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Home , Alfred Russel Wallace

1/8/2015

Temporary Web Site GEO 4300/5305 • www.clas.ufl.edu/users/mbinford • Click on class link.

The and History of Biogeography Lecture 2 – 8 January 2015

Last Time This Time 8 January • Introduction – Biogeography? – The Science of Biogeography • Who are You? • Major questions • History of Biogeography; • Methods – Why Geography instead of ? • Organization of Life • About spatial heterogeneity • Significant overlap but different perspectives • Systematics and Biological Nomenclature • This Class – the Semester • Perhaps: The Environmental Setting – Objectives – Logistics – Evaluation – Schedule • Reading: Chapter 1 & 2 in Lomolino et al.

Primary Question of Biogeography Who are you? • How and why does biological diversity vary • Name over the surface of the Earth? • Undergrad/Grad • What are you studying? (and thesis/dissertation topic for grad students) • Background in geography • Background in biology • What do you want to do when you graduate?

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Topics and Subdisciplines of Biogeography Biogeography in the News

• • Spatial modelers • Vegetation geography • Spatial ecology • Floristic • Animal dispersal • Macroevolution paleontology • • Panbiogeography • Population genetics/ • Cladistic/vicariance • Landscape ecology biogeography • Wildlands/conservation • Systematist/phylogenetic • Climatology biogeography • Paleoecology • Island biogeography • Ethnobiology • Biodiversity • And anything else that is • Metapopulation biology concerned with the distribution and abundance of organisms on Earth’s surface.

Biogeography in the News Theory of Ecology is Biogeography • One view: In ecology, the scientific domain is spatial and • The biggest factor determining diversity and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance. Eight distribution on islands is not size and isolation, as fundamental principles attend this domain: traditional island biogeography theory states, but 1. organisms are distributed heterogeneously in space and time economics. Simply put, the more trade an island is 2. all organisms interact with their biotic and abiotic environments engaged in, the more boats visit it, and with more 3. the distribution of organisms and their interactions are susceptible boats comes more hitchhikers. to contingency 4. environmental conditions are heterogeneous in space and time A study published in this week examines the 5. resources are finite and heterogeneous in space and time species distribution of Anolis lizards throughout the 6. birth and death rates result from interactions with abiotic, biotic Caribbean islands, finding that their pattern of environments colonization is exactly the opposite of what traditional 7. ecological properties of populations are the consequence of island biogeography theory would predict. evolution 8. individual variation predominates

History of Biogeography Early

Overview Time • Pre-15th Century • Accumulation of Species • Pre-13th Century – Greek Distribution Information • The Age of Exploration • (384-322 BCE), (c. 370-287 BCE), • Theory of Evolution • Biogeography of the 19th Virgil (70-19 BCE - Aeneid ) • Plate Tectonics Century • Theoretical, Empirical, and – Four British Scientists – Roman Technological Advances – Other Contributions of the 19th • Roman Empire – administration, agriculture, written – Island Biogeography - 1967 Century records – Cladistics/Vicariance • The First Half of the 20th – Biodiversity interest Century – Rise of Conservation • Biogeography since the 1950s – Remote Sensing/GIS – Phylogenetics and distinct evolutionary lineages

http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/

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The Age of Exploration, Age of Travels of Marco Polo Discovery • European: Written accounts of travels to Asia – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180 – 1252) journeyed to Mongolia and back from 1241– 1247. – Marco Polo (1254-1324/1325) journeyed throughout Asia from 1271 to 1295, in the court of Kublai Khan of Cathay. – Trade with the “East” led to exploration by both land and sea – reports of fantastic beasts and strange environments

1600 - 1850 "Age of Reason" Linnaeus, Buffon, 1600 - 1850 "Age of Reason" Linnaeus, Buffon, Lamarck, Lyell Lamarck, Lyell • Sir (1797 - 1875): author of The Geological • Linnaeus (1707-1778): Noachan deluge Plants and Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in 1863 and Principles Animals spread from Mount of Geology (12 editions). Ararat (Turkey) • • Elevational Zones of Ararat Presently observable geological processes were are origins of "biomes" adequate to explain geological history. Uniformitarianism, not book of Genesis! • Vast time scale for Earth's history. • Major influence on

• Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707- • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) 1788): spread from the Arctic • Changes in the organic, as well as in the • Buffon's Law: distant regions with similar inorganic world, being the result of law, and climate (& similar-appearing vegetation) not of miraculous interposition. have different animal species – Mediterranean climate - biome • Forerunner of evolution. – Monsoonal climate - biome • Also author of discredited theory of evolution – Climate and Species are changeable by inheritance of acquired characteristics.

