INDEX Titles of books, as well as Arabic: words and technical terms occurring in the text, in italics. Initial letters of book-titles and of certain Oriental nouns capitalized. Main references indicated in heavy type. In pronouncing Arabic names the accent generally falls on the long vowel bearing the macron(-); the • stands for a glottal stop; the' for a c'e~pguttural that has no correspond. ent in English; such dotted letters as 1 and I are emphatically sounded; aw and ay are diphthongs. Of the prefixes listed below, al· means thei abu-, father of; ibn-, SOD of: dhu·, possessor of; umm-, mother of; "Abd-, slave (servant) of. Aaron: sister of, 125; 443 'Abbasids: 6, I8I, IC)6, 200, 222, 225, 'aba', 24, 229, 334 228, 232, 240, 243. 245, 255. 282-90, Aba<;lite, see Iba<;lite 304, 316, 317, 318, 319, 327, 330. 332, Abaqa, 678 337.348, 34Q, 353.354.394,413,414, 'Abayh, 736 415,424,426,427,439,455.462,466, 'Abbad, son of qii.<;li of Seville, 538 474, 480, sos, 519, 617, 619, 621 'Abbad, banu-, 537, 538 A6breviat£o A~•icenne de animalibus, 'Abbad, ibn-, al-$~b, 404 588, 6u 'Abbadid: domain, 540; days, 550; 'abd, 235 n. 1 capital, 598 'Abd, ibn-a!-, see Tarafah 'Abbadids, 538, 541, 558, 598 'Abd-Allah, see 'Abdullah Abbar, ibn-a!-, 566 'Abd-al-'Aziz, son of Marwan I, 2i9, 282 'Abbas I, 726 n. 1, 745 'Abd-al-'Aziz, sultan, 713 n. I 'Abbiis II, 726 n. 1, 750 'Abd-al-'Aziz ibn-Miisa ibn-Nu~ayr, 'Abbas, banu-al-, 405 496. 503 'Abbas, abu-al-, 'Abbiisid caliph: 284-5, 'Abd-al-l;lakam, ibn-, I65, 388 28R, 332; in Chinese records, 344 'Abd-al-l;lamid I, 7I3 n. I 'Abbas, a!-, son of al-Ma'miin, 318 'Abd-al-l;lamid II, 186, 713 n. I, 738 'Abbas, a!-, uncle of Mul;lammad, 111, 'Abd-al-l;lamid al-Katib, 250 184 n. 2, I89, 282, 283, 284, 289, 291, 'Abd-al-Karim, 718 297 {236 'Abd-al-La~if,al-Baghdadi, 166,662,686 'Abbas, abu-al-,' Abdullah ibn-a!-' Abbas, 'Abd-al-Majid I, 7I3 n. I, 727, 735 'Abba5, ibn-a!-, 'Ali, see· al-Majiisi 'Abd-al-Majid II, Ottoman, 139, 184 'Abbas, Shah, 737 'Abd-al-Malik ibn-Marwan, Umayyad: 'Abbasah, al-, sister of Hariin, 296 13, I95, 205-7,212,217,220,221,222, 'Abbasi, al-, title of al-Ya'qiibi, 385 n, 2 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 238, 243, 'Abbiisid: period, 182, 194, 198 seq.; 252, 253. 264, 265, 267, 278, 279, 282, regime, 208, 294. 317, 322, 328; 220, 322, 354; postal service of, 322 223,224,236,269,278,289,297.322, 'Abd-al-Malik al-Mu~affar, see 329, 332, 333, 340, 343 seq.; forces, Mu~affar, al- 283; agent, 284; government, 286; 'Abd-Manaf, I II, 184 n. 2, I89 l577 power, 300; family, 304; capital, 305; 'Abd-al-Mu'min ilm-'Ali, 546, 548, 549, age, 308; era, 316; glory, 318; spies, 'Abd-al-Mu'min al-Dimya~i, 685 32 Si provinces, 330; poets, 405; court, 'Abd-al-Muttalib, I I-I, 184 n. 2, 189, 4o6; poetry, 407; ruins, 417; art, 4I9; 283, 291 inquisition, 435; dynasty, 467; rivals 'Abd-al·N~ir, 75I of al-'Aziz, 62o; mercenary troops, 'Abd-al-Qadir, see Jilani, al• 62o; state, 625; administration in 'Abd-Rabbih, ibn-, 557-8, 559 Egypt, 627; house, 677; gllilman, 695 'Abd-al-Ral;lman I, Umayyad of Cor- 'Abbasid-'Alid alliance, 289 dova, 286, 29I, 450, 501, 504, 505-9, 'Abbiisid caliph, 285, 288, 291, 29<), 5I2, 514 n. I, 519, 594 326, 327' 328, 339, 343. 344. 348, 355. 'Abd-al-Ral;lman II, 513-16,521 n. 2, 598 424, 45I, 466, 48o, 6os, 646 'Abd-al-Ral;lman III, UmayyaJ of Cor• 'Al basid caliphate: I84, 328, 450, 633; clova: 469, 481 n. 2, 508, 509, 514 n. I, in Egypt, 489, 705 520-25,526,529-30, 531. 533, 534 n. s. 'ALbasid caliphs: I84 n. 2, 290,407, 473; 543. 557. 563, 565,595, 019; secretary in Egypt, 676 of, 564 759 INDEX
'Abd-al-Ra\,uniin IV, 534 n. 5 'Abid ('Ubayd) ibn-Sharyah, 227, 244 'Abd-al-Ra\,uniin V, 534 n. s, 535, 558 'Ablah, 96 'Abd-al-Ra\,uniin ibn-'Abdullah al-Ghi- iiDIQij, 6gi fiqi, su Ghifiqi, al• Ablaq, al-, 107 'Abd-al-Ra\,uniin ibn..al-Ash'ath, 2o8-9 Ablastha, 200 n. 4 'Abd-al-Ra\lmiin ibn-'Awf, see 'Awf, Aboukir, see Ablqir Bay ibn- Abrahah: 54, 62, 64; inscription of, 105 'Abd-al-Ra\.uniin al-Awsat, sell 'Abd• Abraham: descendants of, 61, 62, 92, al-Rahmiin II roo, 125, 161, 264, 443; submission of, 'Abd-al-Ra\lmiin al-Dikhil, see 'Abd• 129 al-Rahmiin I Abs, 90 'Abd-al.-Ra\lmiin ibn-Marwiin al-Jilliqi, Abulustayn, 200 see Jilliqi, al- Abuqir Bay, 722 'Ahd-al-Ra\lmiin ibn-Mu'iwiyah, see Abu~ir, 689 n. 8. Se~ also B~ir 'Abd-al-Ra\lmin I Abydos, in Egypt, 33 'Abd-al-Ra\lmiin ibn-Muljam, see Mul- Abydos, on the Dardanelles, 204, 212 jam, ibn- Abyssinia: 19, 48, 57, 6o, 62,66, 100, 1o6; 'Abd-al·Ra\lmiin Shanjiil, see Shanjiil migration to, II4; emigrants to, 121 'Abd-Shams, III, 184 n. 2, 189 Abyssinian: 100; language, 52; kingdom, 'Abd-al-'Uzza, 99 56; maritime service, 59; rule, 6o, 65, 'Abd-al-Wahhib, ibn, 740-41 66; monarch, 6o; overlords, 64; army, 'Abd-al-Wiil;Ud al-Rashid, Muwa\ll;Ud, 64; garrison, 66; intervention, 66; 587 negro, ro6; centres, 107; mercenaries, 'Al:kluh, Muhammad, 751, 753-5 117, 259; eunuch, 456 'Abdullah, Umayyad of Cordova, 514 Abyssinians: 10, 59, 62, 105; reign of, 64 n. 1, 517, 519, szo octuUmie littlraire, 745 'Abdullih, brother of 'Uthman, 176 Achaemenid dynasty, 157 n. 2 'Abdullah, father of Mul;lammad, 101, Achila, 499 III, 184 n. 2, 189, 283, 289, 291 Achilles, 90 'Abdullah, king, 752 n. 3, 756 Acrab, 572 'Abdullih, son of al-'Abbis, 289 Acre, see 'Akka 'Abdullih, son of 'Abd-al-Rabmiin II, Acropolis, the, 550 516 'Ad, 30, 124 'Abdullah, son of 'Ali, 285, 290 'Ad, ibn-, Luqmiin, 54, 124 'Abdullah, son of al-I;Iasan, 291 adah, 335· 400, 402 'Abdullah, son of Maymiin al-Qaddii.l;l, Adam: 19, 28, 92, 100, 125, 443; 443-4 creation of, 87, 352 [Aden 'Abdullah ibn-al-'Abbis, s/JIJ 'Abbis, 'Adan, 61, 62, 697, 710, 740· See also abu-al- Adelard of Bath, 375, 378, 571, 573, 'Abdullah ibn-'Amir, 157 s88,6oo,662 'Abdullah ibn-'Amr ibn-al-'A,, 354 Aden: 711, 740; colony, 14, 739, 740; 'Abdullah ibn-Maymiin, see Maymiin, protectorate, 14, 739, 740. See also ibn- 'Adan 'Abdullah ibn-Qisim, 530 Adham, ibn-, Ibrahim, 434 'Abdullah ibn-Sa'd ibn-abi-Sar\1., Sell adkan, 118, 259 n. 2 Sari;!, ibn-abi- Adhanah, 200 'Abdullah ibn-'Umar ibn-al-Khattab, Adharbayjiin, 154, 176, 225, 330 236, 394 'Adhri', 150 n. I 'Abdullah ibn-Wahb al-Risibi, se11 Adhrul;l, 119, 181 Risibi, al- 'Adi, ibn-, Yal;lya, 315 'Abdullih ibn-al-Zubayr, 191-3, 207 'Ao;lid, al-, Fitimid, 623, 645 'Abdiin, ibn-, 621 'Adil, al-, I, Ayyiibid, 6SI·J, 655 Abdus, see Abydos, on the Dardanelles 'Adil, al-, II, Ayyiibid, 655 'Abdiis, ibn-, 56o 'Adiliyah, al-, school, 653 Abencerrage, see Sarrij, banu• 'Adites, 30 Abi-kariba As'ad, 6o 'Adniin, 32 INDEX
'Adnini, 2So Agur, son of Jakeh, 43 Adrianople, 709 Ahab, 37, 286 n. I Adriatic, 483, 6o4 Ahasuerus, 12 5 'Ac;lud-al-Dawlah, Duwayhid, 366 n. 2, Al;lir-d.m in;cription, 70 367, 390. 413,471-2 ani a/-!Ja'ir, 22 Adumu, 38 Ahl al-Bayt, 172, 249 Adwar al-.Mansu!J, al-, 599 A hi al-Dhimman, 170 n. 3, 233. See also Adwiyan al-A-Iufradah, al-, 575 Dhimmis Aegean: waters, 202; islands, 46o ahl al-kalam, 370 Aegean Sea, 451 ahl al-kita!J, 122 n. I, 143, 170 n. 3, 233 Aelana, 58 ah/ al-nau, 179 Aelius Gallus, 21, 46-8, 5I, 56, 68 ah/ a/-qa/am, 295 Aeschylus, 44 Abmad I, 713 n. I Afc;lal, al-, Ayyiibid, 652, 655 A):lmad II, 713 n. I 'Affan, 189 A):lmad III, 713 n. I 'Affan, ibn-, see 'Uthmii.n Abmad, title of the Prophet, I I I Afghani, al-Jamii.l-al-Din, 751, 753 Abroad ibr.-al·N~ir, Marnliik, 673 Afghanistan, 2o8, 330, 376, 464, 465, Abrnadiyah, 437 699 Abmar, banu-al-, 549 Aflab, ibn-, Jii.bir, 57I, 572 A):lmar, ibn-a!-, see N~r, ibn-, Mu\).arn- Afla~iin, 316. See also Plato mad ibn-Yiisuf Africa: I3,30,32,36, I54,26o, 305,330, A):lnaf, al-, 250 344. 383, 437. 452, 497. 498, S02, SIS, Abqaf, al-, 15 519- 521, 5JO, S40, S41, 542, 546, S54. Ahriin, 255 5s6, s7o, S74, s78, s83, oos, 009. 617, Absii.', al-, 445 618, 619, 62s, 689; northern, 22, I36, A/tsan al-Taqasim, 386 I7S, 214, 215, 224, 398; geography of, Ahwii.z, a!-: 325, 330, 443, 468, 4701 387; eastern, 398 sugar-cane of, 351 Africa Minor, 4SI a/tza!J, al-, 117 African: shore, 34, 62; rule, 66; revolt, 'A'ishah, wife of the Prophet, 120, I72, so2; coast, S2I, S32; affairs, S26; 179-80, 184 n. 2, 193, 238, 394 monarchies, S4S; conquerors, S4S; 'A'ishah bint-Tal):lah, 238 style of minarets, 594; army in Sicily, Aja', 15 6o3; element in population of Sicily, 'Aja'ib al-Athar fi al-Tarajim w-a/• 6o6; territory of Fiipmids, 618; Akhbtir, 743 provinces, 62 I, 711; mainland overrun Ajnadayn, ISO by Normans, 622 Ajwiban 'atz al-As'ilah a/-Siqilliyah, Africans, SSS al•, 587 Afshin, al-, 339 Akhbtir al-Tiwal, al-, 389 Agade, see Akkadu akhis, 479 Agapius of Manbij, 202 akh!tiq, 400, 40I Agar, 43 Akhltiq, al-, 401 Agarenes, 43 Akhtal, al-, 196, 220, 246, 252 Agha Khan, 448 Akil al-Murii.r, 85 Aghani, a/-, 92, 94, 9S. 103, 107, 201, 'Akka, 193, 453, 622, 635, 640, 650-51, 227, 274, 276, 303, 3o8, 337, 404, 420, 6s4, 655, 658, 665, 669, 679, 681, 721, 42s, 43S. 4s8, S3I, ss8 732 Aghlab, ibn-a!-, Ibrahim, 451 Akkadian language, 52 Aghlabid: ruler of Africa, Sl9, 617; Akkadians, 9, 36 state, 6o2; generals, 6o4; dynasty, Akkadu, 9 6os, 617; residence of 'Ubaydullah 'Akkans, 650 al-Mahdi, 618; sovereignty in Sicily akktir, 20 ends, 622 Aksiirn: 57, 66; king of, 6o Aghlabids, 267, 451-2, 6o2, 6os, 617, Aksiirnite: inscriptions, 6o; viceroy, 618 62 Aghmii.t, 541, 546 'Ala', abu-al-, see l\1a'arri, al- INDEX
