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Biogeography Geo 4938/6938 1/8/2015 Temporary Web Site BIOGEOGRAPHY GEO 4300/5305 • www.clas.ufl.edu/users/mbinford • Click on class link. The Science and History of Biogeography Lecture 2 – 8 January 2015 Last Time This Time 8 January • Introduction – Biogeography? – The Science of Biogeography • Who are You? • Major questions • History of Biogeography; • Methods – Why Geography instead of Biology? • Organization of Life • About spatial heterogeneity • Significant overlap but different perspectives • Systematics and Biological Nomenclature • This Class – the Semester • Perhaps: The Environmental Setting – Objectives – Logistics – Evaluation – Schedule • Reading: Chapter 1 & 2 in Lomolino et al. Primary Question of Biogeography Who are you? • How and why does biological diversity vary • Name over the surface of the Earth? • Undergrad/Grad • What are you studying? (and thesis/dissertation topic for grad students) • Background in geography • Background in biology • What do you want to do when you graduate? 1 1/8/2015 Topics and Subdisciplines of Biogeography Biogeography in the News • Natural History Zoogeography • Spatial modelers • Vegetation geography • Spatial ecology • Floristic phytogeography • Animal dispersal • Macroevolution paleontology • Speciation • Panbiogeography • Population genetics/evolution • Cladistic/vicariance • Landscape ecology biogeography • Wildlands/conservation • Systematist/phylogenetic • Climatology biogeography • Paleoecology • Island biogeography • Ethnobiology • Biodiversity • And anything else that is • Metapopulation biology concerned with the distribution and abundance of organisms on Earth’s surface. Biogeography in the News Theory of Ecology is Biogeography • One view: In ecology, the scientific domain is spatial and • The biggest factor determining species diversity and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance. Eight distribution on islands is not size and isolation, as fundamental principles attend this domain: traditional island biogeography theory states, but 1. organisms are distributed heterogeneously in space and time economics. Simply put, the more trade an island is 2. all organisms interact with their biotic and abiotic environments engaged in, the more boats visit it, and with more 3. the distribution of organisms and their interactions are susceptible boats comes more hitchhikers. to contingency 4. environmental conditions are heterogeneous in space and time A study published in Nature this week examines the 5. resources are finite and heterogeneous in space and time species distribution of Anolis lizards throughout the 6. birth and death rates result from interactions with abiotic, biotic Caribbean islands, finding that their pattern of environments colonization is exactly the opposite of what traditional 7. ecological properties of populations are the consequence of island biogeography theory would predict. evolution 8. individual variation predominates History of Biogeography Early Overview Time • Pre-15th Century • Accumulation of Species • Pre-13th Century – Greek Distribution Information • The Age of Exploration • Aristotle (384-322 BCE), Theophrastus (c. 370-287 BCE), • Theory of Evolution • Biogeography of the 19th Virgil (70-19 BCE - Aeneid ) • Plate Tectonics Century • Theoretical, Empirical, and – Four British Scientists – Roman Technological Advances – Other Contributions of the 19th • Roman Empire – administration, agriculture, written – Island Biogeography - 1967 Century records – • Cladistics/Vicariance The First Half of the 20th – Biodiversity interest Century – Rise of Conservation • Biogeography since the 1950s – Remote Sensing/GIS – Phylogenetics and distinct evolutionary lineages http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/ 2 1/8/2015 The Age of Exploration, Age of Travels of Marco Polo Discovery • European: Written accounts of travels to Asia – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180 – 1252) journeyed to Mongolia and back from 1241– 1247. – Marco Polo (1254-1324/1325) journeyed throughout Asia from 1271 to 1295, in the court of Kublai Khan of Cathay. – Trade with the “East” led to exploration by both land and sea – reports of fantastic beasts and strange environments 1600 - 1850 "Age of Reason" Linnaeus, Buffon, 1600 - 1850 "Age of Reason" Linnaeus, Buffon, Lamarck, Lyell Lamarck, Lyell • Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875): author of The Geological • Linnaeus (1707-1778): Noachan deluge Plants and Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in 1863 and Principles Animals spread from Mount of Geology (12 editions). Ararat (Turkey) • • Elevational Zones of Ararat Presently observable geological processes were are origins of "biomes" adequate to explain geological history. Uniformitarianism, not book of Genesis! • Vast time scale for Earth's history. • Major influence on Charles Darwin • Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707- • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) 1788): spread from the Arctic • Changes in the organic, as well as in the • Buffon's Law: distant regions with similar inorganic world, being the result of law, and climate (& similar-appearing vegetation) not of miraculous interposition. have different animal species – Mediterranean climate - biome • Forerunner of evolution. – Monsoonal climate - biome • Also author of discredited theory of evolution – Climate and Species are changeable by inheritance of acquired characteristics. The Age of Exploration 1850 - 1900 Evolution by Natural Selection, but pre-Plate Tectonics • Johann Reinhold Forster (1729 - 1798) Cook's 2nd Expedition 1778 • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Global biotic regions (plants) Evolution through Natural • Higher species diversity in tropics Selection: The Origin of Species • Species diversity correlated with island size in 1859. • Theoretical Framework for Biotic Patterns in Space and • Alexander von Humboldt (1769- Time 1859): Plant Vegetation types strongly correlated with local climate • Fundamental to all • Elevational Vegetation Zones (Andes) Biology • Latitudinal Belts of Vegetation • Also a barnacle, coral, and earthworm expert. 3 1/8/2015 1850 - 1900 Evolution by Natural 17 Biogeographic Principles Advocated Selection, but pre-Plate Tectonics by Alfred Russel Wallace • Alfred Russel Wallace • See Lomolino et al. page 33, Box 2.1 (1823-1913) – Biotic Regions similar to • Still the basis of much of biogeography today, Sclater's but with the addition of plate tectonics and – Originator of genetics. Zoogeography • Distance not equal taxonomic similarity • Integrated geological, fossil, evolutionary information • Considered paleoclimate influences distributions Hooker and Sclater Nineteenth Century “Name" Rules • Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911) (Laws) – Asst. Surgeon and Botanist on Ross Expedition to southern hemisphere (1839 – 1843) • C.W.L. Golger (1833) within a species, individuals in – First proposed “breaking up of a continuous tract moist climates are darker of land” – Director of Kew Botanical Gardens • C. Bergmann (1847) for warm blooded animals, those – Drew analogy between montane and island floras in colder climates are larger • J.A. Allen ( 1878) for warm blooded animals, those in colder climates have shorter limbs and appendages • Phillip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913) Five Terrestrial biotic regions (for birds) • E.D. Cope (1887)(orthogenesis vs. G.G. Simpson) – Palearctic groups tend in one direction, e.g., larger body size with – Aethiopian time – Indian th – Neotropical • Guthrie-Geist (20 Century '85 '87) for larger – Nearctic mammals, more food yields larger animals (island – Australasian dwarfing) • Six Marine regions (marine mammals) Late Nineteenth Century Merriam's Life Zones • C. Hart Merriam (1884) – Life Zones – Elevation and Latitudinal (cf. Alexander von Humboldt) – Arizona, S. Idaho • Asa Gray (botanist) – disjunctions: taxonomically similar groups See also Fig. 2.12 in distantly separated Lomolino et al. 4 1/8/2015 Biogeography after 19th Century The First Half of the 20th Century • The big question was: How did the world get • C. Raunkiaer (1934) - Ecological classification (vs. taxonomic) – Therophytes this way? – Geophytes – Epiphytes • A. L. Wegener (1910) ; Drummond Matthews and Fred Vine (1963) – Continental Drift (Plate Tectonics) • Ernst Mayr (1904-2004) - genetics – Biological species concept (potentially interbreeding to produce fertile offspring) – Allopatric speciation (arising through geographic isolation) • Centers of Origin - current patterns – George Gaylord Simpson (1902-1984) Paleontologist – Philip J. Darlington (1904-1983) Zoologist Biogeography since the 1950s Need for Biogeography in (technological revolution, ecology, paleontology) • Plate Tectonics Conservation, Climate Change – Magnetometers; deep sea drilling • Species Diversity function of overlapping – sonar, submarines species ranges. • L. Croizat (1958) vicariance biogeography: disjunction of multiple species due to the growth Ladle, Richard J., and Robert J. of barriers Whittaker, eds. Conservation Biogeography . Chichester, UK: • R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson (1963) Island Wiley, 2011. Biogeography • Technological Advances • As climate changes, environmental conditions – radiometric dating change. – GIS and Remote Sensing – The entire Earth can be imaged synoptically – Genomics – evolutionary linkages Hierarchical Levels of Functional Organization of Life Organization • Levels of Functional Organization • Subatomic Particles • Population • Biological Systematics and Taxonomic Levels • Atoms • Community • Molecules • Ecosystem • Cell organelles • Landscape • Cells • Biosphere • Tissues • Earth • Organs
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