Making of a Theory HANDS-ON ACTIVITY STUDENT WORKSHEET PROCEDURE Part 1: Field Studies Use the attached map (page 7) and pages from a “field notebook” (pages 4-6) to complete the steps below and answer the questions in steps 2 and 4. 1. For each type of animal listed below, draw a boundary on the map that includes all the locations where specimens of that animal have been found.
    [Show full text]
  • Huxley's Line Demarcates Extensive Genetic Divergence Between
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 (2004) 251–257 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Short communication HuxleyÕs line demarcates extensive genetic divergence between eastern and western forms of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii Mark de Bruyn,* John A. Wilson, and Peter B. Mather School of Natural Resource Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia Received 5 February 2003; revised 16 April 2003 Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of representatives from 18 wild populations of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, utilising a fragment of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene, identified two major reciprocally monophyletic clades either side of a well- known biogeographic barrier, HuxleyÕs line. The level of divergence between the two clades (maximum 6.2%) far exceeds divergence levels within either clade (maximum 0.9%), and does not concord with geographical distance among sites. ÔEasternÕ and ÔwesternÕ M. rosenbergii clades have probably been separated since Miocene times. Within-clade diversity appears to have been shaped by dispersal events influenced by eustatic change. Ó 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Decapod crustacean; 16S; mtDNA; HuxleyÕs line; WallaceÕs line; Phylogenetics; Biogeography 1. Introduction south to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. Gravid females migrate from freshwater to estuarine Prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 areas, satisfying larval requirements for brackish water (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) are a highly diverse group of for survival and early development, where free-swim- decapod crustaceans found in circumtropical marine-, ming larvae hatch and metamorphose into post-larvae, estuarine-, and fresh-waters. Much debate has sur- before migrating to freshwater after 3–6 weeks (New rounded the systematic relationships of many species and Singholka, 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecotones: Marginal Or Central Areas of Transition?
    ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION, Vol. 52, 2006, pp. 29–53 ECOTONES: MARGINAL OR CENTRAL AREAS OF TRANSITION? Salit Karka,* and Berndt J. van Rensburgb aThe Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel bDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa ABSTRACT Areas of environmental transition, where ecological communities coincide, are sometimes termed ecotones. These regions often correspond with sharp environ- mental gradients. Ecotones occur at multiple spatial scales, ranging from transi- tions between biomes to local small-scale transitions. In recent years ecotones have received increasing scientific attention after being neglected for years, as studies historically often focused on distinct communities. However, it is still de- batable whether these transitional regions are speciation and biodiversity hotspots that deserve special conservation interest or are actually areas that hold marginal populations that depend on other parts of the range for the maintenance of their biodiversity and therefore should not deserve primary investment. This paper discusses some of the recent advancements in our understanding of the role of ecotones in ecology, evolution, and conservation. Keywords: boundaries, boundary detection methods, ecotones, review, transi- tional environments INTRODUCTION Understanding the mechanisms, both biological and anthropogenic, that account for changes in environmental variables and that translate into altered species richness and species turnover (β-diversity) patterns in space and time has been a cornerstone in eco- logical, evolutionary, and conservation research for many years (Pimm et al., 1995). Over the years, investigations tended to focus on distinct ecosystems and communities (e.g., Mediterranean, grasslands, boreal) (Holland et al., 1991; Risser, 1995a; Smith et al., 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • NHBSS 051 1J Woodruff Thel