'Ala'-al-Din 'Ali, Mamliik, 673, 677 Algedi, 572 'Ala'-al-Din Mul;lammad, 482 Algeria, 6, 213, 247, 3I6, 36I, 437, 541, 'Ala' ibn-Mughith, al-, 507 )48, 7IO, 717, 7I8, 756 Alamundarus, 79· See also Mundhir, il-, Algiers, 540, 559, 7II III and ibn-al-I;Iii.rith, al• Alhambra, 529, 550, 553, 554, 595 Alamiit, 446-8, 486 Alhandega, 524 A'laq a/-Nafisah, a/-, 385 Alhazen, see Haytham, ibn-al• 'Alawite, 340 'Ali, abu-, see Qadisha River 'Alawites, 449 'Ali abu-al-I;Iasan, Na~rid, 553 Albania, 449 'Ali al-Hadi, 442 Albanians, 716, 721 'Ali al-Qali, abu-, see Qii.li, al• Albategnius, see Battani, al• 'Ali al-Riqa, 439, 441, 442 Albertus Magnus, s8s 'Ali Bey, 720-21, 732 Alboacen, see 'Ali abu-al-I;Iasan 'Ali ibn-abi-Talib: III, 139, 140, 175, Albumasar, see Ma'shar, abu• I77, 178, 179-82, I84 n. 2, I89, 190, Albuquerque, Alfonso d', 697 194. 222, 237. 241, 247-50, 255. 282, Alburz, 446 283, 289, 290, 29I, 394, 399, 401, 409, Alcazar, 595 437. 439. 440, 442, 443. 448, 449. 471, Alcoran of Mahomet, 126 n. 1 472, 481, 513, 52I; Mul;lammad's aleph, 71 cousin, II3; spouse of, 120; wife of, Aleppine: 404; delegation, 480; press, 139; followers of, I77; death of, 183; 747 descendants of, I97; mosque of, 26o Aleppo, 88, IS3, 231, 26S n. 3, 301, 359, 'Ali ibn-I;Iammiid, see I;Iammt:d, ibn• ]6o, 371, 387, 402, 404, 423, 439. 447 'Ali ibn-'lsa, 469 457' 458, 459. 400, 476, 48o, 487' 633. 'Ali, ibn-, 'lsa, court physician, 369 6]5, 638, 643. 644, 645. 652, 659. 661, 'Ali ibn-Mul;lammad, Zanj leader, 467 674,678,681,686,687,701,703,704, 'Ali, ibn-, Sind, 375 726, 727, 728 'Ali ibn-Yiinus, see Yiinus, ibn• Alessandro de Paganini, 126 n. r 'Ali, Ikhshidid, 547 n. I Al!'xander, 46, 49, 58, 68, 124 n. 4, 142, 'Ali-Ilahis, 249 n. 2, 449 I53, 159, 161, 663 'Ali, Murabit, 542, 545 n. 2, 546, 561 Alexandretta, 752 'Alid: cause, 181, 283; doctrines, 249; Alexandria: 59, 76, 160-68, 174, 255, 318, 467; revolts, 450; intrigues, 676 262, 309, 314, 343. ]63, 51], 529 531, 'Alid, pro-, 289 548, 569, s8o, 6o2, 6!8, 620, 653. 66I, 'Alids, 189, 191, 207, 243, 282, 289-91, 681, 705, 721; patriarch of, 161, 356; 502, 68o Treaty of, 164; library of, 166; camp, Alilat, 99 169; income from, 32I; battle of, 722 Allah: 21, 100-101, II4, 117, 120, 121, Alexandrian: war, 68; library, 166 128, 131, 140, 179. 182, ISS, 215, 248, Alexandrian Museum, 310 3I7, 393. 408, 439. 467, 6g2, 704; Alexandrians, I66 guests of, 27; daughters of, 98; nabi Alexius Comnenus, 636, 637 of, 113; service of, 114; Ummat of, Alj Laylah wa-Laylah, 404, 690 I20; word of, 123, 129, I8I; oneness Alfonsine tables, 570, 6oo of, I24; aid of. 16o; name of, 127, ISO, Alfonso III, of Leon, SI8 170; will of, I29, 138; sword of, I48; Alfonso VI, of Leon and Castile, 537, pact of, ISO; share of, 172 n. 3; sight 538, 539, 540, 543, 544 of, I73; words of, 176; rasul of, ISs; Alfonso VII, 540 house of, I92; commandments of, 396; Alfonso VIII, 542, 549 reward of, 650 Alfonso X, 559, 570, 57I, 6oo Allahu akbar, 163 Alfonso of Seville, 676 Almagest,311, 314-15,373, 37S, 588,6I2 Alfonso the Wise, see Alfonso X Almaqah, 51, 54, 6o Alfraganus, see Farghani, al• Almeria, 521, 528, 578, S92 Algaby, 6os Almohades, S46 n. 3 Algarve, 5 I 8, 52& Almoravides, see Murabits Algeciras, 502 Alp Arsliin, Saljuq, 410, 475-6, 633,635 INDEX
Alp Arslin aJ-Akhras 635 n. 1 Amorites, 9, 10, II Alpetragius, se11 Bitriiji, aJ. Amorium, 301, 310, 312 Alpharabius, see Fiiriibi, al• 'Amr ibn-'Adi ibn-Lakhm, 82 Aipine passes, 589 'Amr ibn-'Amir, see Muzayqiya' Alps, the, 6os, 613 'Amr ibn-aJ-'A~, uS, 142, 148, 159-68, Alptigin, 463-4 181, 182, 189, 1g6, 2o8, 2321 2001 261 Alpujarras, 554 n. 3 'Amr ibn-Hind, 83 'Aiqami, ibn-a!-, 487 'Amr ibn-l;lujr, 85 Altair, 572 'Amr ibn-Kulthiim, 83, 93 Alvaro, 516 'Amr ibn-Lul;tayy, 100 'am al:fil, 64 'Amriis ibn-Yiisuf, 513 Amalek, 52 Amu Darya, 209 n. 4, 379 n. 31 488 Amali, al-, 531 'Amiid aJ-Sawari, 163 n. 3 Amalric of Jerusalem, 624, 645 .Amurru, 36, 7 4 Amanus, see Lukkam, al- 'Amwiis, 154, 169 'Amarah, silversmiths, 358 Anas ibn-Malik, 207, 236, 394 Amat-'Uzzay-an, 99 Anas, ibn-, Malik, see Malik 'Amawiis, see 'Amwiis Anatolia, 449, 478, 697, 714 America,8,347,46S,70S,711,736 Anaxagoras, 430 American: ideas, 736; officers, 746; enter- 'Anazah, 4o6 prise, 747; missionaries, 747; institu• Anbar, al-, 85, 290, 325, 349 tions, 748 Anbat, al-, 67 American College for Girls, 746, 747-8 Ancyra, see Ankara American University of Beirut, 747 1 755 Andalus, al-, 214, 498, 503, 514, 515, Amid, 325 534, 557, 56o. See also Andalusia 'Amid, ibn-a!-, 250 Andalusia, 398, 502, 5o6, 545, 548, 550, 'ami/, 224, 330 554, 562, 564, 565, 578, 58o, 598, 612. 'amils, 462 See also Andalus, al- Amin,al-, 'Abbiisidcali~h: 297,303,304, Andalusian: 21, 26o, 281, 361, 404,. 66r; 317, 318, 332, 337, 340-42, 400, 409, /tll[iks, 542; Jewish culture, 543; 414, 417, 419, 425, 461; mother of, 333 poets, 562; historians, 565; astronomer, Amin, al-, title of thl' Prophet, 11 1 570; music, 598; sources of popular Aminah, III, 189 music, 599 amir: of poets, 93, 163, 173, 224, 317, Andus, 204 n. 3 328, 330, 451, 464, 471; a/-/za;j", 721 Anglo-Egyptian treaty, 751 Amir, al-, Fapmid, 623, 646 Anglo-French-Russian fleet, 725 amir tikkur, 692 Ani, 475 Amir al-Juyiish, 622 Anjou, 612 'Amir, ibn-abi-, M~ammad, 532 Ankara: 76, 85, 310, 312, 701; Grand amir al-mtlmi'nin: 178, 185, 523, 546, National Assembly at, 184 548; in Chinese records, 344 Annales royales, zgS amir a/-Mus/imin, 542, 548 anjti!J, 102 amir ai-Qatultll[in, 542 Ansd6 al-Asnraj, 388 amir al-umara', 319, 469-71, 6o9 Antar, n6, 140, 193 amir sild{a, 692 'Antar, see 'Antarah 'Amirid: 532; dictator, 534 'Antarah, go, 96, 676, 6go 'Amirids, 535 Antarctic, 3 amirs, 462 Antartiis, 638, 657, 658 'Amm, 6o Anti-Lebanon, 361 'amman mu/ltll[ak, 326 Anti-Taurus, 199 'Ammiir, banu-, 633 Antichrist: 433; Cyrus regarded as, 165 'Ammar, ibn-, 539, 56o Antigonus, 68, 70 'Ammiir ibn-'Ali al-Ma~li,su Ma., Antioch, 44. 76, sj, 153. 202, 255. 309. al- 314, 355. 369. 423, 400, 476, 009; 638, Ammianus Marcellinus, 44 64o, 641, 643, 645, 648, 656, 657, 66z, 'Ammiiriyah, se11 Amorium 663,668 INDEX Antiochus, I6I corsairs, 6o2; camp in Sicily, bo3J Antipatris, see Futrus, abu· chieftains in Sicily, 6o4; origin of Antony, I8o Swiss place-names, 6oS; culture in Anusharwan, 3o8, 309 Sicily, 6o6; husbandmen, 6o7; hos• Anwii.t, dhii.t·, g8 pitality, 647; monuments, 66I; re• 'anwaian, I71 liquaries, 668; caliphate, 67I, 702, Aphrodite, 79 705; science, 687; lands, 6gi, 7Io, 716, Apocryphal Gospels, 126 728, 748; states, 7IO, 742, 748, 7S6; Apollonius of Perga, 3I4 armies, 715; world, 722; nationalism, 'Aqabah, a!-, I4, 37, 4I, 58, II9, 640 755 aqa/im a/-maghrib, 330 n. 1 Arab, non-. 170, I72 n. 4, 2I7, 332; cali• aqa/im al-mashriq, 330 n. 1 phate, I84, 67I; potentates, I97 'aql, 443 Arab-Berber, 2I4, SOI, 718 Aqmar, a!-, Mosque, 630 Arab-Byzantine: relations, I99; border, 'aqrab, 572 204 Aq~a, a!-, Mosque, 265, 648, 66s. See Arab chroniclers, 78, 79, So, 140, 144, also Masjid al-Aq~a, al• (s6, 499, 503, S09 Aquinas, Thomas, 432, 6I2 Arab Crescent, 7I9, 7SI Aquitaine, 499 Arab East, ISS, 63I, 728, 7SS 'Arab, 4I Arab Moslems, 1g6, 203, 218, 243, 444 Arab: horse, 2I; 22, 42, 82, 209, 2IO, Arab Museum, Cairo, 70, 264 n. 5, 423, 2I2, 2I3, 215, 219, 222, 226, 229, 237, 631, 681 289, 323, 328 seq., 4I6, 484, 497, 499, Arab-Norman: art, 6o7; culture, 6o7 soo, 501, 502 seq., 6o2, 676; character, Arab Orient, 307 n. I 27; authors, 8I, 427, 577; delega• Arab Spain, 509, 567, 58o tion, 46; imagination, 65; story• 'Arabi, Al;lmad, 7SO, 7S3 tellers, 65, 74; king, 66; queen, 76; 'Arabi, ibn-, Mul;lyi-al-Din, 436, 585-8 history, 79. 3I8; tribes, 79, s68; Arabia: 3, 6-14, 17-18, 21, 23, 33, 34, settlement, 82; chieftains, 84, 473; 36, 37, 42,43 seq., 8g, 97, 101,107,119, world, 1o6, I59, 6o4, 683, 686; his• I20, 123, 127, 138, 140, 141, 142, 156, torians, I42, 2oS, 295; conquel!ts, I42; 168, 175. 197. 207, 2IS, 236, 2SO, 273. invasion, I44, I9S; empire, I4S; 27S, 305, 338, 339, 340, 3S7 n. 6, 398, mercenaries, 152; chiefdoms, 156; 489, oos, 622, 646, 667, 671, 697; conquest, I66, 453; conquerors, 170; 738 seq.; queen of, 38; south-western, monetary system, 172 n. 4; armour, 39, 105; kings of, 41; northern, 41; 173; civilization, 174. 199, SIS, ss6; ancient, 42; tribes of, 48; minerals of, government, I9S; kings, 198; attacks, 48; circurrmavigation of, 49; coast of, 200, 203; marches, 200; ship, 20I; so; north-western, 22, 54; invasions of, chronicles, 202; fleet, 202, 6os; armada, 68, 739; king of, 68; pagan, 1o6; his• 203; coinage, 2o6; meaning of the term, tory of, 120) 193; land of, 142; recruits 240; medicine, 2S4. 364, 578; art, 26o, from, 163; sons of, 173; eastern, 224; 66I; society, 260, 7SS; merchants, the chase in, 228; postal relays of, 30S; tradition, 343; geographers, 349, 323 350, 387; astronomical tables, 37S; Arabia Deserta, 44 zoologist, 382; poesy, 405; settlement Arabia Felix, 44 in Athens, 4SI; poetry, 4S9; annalists, Arabia Petraea, 44, 68, 74 469; caliphs, 478; chivalry, 479; Arabia Provincia, 74 colonists, S02; eloquence, 5 IS; aristo• Arabian: 8, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 44, go, 154, cracy, S2S; supremacy on the seas, 183, 228, 231. 232, 233, 240, JOI, 327, 529; money, 529; women, s6o; libraries, J28, 332, 333. 334. 370. 402, 544· 68o; 564; geographical studies, S70; astro· peninsula, 10, 13, 143, 710, 737; poets, r;omy, 570; astronomers, S72; scien· 17; oases. 19, 39; flora. 19; trees, 20; tilic influence, 573; thought, sSo; thoroughbred, 21; life, 22, 141; camel, learning, 589, 6o7, 6I3; conquest of 22; nation, 32; people, 36, 4Si colonists, Spain, 597; songs. S99i musicians in s6; blood, 57' 279; origin. 59. 6s; Spanish miniatures, 599; music, 6oo; tribes, 62, 78, 143, 156; pagans, 64· INDEX