The Age of Exploration 1850 - 1900 Evolution by , but pre-Plate Tectonics • Johann Reinhold Forster (1729 - 1798) Cook's 2nd Expedition 1778 • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Global biotic regions (plants) Evolution through Natural • Higher species diversity in tropics Selection: The Origin of Species • Species diversity correlated with island size in 1859. • Theoretical Framework for Biotic Patterns in Space and • (1769- Time 1859): Plant Vegetation types strongly correlated with local climate • Fundamental to all • Elevational Vegetation Zones (Andes) Biology • Latitudinal Belts of Vegetation • Also a barnacle, coral, and earthworm expert.

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1850 - 1900 Evolution by Natural 17 Biogeographic Principles Advocated Selection, but pre-Plate Tectonics by Alfred Russel Wallace • Alfred Russel Wallace • See Lomolino et al. page 33, Box 2.1 (1823-1913) – Biotic Regions similar to • Still the basis of much of biogeography today, Sclater's but with the addition of plate tectonics and – Originator of genetics. Zoogeography • Distance not equal taxonomic similarity • Integrated geological, fossil, evolutionary information • Considered paleoclimate influences distributions

Hooker and Sclater Nineteenth Century “Name" Rules • (1817 – 1911) (Laws) – Asst. Surgeon and Botanist on Ross Expedition to southern hemisphere (1839 – 1843) • C.W.L. Golger (1833) within a species, individuals in – First proposed “breaking up of a continuous tract moist climates are darker of land” – Director of Kew Botanical Gardens • C. Bergmann (1847) for warm blooded animals, those – Drew analogy between montane and island floras in colder climates are larger • J.A. Allen ( 1878) for warm blooded animals, those in colder climates have shorter limbs and appendages • Phillip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913) Five Terrestrial biotic regions (for birds) • E.D. Cope (1887)(orthogenesis vs. G.G. Simpson) – Palearctic groups tend in one direction, e.g., larger body size with – Aethiopian time – Indian th – Neotropical • Guthrie- (20 Century '85 '87) for larger – Nearctic mammals, more food yields larger animals (island – Australasian dwarfing) • Six Marine regions (marine mammals)

Late Nineteenth Century Merriam's Life Zones

• C. Hart Merriam (1884) – Life Zones – Elevation and Latitudinal (cf. Alexander von Humboldt) – Arizona, S. Idaho • (botanist) – disjunctions: taxonomically similar groups See also Fig. 2.12 in distantly separated Lomolino et al.

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Biogeography after The First Half of the 20th Century • The big question was: How did the world get • C. Raunkiaer (1934) - Ecological classification (vs. taxonomic) – Therophytes this way? – Geophytes – Epiphytes • A. L. Wegener (1910) ; Drummond Matthews and Fred Vine (1963) – (Plate Tectonics) • Ernst Mayr (1904-2004) - genetics – Biological species concept (potentially interbreeding to produce fertile offspring) – Allopatric speciation (arising through geographic isolation) • Centers of Origin - current patterns – George Gaylord Simpson (1902-1984) Paleontologist – Philip J. Darlington (1904-1983) Zoologist

Biogeography since the 1950s Need for Biogeography in (technological revolution, ecology, paleontology) • Plate Tectonics Conservation, Climate Change – Magnetometers; deep sea drilling • Species Diversity function of overlapping – sonar, submarines species ranges. • L. Croizat (1958) vicariance biogeography: disjunction of multiple species due to the growth Ladle, Richard J., and Robert J. of barriers Whittaker, eds. Conservation Biogeography . Chichester, UK: • R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson (1963) Island Wiley, 2011. Biogeography • Technological Advances • As climate changes, environmental conditions – radiometric dating change. – GIS and Remote Sensing – The entire Earth can be imaged synoptically – Genomics – evolutionary linkages