    NAT. NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 51( 1): 97-108 ， 2003 THE LOCATION OF THE INDOCHINESE-SUNDAIC BIOGEOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN PLANTS AND BIRDS David S. Woodrufl ABSTRA Cf Th e biogeographic transition between the In dochinese 組 d Sundaic (Indom a1 ay) bio 凶 1ies 1ies today on 出e 百lai-Malay peninsu1a. A literature review suggests that there may actu a1 1y be be two m 司jor phytogeographic transitions about 500 km ap 副. Most botanists follow V AN STEENIS STEENIS and GOOD and place 出 e transition at 血e Kang 釘 '-Pattani line near the Th ai-M a1 ay border. border. Others p1ace mo 陀 imp 口氏 ance on the transition between seasonal evergreen and mixed moist moist deciduous forests that occurs ne 訂 the Isthmus of Kr a， between Chumpon on the east coast coast and Tavoy on the west coas t. A recent revi 巴w of bird species distributions shows 白at a high1y high1y significant number of their species and subspecies r組 1ge 1imi 臼 occur just north of 血E Isthmus Isthmus of Kr a and are associated with the northern phytogeographic transition but not 白E southern southern one. 百 le transitions in other groups of anima1s are less well documented but gene ra1 1y 1ie 1ie north of Kr a in the northern peninsu1a. A review of 由e c1 irnato10gic a1 and p a1 eogeographic factors factors a1 1eged to co 口紅'01 血 ese transitions shows 伽 t we c創 mot adequate1y account for 自由 cu 町 ent positions.τ 'h e possible ro1e of 甘ans-peninsu1ar seaways as barriers permitting the divergence divergence of 白e In dochinese and Sundaic biotas is discussed and the directions for future research research to test various hypotheses 紅 e outlined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Community Context of Species' Borders: Ecological And
    OIKOS 108: 28Á/46, 2005 The community context of species’ borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives Ted J. Case, Robert D. Holt, Mark A. McPeek and Timothy H. Keitt Case, T. J., Holt, R. D., McPeek, M. A. and Keitt, T. H. 2005. The community context of species’ borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Á/ Oikos 108: 28Á/46. Species distributional limits may coincide with hard dispersal barriers or physiological thresholds along environmental gradients, but they may also be influenced by species interactions. We explore a number of models of interspecific interactions that lead to (sometimes abrupt) distribution limits in the presence and absence of environmental gradients. We find that gradients in competitive ability can lead to spatial segregation of competitors into distinct ranges, but that spatial movement tends to broaden the region of sympatry between the two species, and that Allee effects tend to sharpen these boundaries. We generalize these simple models to include metapopulation dynamics and other types of interactions including predatorÁ/prey and host-parasite interactions. We derive conditions for range limits in each case. We also consider models that include coevolution and gene flow and find that character displacement along environmental gradients can lead to stable parapatric distributions. We conclude that it is essential to consider coevolved species interactions as a potential mechanism limiting species distributions, particularly when barriers to dispersal are weak and environmental gradients are gradual. T. J. Case, Dept of Biology, Univ. of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA ([email protected]). Á/ R. D. Holt, Dept of Zoology, Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOLOGICAL and DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS of NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS by MIKLOS D
    50 Vol. 60 ECOLOGICAL AND DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS By MIKLOS D. F. UDVARDY Liinnberg (1927) and Mayr (1946) have made the principal attempts to analyse the North American avifauna from the point of view of fauna1 history. Both being taxo- nomists, their emphasis was on the distributional history of the taxa and on their pos- sible dispersal routes. In most instances they had to restrict their considerations to the family and subfamily level. The scarcity of avian fossils and the great geological time span they covered warranted this restriction. Mayr, and implicitly Lonnberg, were seriously,criticized by Wolfson (1955), who states that the interpretations of Mayr would also fit a distributional theory based on the assumption of the drift of continents. Savile (1956), however, countered most of Wolfson’s arguments. These few discussions,however valuable they are, have barely started the zoogeo- graphical analysis of North American birds. One field that deserves attention is the ecological grouping of the elements of this fauna, because such a grouping has its causes rooted in the past history of the fauna and of the habitat, and it permits certain de ductions. HABITAT GROUPS My original effort in analysis compared the western North American avifauna with that of the western Palearctic region. My field knowledge of birds and their habitats is restricted mainly to these two areas. Later I was able to extend the analysis to the whole North American fauna on the basis of the rich literature available. The method employed for the establishment of the ecological groups was the follow- ing: I went through the A.O.U.