heroic age, 90; poet, 94; calendar, 94; 34I, 379, 6I3; books, 340, 387, 423, satirist, 94i pagan, 96; authors, 97; SSS, 588, 6I3; oldest paper manu• goddess, IOO; character, I02; posses• script, 347; alchemy, 364; treatise on sion, Io6; stories, I24; arms, I43, IS2; ophthalmology, 364, 369, 686; East, lands, ISS; desert, ISS n. 2; troops, 368; moral philosophy, 40I; poetry, IS9; expansion, IS9; ports, I6S; garri• 406, 407; treatises on education, 409; son, I66; primitive society, I67; con• manuscripts, 420, sss. s6s, S74. 6I2; querors, I69; army, I74i contribution, poetry in Spain, 56o, S6I, S62; lexico· I74; soil, I92; physicians, 2S4i archi• graphy, S62; geography, S63, S6S; tecture, 256-69; art, 2 S9i musical astronomy, 565; origin of star-names, theory, 27S; social life, 280; principle S72; terms translated, 573, 579; of seniority, 282; aristocracy, 287; botanical data, 576; translations, S77, king, 293; nationalism, 307 s8s; medicine, 579; science, S89; terms Arabian American Oil Company, 17, 741 in Spanish, 593; studies in European Arabian Gulf, 34 universities, 612; modem, 747; paper, Arabian 'Iraq, 330 n. 2 748; press, 74S, 747 Arabian Moslems, 143, 169, 2I8, 23I, Arabic coinage, 2I7, S29, 542 2J2, 28J, 287 Arabic inscriptions, 70, 27I, S9I 1 607, Arabian, non-, Moslems, 2l:S3 669.692 Arabian Nigkts, 7, 300, 333, 337, 340, Arabic language, I3, 22, 30, 40, 70, I22, 404-5, 42S, 59I, 663, 676, 690. 69I I99, 203, 2I4, 2I7, 241, 246, 2SO, 252, Arabian, pan·, pilgrimage, II3 2SS, 27S, 294, 300, 307, 3IO, 3II, 3I2, Arabian Sea, IS 3I3, 3I6, 403, 429. SI2, 543. SSI, 557. Arabianism, I45, 287 ss9. 57I, 572, 583, s8s, 590, s98, ooi, Arabianization of Islam, I I8 607, 6II, 612, 647, 695, 7I5 Arabians: 4, 6, 8, Io, I2, 25, 26, 28, 30, Arabic literature, 20, 92, I73, I76, 207, 32, 37. 40-45, 48, 49. s8, 59. 6I, 64, 243, 26s, 269, 302, 402-S, 409, 433, 70, 76, 78, So, 84, 88, 90. 93. 97. I43. 438, 5S9. 569.578,687 I45, IS3, I63, 164, I69, I73, I74, 228, Arabic numerals, 3o8-9, 678-6, 607 23I, 236, 240, 2SO, 259, 27I, 283, 307o Arabic-speaking: peoples, 4, 6, 9, 43, I27, 310, JI6, 332, 39I, 48S, 496, 509, 544i I99, 5S7, 592, 757; lands, 27; world, pagan, 66; diwan of, 95; urban, Io2; 93, 96, 436; Jews, 354i region, 452 security of, 176; early kings of, 2441 Arabic-writing philosophers, 583, 585 religion of, 249i sage- of the, 2 so; Arabic, proto-: 7 I; inscription, 82, 88 doctor of the, 2S4 Arabic, pseudo-, inscriptions, 592 Arabians, non-, 169, 240 Arabicization, SI6 Arabic: 4, 9, I2, 79, 84, 88, 90, 126, ISS, Arabicized Christians, 5I6, 543, SS8"9 I67, I95, 227, 354, 3S7o 362, 365, 367, Arabicized Copts, 625 369, 37I, 372, 373, 37S seg., 400, 427, Arabism, I72 463, 498, 663, 6671 668, 687 I 689; ArabiSSJJS, 200 n. 4 poets, I9; legends, 6o; ballads, 6o; ·Arabistiin, I 57. 730 tradition, 62,- 79, 92, I83; script, 70; Arabists, 52 proper names, 70; vernacular, 70; Arabs: 3, 4, 8, 2I, 41, 71, 90, Io6 seg., classical, 7I; tongue, 78, I74, 253, 2IO, 212 seg., 329, 363 seg., 402 seg., 361, 390; poetry, 94· I03, IS6, 244, 484,493, S02 seg.; heathen, 84; tongue 407; versifiers, 99, 40S; prose, I27; of, 9I; political geniuses of, I8I; as orthography, I3I, 2I9, 227; collo• merchants, 343; use of drugs by, 364; quial, I34i annals, I4I, I98, 2S2, 505; geographers, 886; register of, 404; as somces, I43, 338, 343, S7Si chronicles, teachers, 7 I 5 IS2 n. 2, IS6, I94, I9S n. 4, 200; Arabs, non-, 332, 38I n. 1, 394, 402,410, culture, 209, 5S9i grammar, 241-S, 484 2S3, 4o8; prosody, 242; historiography, •Arabshiih, ibn-, 699, 701 248, S6S; philology, 248, S6S; histori• Araby,6 cal lore, 244; romances, 25I, 300; Aradus, I67 singers, 25I; music, 276, 626-8; •Arafah, I33, I34 mathematical science, 3o8; world, 3IS, •Arafii.t, mountain, 133 n. 4 INDEX
Aragon, 496, 518, 521, 543, 549, 551, Arnold, T. W., 420 556, 599 'Arqah, 638 Aral Sea, 2 I 5 'arradah, 226 Aram, 37 Arras, 668 Aramaean: king, 37; stock, I04; in• Arsacid Parthian dynasty, Sr fluences, Io6; centres, 107; peasants, Arsiif, 640, 641, 656 ISS; sources, 24I arut:r;, al-, 528 n. 5 Aramaeans, 9, ro, II, 20, 175, 232 Arwad, r67, 679 Aramaic: 9, I3, 40, 84, IOO, II7 n. 3; Arwad, isle of, 202 characters, 70; inscriptions, 70, 76; Aryans, 158 language, 78, 246, 353, 357, 36I, Aryat, 62 ideas, Io6; words, I07; origin, I32; Arzachel, see Zarq ali, al· civilization, I74, 3o6, 309, 310 ·~~. abu-al-, 189, I93 n. 1 Aramaic-speaking Jews, I04 ·~. ibn-a!-, see 'Amr Aramaicism, I95 'a,abiyah, 27, 280 Arbela, 687 Asad, tribe, 14I Arbiinah, 499 Asad ibn-al-Furat, see Furat, ibn-al• Archidona, 494. 5o6, SIS, 520 As'ad Kamil, Tubba', 61 Archimedes, 3I41 376 'Asakir, ibn-, I98, 392 Arctic, 3 A'sam, al-, see I;Iubaysh ibn-al-I;Iasan Ardabil, 330 astis, 443 Ardashir, 82 asliwir, 334 Aretas III, see I;Iiirithah III Asbitariyah, 644 n. 4 Arghiin, 678 Ascalon, see 'Asqalan Arian, 6I, 498 a'fzab al-nau, I40 'aribak, 32 Ash'ari, al-, abu-al-I;Iasan 'Ali: 410, 'arif, 328 432; system of, 430-31 arin, 384, 570-71 Ash'ari, al-, abu-Miisa, t81, 26o, 430 'Arish, al-, 670 Ash'ariyah, 431 Aristotelian: 3I 5, 368, 370, 38 I, 383; Ash'ath, ibn-a!-, see 'Abd-al-Ral:lman works, 427; system of universe, 57I, ibn-al-Ash'ath 572; philosopher, 58I; philosophy of Ash'ath ibn·Qays, al-, 86 ibn-Maymiin, 585 'Ashr Maqa!at, a/-, 364 Aristotelian, pseudo-, work, 663 Ashraf Jan-balat, a!-, Mamliik, 694 n. 3 Aristotelianism, 3I6, 37I, 584, 585 Ashraf Khalil, al-, 658, 672, 673, 675, Aristotle, 3o6, 3IO, 3II, 3I2, 313, 3I5, 679 3I6, 363, 369, 370, 37I, 382, 387, 40I, Ashraf Miisa, al-, Ayy:iibid, 6ro, 655 57 I, 572, 58o, S8I, 583, 588, 6u, 6r2, Ashraf Sha'biin, al-, Mamliik, 673, 682 663 Ashtar, al-, see Malik al-Ashtar Aristotle, pseudo-, 610 'Ashtart, 61 Aristoxenus, 427 'ashura', I33, I91 an'thmti!iqi, 3II n. I 'A~i, al-, see Orontes River Ark of the Covenant, 136 n. 1 Asia: 156, 200, 344, 378, 381, 391, 405, arktin, I30 451, 465, 529, 530, 583; western, 2IS; Armenia: I54, I76, 2I2, 224, 292, 299, central, 215 330, 346, 385, 475. 557. 633. 678, 703; Asia Minor, 20, 33, 75, 76, I99, 205, 224, Byzantine, I57 299, 300, 386, 437, 459, 475, 476, 478, Armenian: mercenaries, IS2; of Con• 479, 575, 633, 635, 636, 637, 701, 702, stantinople, r86; 332, 671; vizir of 733 al-Must~ir, 622; origin of two Asians, 48 vizirs, 630; population of Cilicia, 637; Asiatic: 33; architecture, 419; mon• betrayer of Antioch, 638 archies, 545; possessions of Alexius Armenians, 341, 678, 679, 68o, 7I6 Comnenus, 636; part of the Ottoman Armenoid type, 30 kingdom, 702 Arnaud, Th. S., SI, 55 A~im, umm-, 503 Arnold, casde of, 648 n. I Asir, 18, 19 INDEX
'Askar Mukram, I70 n. 1 Atlas, Moroccan, 546 'Askari, al·, see l;iasan, al· Atsiz, 635 Aslam, ibn·, Shujii', 392 n. 6 'Attab, Umayyad prince, 345 as/ama, 129 'attabi, 345 Asmii', mother of ibn-al-Zu!:&yr, I93 Attic, 217 asma' a/-!zusna, a/-, 128 Augustalis Theodorus, 161 Atn4m, a/-, g6, 388 n. 2 Augustinian scholastics, 587 'Asqaliin, 635, 639, 64I, 645, 653, 665 Augustus Cresar, 46, 164 Asrar, a/-, 366 Aurelian, 76 Asrar al-.(likmah ai-Mashriqiyah, 587 Australia, 736 Assassin: movement, 446-8; 478 Austria, 479, 7I7 Assassins, 373, 446-8, 449, 485, 486, Austrian: 7; chieftain, 55I 633. 646, 657. 67 5 Avempace, see Bajjah, ibn Assemani, see Sim'iini, al• Aven Sina, see Sina, ibn- Assurbanipal, 39 Avencebrol, see Gabirol, ben• Assyria, 39, 330, 664 n. 4 Avenzoar, see Zuhr, ibn-, abu-Marwin Assyrian: conquerors, 21, 665 n. 4; Averroes, 316. See also Rushd, ibn· conquest, 22; period, 36; empire, 37; Averroism, 583, 588 kings, 38; suzerainty, 38; annals, 39, Avicebron, see Gabirol, ben· 42; provinces, 39; control, 39; fashion, Avicenna, 316. See also Sina, ibn· 40; records, so, 66o; campaign, 67; Avignon, 501 architecture, 26o, 262 'awiifim, a/-, 200 Assyrians: 9, IO, 38-9, 347, 420; planets •Awf, IOI known to, 415 n. 7 'Awf, ibn-, 'Abd-al-RaQ.miin, 178 Assyro-Babylonian: 9, 52; language, I]; 'Awfi, al-, Mul)ammad, 669 records, 21, 39; times, 174 'Awja' River, 285 Assyro-Babylonians, 175 'Awja', ibn-abi-al-, 394 Asturias, 496 Awliis, 200 aslurlab, ]II n. I, 375 Aws, changed first name of ab11 Asturlji.bi, al-, 'Ali ibn-'Isa, 375 Tammlim,407 Aswad, al·, prophet, I42 Aws, tribe, 89, 99, 104, u6 aswadan, a/-, 19 'awsaj, 149 Aswiin, see Uswli.n 'Awwlim, ibn-a!-, 575 Asyiit, 688 n. 4, 746 Awzii'i, al-, 398, 400 'Ata', ibn-, W~il, 246 Axum, 57. See also Aksiim attibeg- al-'askar, 672 Aybak, founder of Mamliik dynasty, Atiibeg dynasty, 48o n. 4 6ss. 672, 673, 674 attibeg-s, 48o n. 4 Aylah: Christian chief of, 119; via, I48; 'Atiihiyah, abu-al-, 304, 406 647 Athtir ai-BtiqJ"yah, al-, 377 'Ayn, a/-, 242 Athena, 57 'Ayn Jaint, 487, 655, 674, 675 Athenian emblem, 57 •Ayn Shams, I6I Athenodorus, 76 •Aynal·T~, I49,2I3, 269,388 Athens, 4SI Ayyli.m al·'Arab, 26, 87, 88, 89 athir, 3ll n. I Ayyiib, 43 Athir, ibn-a1-, 'lzz-al-Din, 390, 891-2, Ayyiib, father of Saliil:t-al-Din, 645, 655 303, 410, 477. 483, 618, 652, 688 Ayyiib al-~ari, abu-, 201 athl, 19 Ayyiibid: sultans, 135; sultan, 610; 'Athlith, castle of, 658 period, 625; dynasty, 625; 653, 656, 'Athtar, 51, 61 66o, 661, 672, 674, 68s, 687, 691; 'Atikah, daughter of Mu'li.wiyah, 228 school of architecture, 697; age, 701 •.A;,tikah, granddaughter of Mu'li.wiyah, Ayyiibids, 628, 630, 637, 654, 659, 661, 229 672,674 Atlantic Ocean, 3, 14, 2o6, 213, 214, 383, ~. al·, 82 n. 2, 284, 38o n. 3 493, 524, 529, s4B. 619, 62o, 7u Azd-Mu<;lar feud, 283 Q/las, 668 Azdite party, 28o INDEX