Hierarchical Levels of Functional Organization of Life Organization • Levels of Functional Organization • Subatomic Particles • Population • Biological Systematics and Taxonomic Levels • Atoms • Community • Molecules • Ecosystem • Cell organelles • Landscape • Cells • Biosphere • Tissues • Earth • Organs • Organism

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Taxonomic Levels of Biological Domain and Kingdom Organization - Linnaean TAXON (plural TAXA) Binomial • Domains* Nomenclature • Kingdom • Phylum (Division for Pinus elliottii plants and Fungi) • Class Homo sapiens • Order • Family Pan troglodytes • Genus (plural Genera) • Species (singular AND Genus name + plural) specific epithet = Species name Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria (Eubacteria), and Eukaryota (all Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778) eukaryotic groups: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia) published 1758 Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition. Sinauer Associates *Not Linnaean

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Taxonomy of Humans Why Scientific Names? Subphylum: Vertebrata • Domain: Eukarya (organisms which have cells with a nucleus) Class: Actinopterygii Order: Amiiformes • Kingdom: Animalia (with eukaryotic cells having cell membrane but lacking cell wall, • Amia calva L. multicellular, heterotrophic) Family: Amiidae • Bowfin in most of U.S. Genus: Amia • Phylum: Chordata (animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill Species: Amia calva L. slits, which may be vestigial or embryonic) • beaverfish, blackfish, cottonfish, cypress trout, • Subphylum: Vertebrata (possessing a backbone, which may be cartilaginous, to protect the dorsal nerve cord) freshwater dogfish, grindle, grinnel, John A. Grindle, • Class: Mammalia (endothermic vertebrates with hair and mammary glands which, in lawyer, marshfish, scaled ling, speckled cat, and females, secrete milk to nourish young) • Cohort: Placentalia (giving birth to live young after a full internal gestation period) western mudfish. Choupique is a common name • Order: Primates (collar bone, eyes face forward, grasping hands with fingers) used in Louisiana that was derived from the Choctaw • Suborder: Anthropoidea (monkeys, including apes, including humans; as opposed name for bowfin. to the , lorises, and tarsiers) http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/ • Infraorder: Catarrhini (Old World anthropoids) Descript/Bowfin/Bowfin.html • Superfamily: Hominoidae (apes, including humans) • Family: Hominidae (great apes, including humans) • Genus: Homo • Species: Homo sapiens (high forehead, well-developed chin, gracile bone structure)

What is a Species? What is a Species? • Species are the fundamental taxonomic units of biological classification. Environmental laws are framed in terms of species. Even our conception of human nature is affected by our understanding of species. • Ernst Mayr: all the individual organisms of a natural population that generally interbreed at maturity in the wild and whose interbreeding produces fertile offspring. • But there are problems with this definition. • After thousands of years of use, the concept remains central to biology and a host of related fields, and yet also remains at times ill-defined. • "Right now we can only guess that the correct answer for the total number of species worldwide lies between 2 and 100 million," Michael Rosenzweig.

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Systematics and Biological Some general rules for nomenclature Nomenclature 1. All taxa must belong to a higher taxonomic • Rules set by International Commissions group. • International Commission on Zoological 2. The first name to be validly and effectively Nomenclature (ICZN) published has priority. – http://www.iczn.org/ 3. All taxa must have an author. When you see a • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature scientific name such as Homo sapiens L., the – http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/Sai L. stands for Linneus, who first described and ntLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm named that organism. Most scientists must have their names spelled out, for example Libopollis jarzenii Farabee et al.

Next Time

• Environmental Setting: – Energy – Atmospheric Circulation Patterns – Climatic Regions of the World – Soils • Parent Materials • Soil Formation – Aquatic Environments – Microenvironments

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