    [Show full text]
  • Wallace's Line Revisited
    Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4066The Linnean Society of London, 2006? 2006 89? 455468 Original Article DISTRIBUTION OF HAWKMOTHS IN MALESIA J. BECK ET AL . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 89, 455–468. With 4 figures Wallace’s line revisited: has vicariance or dispersal shaped the distribution of Malesian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)? JAN BECK1*, IAN J. KITCHING2 and K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR1 1Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany 2Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Received 12 April 2005; accepted for publication 15 January 2006 Large-scale biogeographical patterns of Sphingidae in the Malesian archipelago are investigated, using Geographic Information System-supported estimates of species ranges determined from a compilation of specimen-label databases. Distribution maps for all species and checklists for 114 islands are presented at http://www.sphingidae- sea.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de. Phenetic analyses of island faunas reveal ‘textbook’-like patterns of biogeograph- ical associations in the region, with Wallace’s line emerging as the main faunal discontinuity in the region. Further analyses, using partial Mantel statistics, indicate that historical features of geography (such as land bridges formed during periods of lower sea levels) are an important determinant of faunal similarity, but recent dispersal can also explain a significant portion of present day hawkmoth distributions. Faunal turnover in relation to distance between islands is steeper for Smerinthinae than for other subfamilies, indicating different dispersal abilities among higher taxonomic groups. These differences are discussed in the light of life-history differences between the subfamilies.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns and Processes of Evolution in Sundaland
    Er is nauwelijks een ander deel van onze aarde aan te wijzen, waar de dierenwereld zulk een verscheidenheid vertoont, als in den Indo-Australischen archipel. Dr. L.F. de Beaufort, Zoögeographie van den Indischen Archipel (1926) Writing a book is an adventure. To begin with, it is a toy and an amusement; then it becomes a mistress, and then it becomes a master, and then a tyrant. The last phase is that just as you are about to be reconciled to your servitude you kill the monster, and fling him out to the public. Sir Winston Churchill Voor K., J. & F. Cover design by Kathelijne Balfoort Kathelijne Balfoort List of papers This thesis is based on the following papers, referred to by their roman nu- merals. I. Den Tex, R.-J., Roberts, M., Maldonado, J.E., Munoz-Fuentes, V., Thorington, R. and Leonard, J.A. 2011. Biogeography of the Sunda shelf: a multi species comparison. Manuscript II. Den Tex, R.-J., and Leonard, J.A. 2011. Speciation and extinction in the Tropics: insights from Asian barbets. Manuscript. III. Den Tex, R.-J., Thorington, R., Maldonado, J.E., and Leonard, J.A. 2010a. Speciation dynamics in the SE Asian tropics: putting a time perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of Sundaland tree squirrels, Sundasciurus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 711-720. IV. Den Tex, R.-J., and Leonard, J.A. 2011. Red and yellow: the phy- logeography of the coppersnith barbet (Aves: Megalaima hae- macephala). Manuscript. V. Den Tex, R.-J., Maldonado, J.E., Thorington, R., and Leonard, J.A. 2010b.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago (1859) Alfred Russel Wallace
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Alfred Russel Wallace Classic Writings Library Public Services 11-2009 On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago (1859) Alfred Russel Wallace Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/dlps_fac_arw Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Wallace, Alfred Russel, "On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago (1859)" (2009). Alfred Russel Wallace Classic Writings. Paper 4. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/dlps_fac_arw/4 This Transcription is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Alfred Russel Wallace Classic Writings by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alfred Russel Wallace Classic Writings On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago (1859) By Alfred Russel Wallace Transcribed and Edited by Charles H. Smith, Ph.D. In this paper, presented (though not by Wallace himself, still in the East at that point) at the Linnean Society on 3 November 1859 (and published in their Zoological Proceedings series the next year), Wallace describes in detail for the first time the faunal discontinuity that would later bear his name: “Wallace’s Line.” The paper also offers interesting observations on island biogeography in general. Original pagination indicated within double brackets. See more information on Wallace at The Alfred Russel Wallace Page , at: http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/index1.htm [[p. 172]] Communicated by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. [Read Nov. 3rd, 1859.] In Mr. Sclater’s 1 paper on the Geographical Distribution of Birds, read before the Linnean Society, and published in the ‘Proceedings’ for February 1858, he has pointed out that the western islands of the Archipelago belong to the Indian, and the eastern to the Australian region of Ornithology.
    [Show full text]