Azhar, al-, Mosque, I27, 335 n. 6, 530, 599,6I0,6I71 6IH,62o,622,626,627, 567,618,628,630,743,754 633, 641 n. 2, 644, 672, 676, 677, 6gi, A dar ai·Afk4r, 383 699, 7os, 713, 737, 749; cafes of, 65; 'Aziz, al-, Ayylibid, 584, 652, 6SS intellectual development in, 245; 'Aziz, al-, Fii.timid, 619-20, 623, 625, founding of, 292-3; postal head• 627, 628, 629 quarters in, 323; roads through, 'Aziz, al-, Yusuf, Mamluk, 694 D. 3 323, 325; first paper-mill in, 347; 'A:fm, al-, As'ad, 73I canal connection at, 349; caliphate, 'A:fm, al-, Ismii.'il, 731 357; hospital at, 365, 366; under 'A:j:ms, 731·2 Hiilii.guids, 488; under 11-Khii.ns, 488; Azraq, al-, 269 wii.li of, 737; garrison in, 738; pashas Azraqis, 2o8 of, 738; schools in, 738 Baghdadi, al-, al-Khatib, see Khapb, al• btl' 2I9 Baghdii.dis, 318 Baal Shamin, 78 Bahii.'·al-Dawlah, Buwayhid, 472-3 Baalbek, see Ba'labakk Bahii.' -al-Din ibn-Shaddii.d, 41I, 652 !Jab al·tllzalzab, 293, 4I6 BaQ.dal, banu-, 195 Bii.b al·Futii\1., 630 Bii.hili, a!-, S78 Bii.bal·Mandab, I3, 32, 34, so BaQ.ira, I I I Bii.b al-Nqr, 630 BaQ.r al-Khazar, 292 Bii.b al-Saghir, [al-], 198 n. 4 ba/lr a/-Julum4t, S29 Bah al-Zawiyah, 630 BaQ.rain Petroleum Company, 740 Babak, see Babik Bahrim Gor, 82, 83 Babalylln, I6I. See also Babylon, in BaQ.rayn, al·: 37, 14I, 1S7, 173,224,237, Egypt 330, 739, 740; pearls of, 348 Bii.bik, 323 BaQ.ri Mamliiks, 672-4, 677, 678, 682, Babylon, 28, 37, 39, 81, 241, 293, 305 Babylon, in Egypt, I6I·5 !Ja'~alz, 30 Babylonia, 32, 36, 38, 39, 307, 32I, 357 Bii.jjah, ibn-, 576, 1581, 599, 6oo Babylonian: goddess, 61; singers, 8I; era, Bakhtishii', ibn-, Jibril, 363, 364 IS6; 3SO, 3S7. 3S8, 417 Bakhtishii' ibn-Jiirjis ibn-Bakhtishii', Babylonians: 6, II, 88, 96, 479; 309 planets known to, 4IS n. 7 Bakr, tribe, 233 Bacon, Roger, 366, 370, S87, S88, 629, Bakr: woman of, 89; side, 8g 66S Bakr, banu-, 26, 89 Badajoz, SI8, S40 Bakr ibn-al-N~ir, abu-, Mamliik, 673 lu~tlal a/-' askari, a/-, 320 Bakr al-Siddiq, abu-: 113, I20, 123, I39, Badawi, al-, Ahmad, 437 140-45, 148, 17S. 177. I78, 183, !84 Badi' al-Zaman, see Hamadhini, al• n. 2, 193, 238, 394; caliphate of, 140 Bii.diyah, ai-, 15, 44, •9s. 2s3 Bakr ibn-Wii.'il, subtribe ot, I48 Bii.diyahs, al-, 19S Bakri, al-, geographer, 568-9 Biidiyat: al-Sha'm, IS; al-'lriq, IS Baktii.shi order, 203, 437, 449 Badr: skirmish, I04; 116-17; victory of, Baktra, see Balkh 132; battle of, ISS, 242; battlefield of, Baku, 292 I83 ba'l, 20,97 Badr, craftsman, S9I Balaam, 94 Badr,freedman, sos, S07 Ba'labakk, •so, 221, 31s, 643, 64s, 659, Badr al-Jamiili, 622, 630 678, 701, 729 Baedeker, 6os Balii.dhuri, al-, I7, 144, ISO, IS3o 173, Bagh~ii.d: 29, 66,8s,86,go,112, IS6 D. I, I94, 199, 209, 217, 388, 402, 411 n. 5 xs8, I84, I8S, 191,240,289,296,297. Bal'ami, 463 298,299, 301·6 seq.,40I,40S,4o6,407, Balansi, al·, S70 4o8, 411, 4I2, 4I4, 4IS, 4I6, 417, 424, Balarm, see Palermo 42S,426,432,434. 436,437.438,440 IJa/41 a/-slzulzat/4', sox seq., 5I4, S24, 526, 529, 530, 531, 534, Balbis, 161 ~42, 5s7, 57o,s78, sSo, 583,592,598. Baldwin I, 637, 639, 6(0-41, 665 INDEX 769 Baldwin II, 640 330, 343. 344. 345. 350, 358, 361, 372, Baldwin III, 645 395-403,413,430,439.444.445.468, Balearic Isles, 548, 618 622, 628, 737, 749; governor of, 177; Balj ibn-Bishr, see Qushayri, ai• metropolitan of, 3SS; litterateurs of, Balkh, 209, 294, 330, 378, 434, 462, 402 465, 474, 482, 483 B~rah Mosque, 262 Balkhi, a!-, abu-Zayd, 385 B~rans, 2o8 Balqa', al-, i8, 147, 269 n. 2 B~ri, a!-, al-I:Ia.•an, 242, 24S, 249 Baluchistan, 157, 210, 330 B~rite scholars, 242 banna', al·, S97 n. 2 B~rites, 243 Baqir, al-, see Mul;lammad Bassora, 241 n. I. See also Ba~rah, al· baqiyall, 30 Basiis, al·, 89 Barada River, 231 Basiis War, 26, 92·3 Barakah, Mamliik, 673, 677 Bath-Zabbay, 76 Baraqish, 54 bafin, 443 Barbar, 214 n. I btifini, s86 Barbary: 21, 213 n. 2; coast, 521; pro· Biipni sect, 444 vinces, 711; states, 712 Biitinite, 43 I, 446 Barbate River, 494 Biitinites, 443 Barcelona, S07, 527 Batn al-Sirr, 149 Bardawil, 670 Batriq, ibn-a!-, alu-Yahya, 311 Barhebraeus, see 'Ibri, ibn-al· Batriin, a!-, 657 Bari, 6o4, 6os Battal, al-, 'Abdullah, 203 barid, a/-, I9S, 322 n. 5, 323 Battiini, a!-, astronomer, 314, 3S8, 876, Barkiyiiruq, Saljiiq, 48o 571, 572 Barlaam, 246 Battiitah, ibn-, 104, 177 n. 2, 338, 411, barmak, 294 479, 483, 569 Barmak, ibn·, Khiilid, 294, 295, 296 Bavviin, gap of, 350 Barmak, ibn·, Yal;lya, 295-6, 315, 323, Bawwiib, ibn-a!-, 424 348. 687 Bay of Biscay, 2IS Barmaki, a!-, Ja'far, 304 bay'ah, 140, 1S4, ISS Barmakid, 29S, 323, 414 Bayiisi, al-, abu-Zakariya' Yal;lya, 427 Barmakids, 294-6, 304, 319, 364, 417 Biiyazid I, 677, 701, 702, 709 n. I Barqah, 168, 170 n. I Bayazid II, 702, 712 n. 3 barquq, al·, 528 n. 6 Biiyazid al· Bistami, 435 Barqiiq, Mamliik, S67, 664, 677, 682, Baybars II, Mamliik, 622, 673, 6S2 685, 687, 688, 69•, 692, 694, 69s. Baybars al-Bunduqdiiri, al-Malik a!· 701 ?:iihir, 135, 448, 487, 489, 6s2, 655-6, Barsbiiy, Mamliik, 694, 69s, 697-9, 702 657, 6s8, 664, 673, 674-7, 690, 69s Baruch, 43 Baybars al-Jashnakir, see Baybars II Barz al-Qummi, ibn-, Mul;lammad, 31S ba;•
254, 26g n. 5, 400, 539; raids, 2I. 57; !Jirdlztwm, 322 n. 5 society, 25, 26; chief, 33, ISS; phy• Biriin, 376 n. 7 larch, 79; tribes, BB, 73B; wars, B9; Biriini, al-, mathematician, 876-7, 383, life, 89, 2SJ; hospitality, 9Sl heroism, 402, 46s, 5B9 96; religion, 96, 97; astral beliefs, 97; Biskra, 2IJ mercenaries, II7; woman, IJ4 n. 3; Bismarck, S09 hordes, I44; ally, ISS; sheikh, I7Sl Bitriiji, al-, 3B7, 572, SBI, sSS days, 68S; contingents, 704 Black Sea, trade, 344 Bedouins, IS, 22-3, 29, 39, 4I, 42, 43, Black Stone, 26, 100, IIB, I92, 445,626 44, BJ, B7, 9So I02, II9, I44, I4B, IS6, Blunt, Anne, 7 I95, 327,4SB,6g6, 737, 73B Blunt, Wilfrid S., IS Beirut: cafes of, 6s; 26s n. 3, 400, 424, Boabdil, see Mul;lammad XI 640, 64I, 6SJ, 6S7, 658, 66S; sanjaq of, Boccaccio, 663 729; press in, 747 Bohemond I, 636, 63B, 640 Bel, 76 Bohemond III, 645 Belfort, 64B n. 2 Bologna, IIB Belshazzar, 39 Bombay, 44B Belvoir, see Kawkab Book, the, I27, I44 Bengal, 570 Book of Allah, 397 Bengalese, origin of sugar-cane, JSI Bordeaux, 500 Bengali, 126 Bosnians, 732 Bengesla, see Jazlah, ibn• Bosporus, 200, 202, 2I2, 299, 463, 705, Benjamin of Tudela, JS7, 66B 7IO, 7I5 Berber: 4, 2IJ, 2I4, 27s, 29I, so2, SI2, Bostra, see Bu~ra SI4, SI7, SIB, SJ7, S40, S42, 54B, S49. Boulogne, 637 S6I, 6B9, 7II; tribe, I6B; tribes, 4S2, Brescia, I 27 n. 1 S6B; soldiers, 469; insurrections in Brethren of Sincerity: epistles of, 401; Spain, 507; dynasties, 537, 546; revolt, 427. See also lkhwan ai-Safa' S95i corsairs, 6o2; troops in Sicily, Bridge, Battle of the, ISS 6os; bodyguards of Fatimids, 62o; British: officers, 6; empire, 200, 722; battalions, 622; blood, 7 I 7 army, 675, 737, 749; naval operations, Berbers, IJ6, I44, IS9, 168, 2IJ, 2I4, 7I2; interest, 734; ship, 734; influence, 2I9, 2JJ, 240, J4I, 356, J6o, J6I, 45I 1 739; government, 740; consul, 746; 4Bs,493,so2, so7, soB, S09.S34,S4S, missionaries, 747; occupy Egypt, 7SO; s66, s6B, s9s, 6I7, 67s. 7II, 7I6 troops, 7SI; mandate, 7SI, 7SSi rule, Berlin, 26g 755i imperialism, 7S6 !Jetlz, 7I British India, 249 n. 2 Bethel, 26 British Isles, sBB Bethlehem, 64o, 670 British Museum, 3471 369, 423 M'alz, I07 n. 2 Brusa, 70I, 709 Bible: I2S, 233, SOI, 747; Arabic trans· Bu'ath, 89 lations of, JS4i Arabic recension of, Budapest, 4B9, 7I2 SI6, S43 Biidasaf, 246 Bibliotlzeca Orienta/is, 743 Budd, 2IO !Jid'alz, 4JB, 740 Budd, al-, 246 Bidpai, fables of, 3o8 Buddha, 2IO, 2I21 246, 292,405,434 !Jilt~ kayf, 43 I Buddhism, I45, 420, 433 Bilad a/-.Rum, I99 Buddhist: 209, 26o; monastery, 294; Bilal, Io6, 2S9 monks, 435 Bilbays, 32, I6I Buddhistic view of life, 43S Bilbis, I6I. See also Bilbaya Buglzyat al-11-fultamis, s66 Bilqis, 42 Bul;layrah, a!-, 494 n. 4 !Jimaristan, J6S, 4S4 Bu};lturi, al-, 407 Bimaristan al-'Aqudi, al-, 472 Bukhiira: 194, 209, 330, 334, 346, 350, Biqa', al-, II n. I, 729, 730 J67, 4S2, 462, 46J, 474. 4B2, 4830 Bir al-Kahinah, 2I3 highway tlu-ough, 323 INDEX 771 Bukhiiri, al-, Muhammad ibn-Ismii'il, garrisons, ISO; provinces, I54, I6S; I31, 395, 412 navy, I6o, I64, I67, 6o2; administra• Buliiq, 619, 74S tion, 166; naval base, I67; rule, I7o; Buldtin, al-, of ibn-al-Faqih, 385 provincial government, 17I; armour, Buldtin, al-, of al-Ya'qiibi, 385 I73; shipyards, I93; period, 195; Bulgars, 203, 212, 384, 569 possessions, I99; vessel, 20I; forces, Bulghiir, 570 201; 2I2, 213, 217, 224, 226, 229, 237, bunduq 6S3 n. I 269,275,294,298,299,300,306,310, Bunduqiyah, 653 n. I 329, 330, 400, 46o; mission to em• buq, 276, 6o1 peror, 243; art, 246; music, 246; :;hips, Buran, 302, 333 256; origin, 264, 69I; painters, 420; Buriiq, al-, 114, II4 n. 4, 352, 420 province, 475; city, 476; envoys, 531; Buraydah, 18 monk, S77; craftsmen, 595; governor of Burckhardt, 7, I02 Sicily, 602; interference in Sicily, 6o6; burdah, 1S6 plan of gates of Cairo, 630; sources, 685 Burdah, al-, 690 Byzantine Sicily, 45I, 6o2 Burgundian princedoms, 643 Byzantine-Syrian art, 419 burhtin, Io6 Byzantines: So, S3, 84, 142, 143, 148, Burid dynasty, 64I n. I 152, 166, 167, I93. 201-3, 213, 2I4, burj, 672 226,291,299,329,355.427, 4S7.46o, Burji: Mamliiks, 672-4, 677; dynasty, 493, 513, 633, 7IS; faith of, 84 6S2; period, 69I; sultans, 694; age, Byzantinius Saracenatus, 669 699 Byzantium: 62, 66, 76, So, Io6, 20I, Burjis, 672-4, 677, 692, 694, 697 29S, 299. 301, 362, 458, 459. 460, Bursa, see Brusa 479, 599, 70S, 710; Asiatic suburb of, Burton, Richard F., 7, II9, 405 201 Bu~ir, 285. See also Abii~ir Bu~ir al-Malaq, see Bii~ir Cadiz, 540, 6I3 Bii~iri, a!-, Sharaf-al-Din Mul;lammad, Cresaraugusta, see Saragossa 689 Cresarea: 14S, 153,640, 64I, 665-6,667; Busiris, see Bii~ir of the Arabs, I63 n. 3 Busr ibn-abi-Artiih, 200 Cresarea Augusta, see Saragossa Bu$ra, 7S, I47, I49, ISO Cresarion, I63 Bustiin, a!-, 200 n. 4 Caetani, 144 Bustiini, a!-, Butrus, 748 Cairene, 6S4 Buthaynah, 25I Cairo: 7, 90, I39, 16I, r6s, IS4, IS5, Butlii.n, ibn-, 369 264 n. S, 3II, 33S n. 6, 34I, 343, 3S3, Buwayb, a!-, 155 3SS, 39S,405,414,424,453,471,474, Buwayh, ibn-, Ai)mad, 470-71 47S. 4S9, S30, 532, 566, 567, 57S. 578, Buwayhid: 250 n. 3, 329, 366 n. 2. ~67, 5S4, S99, 62o, 622, 624-6, 630, 63I, 376, 390, 404, 4IO, 4I3, 417, 471-3; 6S2,6S4,6s6,661,66s,67I,67S.677, regime, 466; capital, 471; house, 474; 67S,6S1,6Ss,686,6SS,6S9,69o,692, power, 475 699, 70I, 704, 7os, 715; cafes of, 6S; Buwayhids, 3I9, 333, 355, 464, 465, 471· first hospital in., 36S; founding of, 6I9; 473 shops of, 720 buyut al-qiytin, 237 Calabria, 6o4, 6os, 619 Biizjiin, 3I5 n. 2 Calatayud, S92 Biizjiini al-l;liisib, al-, see Wafii', abu-al• Calicut, 697 Byblos, 70. See also Jubayl Caliphal Palace, 295 Byngesla, see Jazlah, ibn· Callinicus, 202 Byzantine: emperor, 62, 426, S24, 577, Cambyses, 39, I61 6o4, 678; empire, 7S, 662, 702; Canaanites, 9, I1, 40 interests, 79; territory, So, 619; side, Canaries, 3S4 So; architect, S2i centres, 107; chron• C471on, see Qtinun, ai- icler, I12; power, 142; capital, 147; Cantar de mio Cid, S4S troops, 147, 152; army, 149, I6I, I64; Ca.,ticas de Santa Marta, 6oo TNDEX
Canton, 344 Chaplin, Charlie, 691 Cape of Good Hope, 33, 6g6, 705, 727-8, Charibael, 56 750 Charlemagne, 298, 315, 339, S07, 636 Cape Town, 131 Charles I, of Anjou, 366. 613. 676 Cappadocia, 212 Charles Martel, 21S, soo Capuchin, 729 Chatramotitae, 44 Carchemish, 37 Chaucer, 379 n. 4, 601, 631, 663 Carisbrooke, vicar of, 126 n. I Cheikho, 107 Carmathians, I 58 Cherkes, see Circassian Carmona, 496 China: 3, 44, 75, 2o6, 210, 212, 215, 26o, Carrhae, see I;Iarran 292, 305, 3434, 3SI, 3S6, 375. 378, Carthage, 168, 213, 214, 451, 452, 493, 383, 393. 483, 501, S70, 578, 668 n. 6, 525, 579. 595 702; silk from, 49; highway connection Carthaginian civilization, 55 I to, 323; silk trade, 343; paper of, 347; Caspian Sea: 20, 292, 344, 390, 470; apricot from, 3SO n. 7; gunpowder shores, 446 from, 667 Castile, kingdom of, 521, 533, 537, 539, Chinese: go, 136, 210, 30S, 664, 669; Jan· 540, 542, 549, 551, 556, 5S9. 599, 6oo, guage, 126; monuments, 344; origin 678 of paper money, 347 n. r; first refer• Castilian: 540, 544, sso, S53. 554; ence to tea other than, 377 n. 3; finger· popular verse, 562; students, 563; prints of the, 383; paper, 414; origin, court, 567; vernacular, 589 414; court, 420; seri-culture, S28; Castilians, 534, 549, SSS pottery, S92, 631, compass, 669 Catabanei, 44 Chinese Turkestan: 210, 212, 235; silk Catalan, 663 route through, 343 Catalonia, S33 Chingiz Khan: 414, 482-3, 486, 654, Categories, 313 697; son of, 699 Cathedral of Gerona, 591 Chosroes, 45, 271 Cathedral of St. John, 221, 261, 262 Chosroes II, 264, 265 Cathedral of St. Paul, 604 Chosroism, 294 Cathedral of St. Peter, 604 Christ: 11, 20, 22, 6o, 68, 73, 79, 87, 104, Catholic, 749 147, IS3, 222, 259 n. 3, 401; wor• Catholicism, 498 shippers of, 81; maid of, 83; dis• Catholics, 498, S42, 736 ciples of, 106 n. 2; divinity of, 246 Caucasus, 210, 720 Christendom: deliverer of, 147, 204; the Cedrei, 42 cathedral of, 147; 267, 393, 432, 586, Central Africa, 134, 23S 610, 633 Central Arabia: 17, 30, 65, 72, 84-5, Christian: missionaries, 6, 612, 730; be· 90, 224, 330, 740; tribes of, 141 lief, I I; tribes, 2S; embassy, 61; power, Central Asia: 208 n. 6, 210,281,305,316, 62, 66; population, 81; families, 8I; 328,329,346,359.398,438,463,475. subjects, 82, 6S4i 96, 108, 14I, 142, 485, 529, 633, 668, 702, 715; Islam in, I53, Ig6, 2I2, 213, 214, 220, 221 seq., 209, 210 360, 36I, 36S, 369, 37I, 385, 388, 39S, Central Asian: khanates, 209; abode, 407, 434, S03, S09. SIO, Sl2, SIS, SI6 654; nomadism, 715 seq., 607, 641, 643, 64s, 646, 6SI, 670, Central Europe, 589, 6os 678, 68o; dogma, 102; physicians, lOS; Central Park, New York, 164 colony, Io6; terms, I07; monk, 11 I; Cervantes, 5S9 [6o9 miniatures or mosaics, r 26; scholars, Ceuta, 494, so5, 521, 535, 546, 569, 587, 126 n. I; church, I43, 264, 417, 542, Ceylon, 570, 678 66S; forces, ISO; medieval writers, Ij8; Chalcedon, 76, 201 powers, I86; lore, 24Si saint, 246; Chalcis, 153 tribe, 251; physician, 2S4i priest, 255; Chaldaean, 26o churches, 2S8, 2S9 n. 2, 420, 438, 62o; Chaldaeans, 6, 9, ro, 39 architecture, 2'lo, S97i altar, 26I; Chiildiran, 703 faith, 309; monasteries, 338; artists, Chanson de Roland, soB, 562 420; representatives in calligraphy, INDEX 773 424; scholasticism, 432; monks, 433; Church of the Holy Sepulchre: 2b4, 298, ideas, 434; influence, 437, 474 n. 2; 636, 639, 665; destroyed, 620-21, 635; practice, 438; festivals, 44Q; names, rebuilt, 621 449; doctrines, 479; zealots of Cor• Church of St. John, 665 dova, SI6; kings of Leon, S20; Church of St. Mary, 265 royaltv, S24; kingdoms, S29, S32; Cid, the, 540, 544-5 hymns, 562; mathematicians, S74; Cilicia, 291, 637, 641 medical tradition, 579; scholastics, Cilician, 212, 648 s8o, 583; clergy, 583; heraldic devices, Cilician Gates, 200 S92; Lells, 594; population of Spain, Circassian: soldiers, 620; slaves, 672; S99i kingdom with Moslem officials, 682, 738; slave dealer, 695 6o7: women of Palermo ,in Moslem Circassian Burjis, 694 costumes, 6o9; rule in, Sicily. 613; Circassians, 7 16 books, 614; territory, 643; gong, 648; Citadel of Alcppn, 660 religion. 656; prisoners, 661; relics, Citadel of Cairo, os2, 661, 665, 672, 66S; holy places, 697; sects, 743 681, 724 Christian Abyssinians, 62, 65 Clain River, soo Christian Arabians, 66 Cleopatra, 163-4, 672 Christian Armenia, 479 Clermont, 63(> Christi m Armcnians,.637 Cluny: abbot of, 126 n. I; s89 Chri.;tian Byzantines, 66 Coele-Syria, 11, 68 Christian Church, poets of, 246 Coleridge, 487 n. 4 Christian Copt, I 20 Cologne, S89 Christian Europe, 347, 370, 371, 378, Columbus, Christopher, SSS n. 2, 570, 382,635 711 Christian European music, 6oo Companion of the Prorhet, 161,207,238 Christian Europeans, 118 Companions: 140, 152, ISS, 179, 242, Christian Greek infiuP.n·ce, 245 243, 388, 392, 393, 401; stories about. Christian Greeks, 202 244 Christian-Islamic, culture of Sicily, Conrad III, German, 644 6o6 Conrad of Montferrat, 646 Christian Spain, 6oo Constans -II, Byzantine, 164, 166, 167 Christian Syrians, 191, 309 199.200 Christianity: 3; 4, 6o, 78, 82, 84, 107, 118, Constantine, city of, 204 122, 128, 145. 232, 252, 420, 432, 433. Constantine IV, Byzantine, 201 439.452,46o,488, 503, S23, sso, SSI, Constantine V, 299 ss6, ss8, 662, 663, 676; apology for, Constantine VI, 299 246, 354 Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus, 302, Christians: .native, 62, ll9, 130; pro• 329, 577 tector of, 62; 84, ll4, 133, 143, I S6, Constantine VIII, 621 170 n. 3, 174, 203, 214, 2)3, 310, 338, Constantine the African, 579 353·7, 359. 420, 441, 480, SOl, 509. Constantinople: 62, 66, 79, 8o, 85, 139, SIO, 513, 516, 519, 521, 524, S30, 533. 153, 16o, 163·4, 167, 184, 196, 212, 534, s38, 542, 549, ss•. sss. ss6, s76, 243, 265, 293, 299, 300, 301, 310, 356 5ss,6o2,6o5,62o,6J7,638,6s9.663, n.3,424,476,489,499, 524,525,526, 676, 6¢, 703 n. 1; manual for, 246; 529,570, 59S,621.636,637,676,677, as. merchants, 343: secret, Sll; under 691, 693, 7os, 709, 714, 715, 719, 737, al-'Aziz, 620 749; attack on, 201-4 Christians, non-, 6o7 Constantius, Byzantine, 61 Christians of St. John, 233, 357 Continens, 366 Christians of St. Thomas, 356 Copernicus, 572 Christmas: 449; carols, 562 Coptic: form of worship, 165; church Christology, 515 165, 654; books, :255; 353; grammar Chrysopolis, 204, 299 561; bookbinding, 631 Chrysorrhoas, see John of Damascus Copts: 165, 234, 240, 26o, 346, 356, 62_;, Chrysostom, 245 692; minority of, 36o 774 INDEX
Cordoba la Vieja, S95 Dal_lis, go Cordova: 387, 398 n. 4, 4SO, 4SI, 471, Dahnfi', al-, 15 494. 502, S03, so6, soB, S09. SI2, Sl4, dahr, al-, 99 SIS, 516, SI7, SI9, 520, 524-8, S32, da'i, 443. 617 S33, S3S. 536, S37, S38, S39. S4I, da'i al-du'ah, 446 543> S49· ss1, S57. sss, 559, s6o. 561, !fa'if, 395 563, s6s, s66, 569, 570, 571, 574, 582, .Da'irat al·Ma'anf, 748 584,590.592, 593·594, 595.597.598, dakhil, 27 599, 627; zealots of, 5 16; bishop of, 516 .Daldlat al-.ffa'irin, 585 Cordovan: priest, SI6; S2I; scientists, Dalim, S4I n. S 526; oligarchy, 56o; disciple, 571; Damascene: soldiery, 191; 229, 650, Moslems, 597; caliph, 620 6S3; metal-work, 6g2; scholars carried Cordovans, S34, 536 to Samarqand, 701 Corsica, 4SI, 6o2, 618 Damascene Ayyiibids, 655 Council of Vienne, 663 Dan1ascenes, 610 Court of Lions, S97 Damascenus, Joannes, see John of Covadonga, battle of, 551 Damascus Crac de Montreal, 641 n. 2 Damascus: 37, 42, 43, 68, 7S, 78, So, go, Crac des Moabites, 641 n. a Io6 n. I, 123, 148-54, 173, 174 seq., Crete, 202, 4SI, 513 202, 2o6, 213~21s, 217, 220, 221, 225, Crimea, 713 227, 229 seq., 329, 33S, 3SI, 371, 375, Crimean War, 738, 749 392, 393, 405, 407, 408 seq., SOI, S02, Cross, the, 147 503, sos, S28, 529, S3I, sso, S67, S7S. Crown, palace, 417 578, 586, S97, 610,619, 620, 626,635, Crusade, 476, 61o, 644, 648, 654, 6ss, 640, 641, 643, 644, 64S. 6SI, 6S2 seq., 663, 678 6So,6ss,6B6,6B7,6BB,689,69I,692, Crusader, 488, 644, 6s6 693, 701, 704, 715, 727; capture of, 79; Crusaders, 202, 265, 351, 423, 448, 480, surrender of, 195; postal service of, 488, S48, 549.569,624,637,639,648, 218; financial administrator of, 246; 65o, 652, 653, 655, 657, 662, 663, 66s, taxes of, 321 n. 1; road to Baghdad 667, 668, 66g, 671, 67S. 676, 678, 699 from, 32S; mosaic industry of, 346, Crusades, 21, 229 n. 6, 300, 339, 340, 347; orchards of, 3SO; walii.yah of, 726, 346, 392, 438, 448, 48o, 614, 621, 631, 732; wii.li in, 729; army from, 731 635-58, 6s9, 662, 663, 664, 66s, 667, palaces in, 731; wii.lis of, 733; Chris 66g,686,69I tians in, 734; Moslen1s of, 746 Crusading: castle, 648 n. 3; leaders, 6SS; Damascus Mosque, I So, 262. See a/sq period, 728; days, 751 Umayyad Mosque Ctesiphon, 66, 7S, IS6, 157-8, 174, 293, Damietta, see Dimyii.t 30S, S97- See also Madii.'in, al• Damiri, a!-, 382 Cush, s6 ¢amman, 219 Cypriotes, 699 Danes, S2I n. 2 Cyprus: 167-8, 4S9, 648, 6s8, 697-9, 733; Daniel, the Prophet, 154 invasion of, 194 Dii.nishmands, 640 n. 4 Cyrenaica, 718 Dii.niyii.l al-Khuzii.'i, ibn-, 690 Cyrus, of Egypt, 161-0 Dante, 114, 128, 4S9, 586, 613 Cyzicus, 202 Danube, the,489, 702 dar al-{larb, 138 !fabb, al-, 20 Dii.r al-Hijrah, 444 dabbabah, 226 Dii.r al-l;likmah, 628 .J;>abbi, al-, see Mufac;ll;lal. a]. Dii.r al-'Ilm, 628 .J;>abbi, al-, Spanish Arab scholar, 566 dar al-imarah, 26o Dii.biq, 286, 626, 631, 726, 729 dar a/-Islam, 137-8, ISS, 475 Dabiq, 346 dar al-khilafah, 29S Dahbal al-Jumal;ri, abu-, 228 dar al-mamlakah, 471 .J)al_ll_lii.k ibn-Muzii.l;rim, al-, 254 Dar al-Riim, 3SS. 356 n. 3 Qa~1!;.ii.k ibn-Qays al-Fihri, al-, 192 dar ai-shajarah, 303, 417 INDEX 775 tl4r al-#'nd'ak, 193 Denmark, 6, 712 dar al-tul{l, 170 Detroit, 23 t14rak, 15 Dhahab, abu-al-, 720-21 Dar'ah, 152 n. 3 Dhahabi, al-, 390 Diirani, al-, abu-Sulayman, 434 dkakka'ir Nabawi_vak, 186 n. 2 Dlirayya, 434 dkanab, 572 Darazi, al-, 621 dkikr, 433 Darb al-l:ladath, 200 Dhimmah, 168 Dardanelles, the, 212 Dhimmis, I70, 352-3, 484. See alsu Alt./ f/an·b, 426 a/-Dkimmak Darhni, al-, Miskin, 251 Dhubyan: tribe of, 90i shaykh of, 90 Darius, 40 Dhubyanites, 90 darwisk, 438 n. I Dhufar, see :{:afar Dathin, I48 dkurak, 19 David, Io6, 125, 357 di'amak, a/-, 597 n. 2 Dawiyah, 644 n. 3 dibdj, 345 daw/ak, 286, 452 Dijlah, I 55, 349· See ah-o Tigris Daws dhu-Th!'laban, 62 Dilmun, see Ba}:lrayn, al• Dawiid, 106 Dimashq, I49, 154 Dawiid, brother of tughril, 474 n. 2 Dimyat, 346, 63I, 653, 654, 655 Dawtid, abu-, 395, 396 dimya/i, 346 Dawiid, ibn-, abu-Zakariya' YatJ.ya, Din, a/-, 128, 365 se6 l:layyiij Din w-a/-Dawlak, al-, 354 Dawii.d, last Mamliik, 738 dinar, 171 n. 1 Dawiid Pasha, 736 Dinawar, 389 Dawiidis, 448 n. 5 Dinawari, al-, abu-l:lanifah, 389 Day of Bu'ath, 89 Diocletian, I 63 n. 3 Day of Dal.lls and al-Ghabrli.', 90 Diodorus Siculu~. 46, 47·8, 68, 70 Daybul, al-, 210 Dionysus-Bacchus, 73 Daydan,42, 54,72 Dioscorides, 313, 575, 577 Daylami, 252 Dir, al·, 384 Daylamite highlanders, 47:0, 474, 475 dirham, 172 n. 4 Dayr al-Riim, 355 Dir'iyah, al-, 741 'Dayr al-Ziir, 340 Divine Comedy, 114, 128, 459 Days of the Arabians, 93 diwdn, anthology, 8I, 107 Days of al-Fijar, 89 diwan, bureau: institution of, 172; 217 Day~an, 618 diwdn (council), 743 De anima, 427 diwdn, divan, 335 De amma/ibus, 611 diwan, register, 95 De aspectibus, 370 diwdn a/-barid, 322 n. 5, 322-5 De coe/u et mundu, 588 Diwdn a/-.(/amdsak, 94, 144, 407 De numeru indicu, 573 diwdn a/-kltardj, 294, 319 De regJ'mine sulitan"i, 581 diwdn a/-na,arfi a/-maJalim, 321 De rrou/utiunibus urbium coelestium, diwdn al-skurtah, 322 572 diwan al·ta-wqi', 32I De scientiis, 428 diwan a/-zimam, 321 De spiritibus et corporibus, 366 diwdns, 94 De voce, 427 f!iyafak, 25 Dead Sea, 143, 147·8, 269, 283, 641 diyak, 26 Decameron, 663 Diyar Bakr, 325, 677 Dedan,42,54 Diyar Mu<;lar, 28o Dedanite inscriptions, 71 Diyar Rabi'ah, 28o Delhi, 7
Farghani, al-, abu-ai-'Abbiis Al_lmad, Fazari, al-, Ibrahim, 375, 378 3/G, 307, sSS, 589 Fazari, al-, Mul_lammad ibn-Ibriihim, Fiiri~. ibn-a!-, 436, 654 307, 373 fiirt·s, 690 Ferdinand I, of Leon and Castile, 539 Faris,province: I 57, I70 n. I,2o8,325,330, Ferdinand III, 509 342, 345, 350, 359 n. 2, 4I2, 445 n. 2, Ferdinand of Aragon, SSI, S53. 554, 555 47I, 672 n. I, 699; sugar-cane of, 35I Ferdinand of Tuscany, 729 Farisi, al-, abu-'Aii, 472 Ferrara, 613 Farmer, Henry G., 273, 427 Fertile Crescent, II·I3, 24, 28, 33, 58, farqad, 572 78, 144-s. 174-s. 309, 36o Fiiriiq, kmg, 726 n. I, 7 5I Fez, see Fiis Fas,450, 5I3, 546,555,567, S8I, 599 fi al-Najs, 427 Fasa, 345 Fibonacci, see Leonardo Fa,! fi al-ll!i!al, a/-, 558 Fida', abu-al-, 78, 384, 390, 646, 653, Fata, I83 6S7, 668, 680 n. I, 687,683 Jata al-'Arab, 20I, 48I fida'i, 447 jat(tah, 219 fida't"s, 446, 647 jatt'(tah, 13I Fil_ll, rso Fati(zat a!-' Ulitm, 432 Fihri, a!-, see I;fabib ibn-Maslamah Fiitik, ibn-, 589 n. 3 Fihri, a!-, Yiisuf ibn-'Abd-al-Ral_lmiin, Fiitimah, daughter of Mul_lammad, 120, S04, 505-7 139, 179, 184 n. 2, I89, 237 n. 5, 248, Fihrist, al-, 244 n. I, 246, 255, 306,310, 283, 290, 291, 440 n. 8, 521, 618 3IS, 352,354, 358, 366, 388, 414, 425, Fii.timah, mother of Mul;.!ammad XI, 553 468 Fatimid: dynasty in Cairo, 158, 444, Fi!a(zah, al-, S75 532, 625; caliphate, 184, 6os, 617, Filii(1ah al-Nabajiyah, a/-, 352 652; caliphs, 184 n. 2, 521, 6zo, 627; Filastln, IS41 169 311, 452, 469, 474, 635; caliph, 354, Finike, zoo 6o6, 646; missionary, 446; dynasty in Finland, 305 Tunis, 520; party in Spain, 521; navy, fiqh, 132, 242, 393. 396 521; domain, 6os, 625; fleet, 6os; Firas al-I;Iamdani, aim-, 458 origin, 618; descent, 618; army firdm<•s, 106 n. 3 reaches the Atlantic, 619; empire, 619, Firda ws al-.(-Iiiltn ah, 36 5 62o; sovereign, 620; regime, 621, 622; Firdawsi, 463, 465 dominions shrink, 621; possessions firind, ro6 n. 3 in Syria, lost, 621; African provinces, Firnas, ibn-, 598 621; sovereignty in Sicily acknow• firsik, 528 n. 7 ledged, 622; rival of al-Qii'im, 622; First Maccabees, 43 court, 623; last caliph dethroned, 624; Firiizii.biid, 35 r period, 625, 631; administration in Firiizii.bii.di, a!-, 742 Egypt, 627; art, 630; architects, 630; jityiin, 481 grandeur of buildings of, 630; bronzes, Fityan fraternities, 183 631; fabrics, 631; treasures, 63I Flora, 516-17 Fatimid Egypt, 625, 627, 630 Florence, 379 Fatimids, 16s, 386 n. r, 446, 4SI, 4S2, Florinda, 494 n. I 4S7, 46o, 473, 48o, 485, 520, 6os, 619, Fliigel, 356 n. 3 625-8, 631, 633, 635, 675 Fans vitae, 581 Jatrah, Ill France: 281, 345, 451, 499, 524, 527, jatwa, 544 562, 564, 589, 593, 619, 636, 648, 65o, Fawiiris A!_Jmad, abu-al-, Ikhshidid, 457 654, 66s, 678, 717, 749, 750, 757; jay', IjO, 172 coasts of, 71 2; imperial, 717; professors Faymiyiin, 61 from, 723; interest of, 751 .Fay~al I, 293, 440 n. 8, 752-3 Francis I, 714, 728, 751 Faysalll, 752 n. 3, 753 Franciscan, school, sSr Fayyiim, 285 n. 3 Franco of Cologne, 6oo Fayyiimi, al-, Sa'id, 354 Franconian notation, 6oo INDEX 779
Frank, 229 n. 6 Galilee, 154 Frankish: author, 298; king, 301; 481, Galland, 405 soo,so7,653,654,675,683;army,n47; Gallienus, emperor, 7S cause, 648; colonies, 652; art, t65; Gallus, see Aelius Gallus ancestry, 670 Garcia, king of Galicia, 538 Frankish Syria, 656 Garonne, the, 500 Frankish Syria-Palestine, 648 Garrett Collection in Princeton U niver• Franks, 90, 480, 488, 500, 525, 636, sity, 367 n. 2, 372 n. 1, 376 n. 2 638, 643-54, 659. 662, 663, 667, 668, Gaul, 214, 500, 501 66Q,678.679,686, 699 Gaulanitis, 78 Frederick II, 574, 587, 588, 6oS, 609- Gaza, see Ghazzah 612, 654, 663 Gebal, 70 Frederick Barbarossa, 648, 650 Geber, see l;layyii.n, ibn-, Jii.bir Freemasonry, 443, 445 Geber filius Afflre, see Afial;t, ibn· French: officers, 6, 745; Jew, 7; 366, 689; Generalife, 529 Arabian Nights translated into, 405; Genesis, 40, 280 mandate, 449,751,752, 755; literature, Genghis Khan, su Chingiz Khan 508, 528; coiRage, 529; knights, 644; Genoa, 6os, 619, 636, 669, 678 army, 654; naval operations of, 712; Genoese: fleet, 641; 653, 667 troops, 722,7 sx; language, 724; schools, Gentiles, 585 724; capitulations, 727; colony, 728; Geography, of Ptolemy, 384 merchants, 728; protection, 728; settle• Geography, of Strabo, 46 ments, 728; institutions, 748; officials, George of Antioch, 609 of, 752 Georgia: 154; bitumen and naphtha French Crusaders, 549 34S Friday: service, 131; sermons, 249, 267 Georgian, 246 n. 3; prayer, 2Sb, 461. 409 Georgians, 678, 679 Fu'ii.d, king, 725, 750 Gerard of Cremona, 366, 368, 371, 376, fuldn, 644 n. I 379. 571, 572, 577. 578-9, 588, 629 funduq, 653 n. I Gerbert, see Silvester II Fuqayrn, tribe, 64 German: language, 366, 689; kings, 590; Furii.t, ibn-a!-, Asad, 602-3 knights, 644 /ursan, 327 Germanic, 498, 499 Furusiyak w-al-Mantifib al-.(Iarbiyak, Germanicia, see Mar'ash a/-, 665 Germans: 525; king of the, 590 Furusiyah wa-Skiytit ai-Khayl, a/-, 369 Germanus, Julius, II9 Fustat, a!-, 165, 169, 26o, 261, 262, 375, Germany, 305,524,527,564,589,648, 391, 413, 423, 453, 456, 619, 626, 627, 665, 667 631 Gesenius, 51 Fu,zil fi ai-Tibb, a!-, 585 Ghabghab, 97 FU$1l$ ai-.(Iikam, s86 Ghabra', a!-, 90 Futrus, abu-, 285 ghac_la, 19 Futulz a/-Bu/dtin, 388 Ghadir al-Khumm, 471 Fzetii.!z Aliir wa-Akkbaruha, 388 Ghiifiqi, a!-, physician, 574 Futiih Yiisufibn-'Abdullii.h, abu-al-, 6o6 Ghiifiqi, al-, 'Abd-al-Ral;tmii.n ibn· Futii.fuit al-Makkiyah, al-, 586 'Abdullah, 500-501 fu!Uwah, 183, 479, 481 Ghii.lib, a!-, see Na~r, ibn-, Muhammad ibn-Yiisuf Gabiriil, len-, 580-81, 589 ghanimah, 172 Gabriel, xco, 129, 248, 352, 449 Ghar l;lirii.', II 2 Gaby, 6os gharib, 739 Galen, 306, 31l, 313, 363, 368, 369, 427, Glwrib ai-.(Iadith, 347 275 578, sss Gharid, al-, 'Abd-al-Malik, G::tlenism, 584 Gharnatah, see Granada Galicia, 496, 533, 538, 539 Ghass3.n: 28, 65; house of, So; prince§ Gaiician, 518 of, S3; courts of, 95 Galicians, 525 Ghassii.n, banu-, 65, 78, 81, 233 780 INDEX G hassiini,al-,ljassiinibn-al-Nu'miin, 213 Godfrey of Bouillon, 639, 640 Gbssii.nid: kingdom, 78; champions, Golden Gate, 293, 410 79; phylarchs, 81; origin, Sr; channels, Golden Horde, 676, 67S 107; prince, 147; capitals, 150; king, Golden Horn, 203, 212 201; 256, 267. 273, 300 n. 2 Golden Odes, see Mu'allaqiit. al· Ghassii.nids, 32. 78-80, 84-8, ISO Goliath's spring. see-' Avn TiiliiT Ghassanland, So. 84, ro6, 119 Gorze, 589 Ghatafan, 27, 90, 141 Gospel, 676 Ghawri, al-, 726. See also Qan~awh Gospel of Luke. 54~ ghaybah, 441 Gospels, Arabic translation of, 543 Ghayliin al-Dimashqi, 430 Gothic: 217, 235, 497, 498, 51S; tracerJ ghayr, 70 595; architecture, 597 Ghaytasah, sec Witiza Goths, 497, 498, 509, sr8, 595 ghazal, 2 50, 4o6 Granada, 361, 494, 504, 509, 537, 540, Ghazali, al-, Jii.n-Birdi, 726 543· 549-56, sss, 559. 561, 563, 567, Ghii.ziin Mal)miid, 488, 679-80 569, 576, 581, 582, 592, 595, 598 ghaz£, al-, 464 Granadan domain, 553 Ghazi, king, 752 n. 3 Granadans, 544 Ghaznah, 212, 376, 464-5, 471, 481 Grand Sei·aglio, 1S6 n. a n.4,482 Great Britain, 739 ·Ghaznawid: 464-5, 474; princes, 473 Great Khan, the, 4S7 Ghazp.awids, 463·5 Great Powers, 749 ghazw, 21, 25, 95 Great $.trah, the, 349 Ghazwiin, ibn-, 'Utbah, 26o Great Saljiiqs, 465, 473-80 Ghazwat Badr, II7 Great War, see World War Ghazzah, so, 54, 104, q8, 398, 656, 6Sr, Greater Zab, 285 726, 734 Greco-Roman: 41 49, 260, 396; writings, Ghazzali, nl-, 3iO, 373, 401, 4II, ~412·, so; times, 174; tra
585; kingdom, 40; biblical poetry, I:limyarite: 8, 217, 446; tongue, 30; 43; grammar, 43, 557; records, so; capital, 36; language, 52; kingdo11,1, religion, 6I; words, 107 n. 3; prophets, 55, 61; dynasty, s6, 62; period, s6, 57. 113, sSo; history, 14Sl sources, 404; 58; stations, 58; commercial activity, translations, 583 59; kings, 6o; last king, 61; monarch, Hebrews, 8, 9, IO, I r, 40, 68, I7.5 62,64 Heliopolis, I6I n. S I:Iimyarite-Sabaean dialect, 88 Hellenic: 4, 3o6, 307; ideas, Io6 I:Jimyarites: 44. 55, s6, 57: country of, 61 Hellenism, 1o6, 307, 309, 310 Hind umm-'Amr, 83 Hellenistic: workmanship, 57; period, nindi, 173 72; civilization, 146; culture, 153; 310; Hindi numerals, 3o8, 378, 573-4 ideas, 434; influence, 435 Hindu: 26o, 365, 367, 377, 378, 379; Hellespont, 199 prince, 246; origin, 438; temples, 464; Helsinki, 305 n. 4 idea of world cupola, 570; numerals. Henry of Champagne, 647 574 Heraclea, 44, 300 {u'nna', 335 Heradean, 203 Hippalus, 59 Heraclius: So, 143, I47, 148, 152, IS3. Hippocrates, 311, 313, 588 161, 163, 165, 200, 203; death of, I64 Hippodrome, 204 Herat, see Harii.t I;Iirii.', 112, 133 Hermann the Dalmatian, 588, 589 I;Iirah, al-: 28, 32, 66, 70, 79, So, 8I, Hermeneutica, 3I2 82-4, 90, 1o6, 148, 149, ISS, I56, 157, Herod, 68 I96, 241, 273, 276, 278, 2(}2, 312, 538; Herodotus, 6, 27, 34, 38, 40, 44, 46, 99 region, 65; bishops of, 83; kings, 84; Hezekiah, 4I submission of, 84; master of, 85; [libr al-um man, 236 courts of, 95 nija', 94 {lfrans, 82 I;Iijii.z, al-: 6, I4, I7, 18-20, 30, 36, 42, 44, Hiram, 41 S8,64,66,68,71,86,87-108,136, 140, Hiraqlah, 300 I41, I44, I48, 158, 16o, 179, 191, 192, I:liri, al-, I:Junayn, 276, 278 207, 217, 224, 236, 237. 241, 251, 256, .(Iisab ai-Jabr, 379 262,273,274,276,278,330,395,456, {li'sdb a/-jummal, 379 498,641,646,647, 66r, 677, 738, 739, Hishii.m, ibn-, 61, 98, roo, 112, 133, 388 740; sanctuary, 64; defection of, 193; Hishii.m, Umayyad, 2o6, 210, 220, 222, schools of, 243 224, 227, 228, 234, 278, 279, 286, 430, I;Iijii.z, al-, Railway, 74 502, 505, soS I;Iijii.zis, 32, 273 Hishii.m I, Umayyad of Cordova, 512, I;Iijjah, dhu-al-, 94, 102, I33, I34 514 n. I, 558 I;Iijr, a!-, 68, 7I, 72, 99, 256 Hishii.m II, Umayyad of Cordova, 531, Hijrah, the: 20, 32, 88, 92, 99, 105, I 14, 534, 535, 538, 544, 557, 591 116, 134, 192, 20I, 390; fixed, 176 Hishii.m III, Umayyad of Cordova, 534 .(Iikmat a/-lsnraq, s86 n. s. 536, ss8 Hila!, banu-, 622 I;Ii~n al-Akrad, 638, 657, 665 I;Iillizah, ibn-, see I;Iii.rith, al· Hispano-Arab: writer, 568; geographer, fu"/m, 197 569; astronomers, 571; physician, 578, {lima, 98, 99 582; mystic, 585; parents of al-Idrisi, Himalaya, 292 609 I;Iim$: 75. 76, I48, I50, IS2, IS3. I54. Hispano-Arabs, 509 169, 173, 231, 244, 261, 265 n. 3, 284, Hispano-Moresque, school, 591 412,457, S02,557.643,6S3,6S9,678, HJ'ston'a plantarum, 49 679, 701, 733; province of, 196; in· History, 271 come from, 321; Arabs of, in Seville, I;Iittin, 481, 647, 648 5o6; regiment, 538 Hittite: 30; records, 66o I;Iimyar: 6o; obscure tribe, 62; royal line, Hittite-Hurrians, 8 6s Hittiteland, 479 I;Iimyari, al-, Nashwii.n ibn-Sa'id, 50 Hittites, 6, 20, 479 INDEX
I;lizam, ibn-akhi·, Ya'qiib, 369 I;lusayn, sharif of Makkah, 74I, 752 HLH, IOI I;lu$ayn ibn-Numayr al-Sakiini, al-, 192 Hodeida, see I;Iudaydah, al· I;lusayn Kamil, 726 n. I, 750 Holland. 592, 712 I;Iusayni, al-, secretary of al·Nii.$ir, Hollow-Syria, see Coele-Syria 68o n. 6 Hollywood, 28 .(fum al·Mu/ztit/arah, 688 Holy Cities, n8, 237, 704 I;1 ii warin, So Holy City: 294; guardianship of, 6I9 I;Iuwaytat, Bedouins, 70 Holy Family, I6I Hykso,s, 20 Holy Grail, 663 Holy Land, 643, 669 'i/J4d, 8I Holy Places, I35 Iba4, ibn-, 247 Holy Roman Empire, I84, 6o9 'ibtidtit, 128, 130, 138, 396 Holy Spirit, 105 'Ibadi, 312 Homer, 311 Ibadid, 37 Homeric poems, 562 Iba4ite, 247 Homeritae, 44 n. r, 55 '/bar wa-Diwtin al·.Mubtada', al-, 568 Horites, 67 Iberian Peninsula, 214, 493, 532 Hospitalers, 644, 646, 653, 656, 657. See Ibrahim, see Adham, ibn· alsu Knights of St. John Ibrahim, see Maw~ili, al- Hubal, roo lbriihim, great-grandson of ai-I;Iasan, {lubara, 20 290-91 I;lubaysh ibn-ai-I;Iasan, 3I2 Ibrahim, son of Mul)ammad, 120 Huber, Charles, 15, 40 Ibrahim II, Aghlabid, 452, 6o4 Hiid, banu·, 537-8, 540, 544 Ibrahim, grandson of Thabit ibn- /ludii', 92, 27 3 Qurrah, 314 I;ludaybiyah, al·, I r8 Ibrahim, Murabit, 545 n. 2 I;ludaydah, al·, 18 Ibrahim, sultan, 713 n. I lmdhud, 20 Ibrahim, Umayyad, 279, 284 Hiidid, see Hiid, banu Ibrahim ai-I;Ialabi, 713 /lu.lfrit, 123 Ibrahim ibn-'Abdullah, see Burckhardt Hufiif, al·, 7 Ibrahim ibn-al-Mahdi, 303-4. ;>18. 426 /lujjah, 443 Ibrahim Pasha, 725,726 n. I, 733-4,746, (zujjat ai-ls/tim, 4I2 749 I;lujr Akil al-Murar, :_ee Akil al-Murar 'Ibri, ibn-al·, abu-al·Faraj, 313, 566, I;lujr of Kindah, see Akil al-Murar· 683 {lukamti', 370 ibriz, 3II n. I Hiilagu, 377, 378, 4n, 417,. 447, 486-8, 'Ice Age, the, 14 653.671,674.678,697 Icelandic, 3o8 Hiilaguid Il-Khans, 656 !conium, 437, 476, 478 H iilaguids, 488 'ld al·A4Q.a, 133 .(fullah al·Siyarti', al·, 566 /tfti!z, a!-, 472 I;lumaymah, al-, 283 'ldhii.ri, ibn-, 523, 618 I;lunayn, ibn·, see lsl}.aq Idris ibn-' Abdullah, 450 I;lunayn ibn-lsl}.aq, see Isl}.aq, ibn· Idris II, 513 Hungary, 712 Idrisi, al·, geographer, 387, 529, 542, Huns, 210 568, 569, 609 Hurayrah, abu·, 394, 396 ldrisids, 450-51, 6r8 Hurgronje, Snouck, 7 ldumaea, 74 I;lurr ibn·'Abd-al·Ral)man, al·, see Idumaeans, 67 Thaqafi, al· lfranji, 2:29 Hurris, 67 lfriqiyah, 168, 213, 224, 235, 451-2, !zurilf al-ghubtir, 573-4 496, 617 I;lusayn, al·, son of 'Ali, 179, 183, 1.84 lhdin, 670 n. 2, 190-91, 236, 237, 275, 282, 289, i!zltil, 134 291, 440, 441, 442, 449, 471, 6r8 i!zrtim, 134 I;lusayn, dey, 717 I {Ita' al-' Uium, 428 INDEX
i!min, 128, 138 173, 212, 224, 281, 298, 305, 307-8, If
464,465,471,473.478,557,565,569, Ishmaelites, 43, SO 578, 630, 633, 644, 671; raid on, 148, ishraqi, s86 i 2R, 736-8. 740; schools of tradition, Ishtar, 61 243; 'Alid docuines in, 249: singers. Ishtiqaq, a!-, 92 276; crops of, 350; water-courses of, Iskandar dhu-al-Qarnayn, 124 350; school, 397; invaded, 741; British Iskandariyah, a!-, 163 in, 751; independent, 753; sovereignty. /f/a(t al-Akhlaq, S8I n. I of, 753 Islam: 3, 4, 8, 17, IS, 26, 29, 61, 64, 66, 'Iraq al-'Ajami, al-, 330 8o, 83, 98, IOI, 117, II8, I2I, 128-9, 'Iraq al-'Arabi, al·, 330 n. 2, 488, 531 209, 210, 2I4 seq., 255, 258, 262 seq., 'Iraq Petroleum Company, 737 328, 334, 348 seq., 4IO, 3II, 4I2 seq., 'Iraqi: I27, 220, 293, 4I4, 444, 662; 488, 489, 493 seq.; cradle of, 9S; birth school, I8I; oppressors, 286; national• of, I oo; establishment of, 106; beliefs ism, 756 of, I26 n. I; basis of, I27; arkan 'Iraqi~, ISS, I8o, 190, 207, 286, 716, of, I30; pillar of, I33: fundamentals 749 of, 138; latest champions of, I47; 'Iraqs, the two, 704 patriarchal epoch of, I77; earliest lrbil, 687 sect of, I 82; pilgrimage in, I 82; last 'irrj, 95 caliphate of, I84; civil war of, I92; Irene, Byzantine empress, 204, 299, 300 religious movements within, 242, 245; irja', 247 prayer in, 243; predestinarianism of, Irshad /i-Maflili(t al-Anftis, al', 686 245; philosophy in, 24S, 246; sect in, 'Isa, 1o6, 12s, 289, 443 246; schools of jurisprudence in, 247; 'Isa, ibn·, 'Ali, oculist, 368-9, 629 sanctuaries in, 261; theologians of, 'Isa, ibn-, 'Ali, vizir, I23, 364 26g; singers of, 275; slavery in, 235; 'Isa ibn-Nastiir, 620 in China, 344; compared with Chris· Isaac, 264 tianity, 3S4; first hospital in, 364: arch Isaac, Cordovan monk, 516 heretics in, 373; first map of heavens Isaak Valasquez, see Valasquez in, 384; traditions of, 753 Isabella of Castile, SSI, 5S3, 555 Islamic: conquests, 25, 38; states, 28; Isabelle of Brienne, 6Io theology, 105; state,. II4, I32, I4S; Isagoge, 3I5 community, I I9; legislation, I24; Isaiah, 67 empire, ISO; 206, 286, 291; coinage, !saurian, 300 n. 2 2I7; annals, 228; law, 235; civilization, l~bahan: 290 n. 5, 330, 389, 464, 470, 256; writings, 264; government, 294; 474, 476, 477 n. 4; antimony of, 348 36I seq., s88; theology, 359. 370, 438; l~bahani, abu-al-Faraj, 92, 94, 404, 458, geography, 387; painters, 420; feat· 531 ures in Sicilian art, 593; influence in Isbatariyah, 644 n. 4 Spanish law, 6oo; bookbindings, 63I; I~fahan, see I~bahii.n culture, 662 I~fahani, al·, abu-al-Faraj, see I~bahiini, Islamic art, 26I, 423, 4S4 al· Islamic literature, 8, 64, g6 I~fahani, al-, I:Iamzah, 55, 64, 78, 389- Islamic Spain, S09 390, 402, 425 n. 6 Islamic, pan·, congresses, 139 Isfahii.ni, al-, 'Imad-al-Din al-Katib, 652 Islamic, pre·: poets, 2S, 8I, Io7, 274; lsl}.aq, Murabit, 54S n. 2, S46 days, 26, I32; woman, 28; period, lsl}.aq ibn-I:Iunayn, 312-13, 401 67; civilization, 72; religious ideas, Isl}.iiq, ibn-, I:Iunayn, 306, 312-14, 363, 87; oracles, 92; poetry, 94, 2S2, 40S; 364,369,373.401,427 life, 9S; heathenism, 96; inscriptions, Isl}.aq al-Maw~ili, see Maw~ili, al• IOS; fetish, 118; 2I7, 228, 236, 2so. Isl}.aq, ibn-, Mul}.ammad, 112, 388, 390 27I, 3I6; legends, 387; music, 425 n. 6 lsl}.aqi, a!-, 720 Islamic, pre·, Arabia, I33, I34, 386 Ishbiliyah, see Seville Islamic, pre·, Arabians, 92, 106 Ishmael: 24, 32, 43, 92, 97, IOO, I2S, 280, Islamic, pre·, Arabic inscriptions, 88, IOI 443 Islamism, pan·, I86 Ishmaelite, line, 100 Islamized Iranians, IS9 INDEX •#mall, 248, 440 jtibi, al-, 6oS Isma'il, 'Alid imam, 442-3, 448, 618 Jabir, see l;layyii.n, ibn· Isma'il, brother of N~r ibn-AI;amad, 462 Jabiyah, al·, 78, 154, 165, 16g Isma'il, khedive, 726 n. r, 728, 746 jabr,245 Isma'il, Mamliik, 673 J abrites, 245 Isma'il, Shah, founder of $afawid dyn• Jacob Baradaeus, see Ya'qiib ai-Barda'i asty, 703, 737 Jacobite: 79, 315,355·6.420,422; lincnge, Isma'il, son of Niir-al-Din, 646 153; physician. 31I n. 7 Isma'ili: 367; propagandist, 478; mis· Jacobite Christian, 195 sionary, 62 5 Jacobites, 196, 424 Isma'ilism, 448 [doctrine, 621 Ja'd, al-, ibn-Dirham, 430 Isma'ilite; 372, 4<:.6, 448, 449; sect, 617 Jadhtmah al-Abrash, 82 Isma'ilites, 249, 442-3, 448, 485 jadkr tz~amm, 573 Ismii. 'iliyah, 442-3 jadi, al-, 572 isntid, 3S,, 390, 394, 395, 412 Jadis, 30 Ispahii.n, 330. See also I~Lahii.n Jaen, 502, 505, 520, 528, 529 Isra', al-, 114 Ja'far, Barmakid, 295, 304, 414 Isra' ila Maqam ai-A.sra, a/-, 586 Ja'far, abu-, see Mall$iir, a!-, 'Abbasid Israel: king of, 42; state of, 62, 7 55 Ja'far, see $fidiq, al- Israeli, 751 Ja'far ibn-abi-Talib, 121 Israelites, 104, 441 Ja'fari, a!-, palace, 295, 304 I~~akhr, 157, 385 Jaffa, 285, 64o, 656, 733 I~~akhri, al-, 18, 330, 345, 335 Jafnah, son of 'Amr, 78 isti(tsan, 397 Jafnid: history, 78; annals, 79; dynasty, i'sti!la!z, 397 n. 5 So; monarchs, 83 Italian: 379, 402, 690; early tales, 404; Jaghbiib,437 coasts, 6o5; poetry, 611; textile jakannam, 1o6 n. 2 workers, 613; workshops, 613; ships, Jii.hiliyah: period, 87-8, 91; age, 88; 640; cities, 667; city republics, 669 Bedouin of, g6; people, 121; days, Italian Renaissance, 611 133, 16o; 240, 252, 2i 4 Italians, 716 Jal;ai~, a!-, 339, 354· 332. 402, 430, 435 Italy: 9, 345, 347, 451, 524, 564, 574, Jahshiyii.ri, a!-, 404 592, 593, 604-5, 6II, 612, 613, 629, Jahwar, banu-, 538 636, 653, 665; coasts of, 712; archi· Jahwar, ibn-, abu-al-l;lazm, 536, 56o tects from, 730 Jahwarids, 537-8, s6o It'amara, 38. See also Yatha'-amar ja'i111, 400 itkmid, 579 n. 5 Jakch, 43 Itkna 'Askarfyak, 441 Jalal-ai-Din abu-al-Fatl;a, see Malikshii.h I'timad ai-Rumaykiyah, 539, 541 Jalal-al-Din ai-Suyiip, see Suyiip, al• Itqlin, al-, 1o6 n. z, 688 Jai:Hi calendar, 477 'i'/r, 351 Jalinus fi a/-$inti'ak, 313 n. 6 !wan Kisra, 156, 261 J aliila', 157 'Iya<;l ibn-Ghanm, 157 jamti'ak, 267 Iyas, ibn-, 681 James of Aragon, 676 Iyas ibn-Qab~h, 84 ]ami', of ihn-Rushd, 583 Jdmi', of al-Tirmidhi, 395 Jabal al-Akhdar, aJ., 15 Jami', ibn-, 303, 425 Jabal al-Duriiz, 752 Jami' fi ai-Adwiyak, al-, 575 Jabal al-Shaykh, al-, 215 Jdmi'ak ai-Isl4miyak, al-, 186 Jabal Lubnan, 736 Jamil al-'Udhri, 251 Jabal Tariq, see Gibraltar Jamilah, 275 Jabalah, town, 648 Jamrat al-'Aqabah, 133 Jabalah ibn-al-Ayham, So, 81, 201, Jandn, al-, 748 300 n. 2 Janda,494 Jabarti, a!-, 743 Janissaries, 437, 467, 703, 710, 719, 726 ja!Jbar, 107 n. 3 Janissary: corps, 724; rebel,737 788 INDEX
Jannab, 445 n. 2 fall of, 154; patriarch of, 154; occu• Jannii.batayn, ISO n. 2 pied, 733 Jannii.bi, al-, abu-Sa'id al-I;Iasan, 445 J esu Haly, see 'lsa, ibn-, 'Ali, oculist }annat al·' arif, 529 Jesuit: order, 7; activity, 729 Janus, king of Cyprus, 699 Jesuits, 746 Jaqmaq, ~arnluk,692,694,695,696 Jesus: to6, 125, 164o 289, 309 n. 2, 443; J arii.jimah, al-, 204, 205, 2l:Z the child, 126 J arbii.', al-, II9 Jew, 7, 42, 62, 153, 375, 395, 537, 618, jarib, ISO 621, 627 }arid, 2I, 339, 664 Jewess, 103, 169 J arir, poet, 220, 252 Jewish: 8, 2I3 n. 3, 240, 264, 310, 365, Jarmuth, I 52 n. 3 366,391,393,68o;faith,6o;monarch, Jarrii.Q., ibn-al-, see 'Ubaydah, abu 62; leanings, 66; inhabitants, 104; J a~~ a~, ibn-al-, 344 physicians, 105; colonies, 107; poets, Jassii.s ibn-~urrah, 90 107; tribe, II7; tribes, 119; non• jathaliq, 355 canonical works, 125; synagogue Jathrippa, I04 worship, 132; oases, 147; converts, J ativa, see Shii.pbah 244; physician, 255, 524,662; scholasti• Java,437 cism, 432; city, 542; astronomers, 571; Javanese, 126 medical tradition, 579; world, 583; J awad, al-, see ~uQ.arnmad community, 584; theology, 585; Jawami' a/-.f/ik4y4t, 669 thought, 585; physicians, 686; origin, jawari, 34I 6go Jawf, al-, 52, 55, I49 Jewish Arabians, 66 Jawhar al-Riimi. see Tawhar al-$iqilli Jewish-Christian tradition, 389 Jawhar al-$iqilli, 457, 619 Jewish-~oslem traditions, 244 Jawhari, al-, 402 Jewish, non-, tribes, 104 Jawlii.n, 78 Jews: 8, 18, 19, 40, 41, 61, 62, 104, 114, Jawzi, ibn-al·, 392 n. 2, 688 II6, II7, 130, 133, 143, 170 n. 3, 174, jayb, 573 233, 234, 310, 338, 353-7, 498, 510, JayQ.un,209,n.4 542, 543, 550, 584, 585, 588, 610, Jaysh, son of Khumii.rawayh, 455 n. 4 612, 620, 621, 644, 668, 676, 6g6; J axartes provinces, 209 native, II9; as merchants, 343; of Jaxartes River, 323, 330 Baghdad, 357 n. 4 J azii.'ir, al-, 7 IO. See also Algeria Jibii.l, al-, 323, 330, 385 Jazirah, al-, 224, 330 Jibril, 107 n. 3, 13, I29 Jat:irat ai-'Arab, 8 Jibril ibn-BakhtishU' ibn·Jiirjis, 309,312 Jazirat ibn-'Umar, 391 n. 8 jighraffyan, 3II n. r J azirat Tarif, 493 jilzad, 1241 136, I38, I86, 712 Jazlah, ibn-, 369, 570 Jilii.ni, al-, 'Abd-al-Qadir, 436 Jazzii.r, al-, 732-3 Jili, al-, see Jilii.ni, al- Jazzin, 731 Jilliq, 78 J edda, see J uddah Jilliqi, al-, 'Abd-al-RaQ.mii.n ibn-Mar- Jehoshaphat, 41 wan, 5I8 Jehovah,40 Jimal, umm-al-, 88, 101 Jehu, 286 n. 1 jinn, 426 Jem, 702 Jinni, ibn·, 402 Jeremiah, 41 jiwar, 253 Jericho, 169,639 Jizah, al-, 435 Jerusalem: 8; destruction of, 61; attack Ji•yah: II9, 171, 320; on Christians in on, 68; capture of, !!o; 114, 118, I47, Spain, 510 153, I6o, 174, 189, 2o6, 220, 221, 246, Joannes Hispalensis, see John of Seville 259, 264, 267, 386, 4I6, 443, 452, 46o, J oannitius, see IsQ.ii.q, ibn-, I;Iunayn 476,48o,497, 5o8,6og,620,6241 627, Job, 42-3, 125 63S,636,639,640,64I,643,644,645, John, bishop of Seville, 516 646,648,6SI,6S3,654,66I,665,726: John, envoy of Otto, 590 INDEX
John, King, 549 n. I Justinian II, 205, 212 John, monk of St. Saba, 246 Justinian Code, the, 400 John VIII, pope,6o4 Juwayni, al-, 488 John the Baptist, 125 J uyiishiyah, 627 John of Damascus, 150, 195, 196, 245 246 Ka'b al-AI;tbar, 244 John of Garland, 6oo Ka'bah, al.: 17, 52, 72, So, 93, 100-102, John of Nikiu, 164 105, 114, 118, 128, IJO, 134. 182, 192, John of Seville, 376, 378, 589 238, 256, 273, 307, 383, 445, soS, 702; Joktan, 32, 28o cult of, 64; circumambulation of, 104, Jonah, 125, 435 n. 1 133; custodians of, 104, 113; territory Jordan: district, 154, 169, 173; taxes of, around, 118: founder of, 125 n. 1 321 n. 1; division of, inArchidona, 5o6 kabirall, 245 Jordan River, 72, 147, 150, 16o, 269, kabsll, 226 640, 641, 648 n. 3. 6s6 Kabul: Turkish king of, 2o8; valley ot, Josaphat, 246 464 Joscelin II, 644, 645 Kabyls, 361 Joseph, 125 kadddn, 597 n. 2 Josephus, 68 Kafi fi al-.(fi'sdb, al·, 379 J ubayl, 70, 635, 641 Kafifi a/-Ku/11, a/-, 636 Jubayr, ibn·, 26o, 4o8, 411,412, 1169, Kafur al-Ikhshidi, 456-7, 458, 661, 627 6o7,6o8·9,66o,66J kdgkad, 414 jubbak, 334 Kahf, al-, 448, 65, Jubba'i, al·, 430 ka/t {Jdl, 369 Judaea, 307 kdllin, 100 J udaeo-Christian: influence, 248; sect, kallinall, 2 13 357; traditions, 749 Kaiser Friedrich Museuxn, 269 Judaeo-Egyptian oculist, 686 ka/dm, 129, 370, 431 Judah,41 Kalb, banu-, 192 n. 3, 195, 28o Judaic, 400 Kalbi, al-, al-I;Iasan ibn-'Ali, 6o6 Judaism, 3,4,6o, 107,118.122,128,145, Kalbi, al-, Hisham, 96, 99, 387, 390 232, 561, .584, 589 Kalbite: opponents, 192; 281; dynasty, Judaized Aramaeans, 61 6o6 Judari w·al·.(fa;bak, a/·, 366 Kalbites, 192, 281, 6o6 Juddah, 18, 256, 292, 741 Kaleb Ela ~bel;ta, 62 juktin, 339 Ka/ilak wa-Dimnak, 308, 372, 420, 559, ju/db, 579 612,663 Julian, count of Ceuta, 494, 499 ka/imall, s87 Julius Ca'sar, 68, 164, 166 ka/imak, a/-, 408 JumaJ:ll, al-, 107 kami/, al·, 253 juma/riya, 311 n. 1 Kirnil, abu-, 392 Jumay' (Jami'), ibn-, 686 Kirnil, al-, Ayyiibid, 575, 610, 651,653 Junayd, al·, 436, 438 654,655 jund, 154,231,327 Kamil Sha'bin, al-, Mamliik, 673 Jundaysiibiir, 309 n. I, 373 Ktimil al·$inti'ak, 367 Jundi-Shapiir, 309· See als11 Junday Kamil al-$ina'atayn, 685 sii.biir Kamilfi ai-Ta'rikll, a/-, 391 }undub,37 kanisak, 107 n. 2 Jupiter, 265, 415 Kant, 585 Jiir, 351 kartidis, 284 Jurijimah, al-, tee Jarijimah, al· Karaji, al-, abu-Bakr Mubammad, 379 Jurhuxn, banu·, 100 Karak, al-, 641 n. 2, 647, 648, 652, 656. Ju~in,]]0,462,474 674 Jii~is ibn-Bakhtishii', 309 Karam,670 .Tustin I, 62 ltartimdt, 438 Justinian I, 79, 85, 265 Karbali', I8J,l80-91, 440,737,740, 752 790 INDEX Karbiiqa, of al-Maw$il, 638 khanaqah, 66o n. 3 Karib As'ad Kii.mil, abu-, 6o klzandaq, 117 n. 3 Kariba-il, of inscriptions, 38 Khans, 465 Kariba-il Watar, 53, 54s 56 Khansii', al-, 274 Kariba-il, of Saba', 38, 52 khar4j: 170, 171, 320; in Spain, 510 Karkar, see Qarqar Kharaj, al·, of Qudiimah. 385 Karkh, 379 n. 1, 641 n. 2 K ltaraj, a/-, of abu · Yiisuf, 397 Karman: 2o8, 224, 330, 462, 470; min· Kharibah, 54 erals of, 348 Khii.rijite: 182, 232, 262, 284, 502; sub Karmiini, al-, 571 sects, 247: doctrine, 468 Ka•han, 346 Kharijites, 136, 182, 207, 208, 246-7, Kashf a/-~unun 'an al-Asami w-al- 284, 402, 440 Funun,742 kharrt2b, 665 Kiishghar, 210, 212, 476 khauah, 326, 331 Kashmir, 292 khafib, 249 kasrah, 219 Khatib a!- Baghdadi, al-, 305, 338, 413 Kassites, 20 Khatib, ibn-al-, Lisiin-al-Din, 550, 559, Kath, 330 563, 567, 576 Kiitib, al-, see I;Iiisib, al-, 'Utiirid Khatt, a!-, 173 Kawakib a/-ThtilJitah, al-, 376 Khatfab, ibn-al·, see 'Umar Kawkab, 648 Khawiibi, al-, 657 Kazan, 570 Khawarnaq, al-, 82 Ka?,imayn, al-, 191, 737 Khawlii.ni, al-, al-Saml.l ibn-Malik, 499, Kedar, 42 500, 503 Kepler, 629 khapil a/-#11, 690 KFR,105 Khaybar, 117, 169 Khadijah, 1o8, 112, 113, 120 khavr, 134 n. 3 Kha(irii', al-, 215, 267 Khayr·al-Din Barbarossa, 710 Khafajah, ibn-, abu-Isl.l'iq, 56o khapsuriin, 334 Khii'ir Bey, 703, 719, 726 Khayzurii.n, al-, 304, 332, 333 Khiil, dhii.t-al-, 341 Khayzuran, ibn-, Wali,l, 530 Khala~ah, dhu-al-, 96 Khazar, al-, 210 Khaldiin, ibn-, 185, 254, 320, 337, 348 Khazin, al-, abu-Ja'far, 376 [549 391,404,549,567-8,575,618,687,701 Khazraj, al-: 89, 99, 104, 116; tribe, II6, Khiilid, Umayyad prince, 255 khazz, 346 Khii.lid ibn-'Abdullii.h, see al-Qasri, khi/iifah, 1H5 Khii.lid ibn-Barmak, see Barmak, ibn klzi/afat al-nubu' ah, 197 Khalid, ibn-, Miisa, 312 klzi,yiin, 341 Khiilid ibn-al-Walid: 84, 118, 141, 147- Khiwa, 379 n. 3· See •lso Khwiirizm 155, 16o, 213, 388; campaigns of, 142 khizanah, al·, 597 n. 2 Khii.lid ibn-Yazid ibn-Mu'ii.wiyah, 38o kit izanat a/-k11 tub, 4 I 3 khalV'ah, 139, 178, 328 Khojas, 448 KhalV'ah al-Najir, a/~, 523 Khudhtiy-mimah, 389 kha/ifat Allah, 317 Khulqiytil, 313 khalifat Rasul Allah, 178 Khumiirawayh, Tiiliinid, 454-5 Khalij al-I;Iii.kimi, al-, 165. Khuriisii.n: veiled prophet of, 86; pro- Khalij Amir al-Mu'minin, 165 vince of, 157; conquest of, 194; 209, Khalil ibn-~ad, al-, 242 210, 218, 224, 241, 28o, 283, 284, 285, khalkh41, 334 289, 290, 318, 330, 346, 350, 378, 379, Khallikii.n, ibn·, 241, 250, 3o6, 372, 392, 385, 412,414, 426,431,445. 461,462, 411, 468, 477, 558, 575, 618, 687 463,464,465,466,474,486,633,635; khalq, 429 land tax of, 321; highway of, 323, 325; khamis, 173 minerals of, 348 khamlah, 668 Khurii.sii.ni: troops, 285; 290, 328 khamr, 19, 121, 337 Khurii.siini, al-, see Muslim, abu• llhamrly41, 337, 4o6 Khuriisanian: forces. 283; bodyguard, 293 INDEX 791
Khurii.sii.nians, 286 knowledge of, 172; copy of, 177; copies Khurdadhbih,ibn-, 320,321,323,384,427 of, 181; decision of, 181; study of, Khiiri, al-, Khalil, 748 241-2; God's almightiness in, 245; Khurrami, 323 monotheism of, 271; illumination of, Khushqadam, Mamliik, 694, 696 424; creation of, 429; Latin translation Khusraw ParVI iz, So of, 588, 589 kku{bah, 131, 185, 186, 198, 288, 470, Korans: illuminated, 629; 681, 692 480, soB Korea, 344 n. 4 kkuwak, 25 Kremer, von, 328, 398 Khuzii'ah, banu-, 100 Kuhle. Khan, see Qiibiliiy Khiizistan, 157, 170 n. I, 309 n. I, 325, Kiichiik Kaynarji, 705 330, 345, 470 Kiifah, al-: 70, 81, 123, 140, 149, 157, Khwarizm, 209, 210 n. 3, 330, 350, 376 158, 165, 170, 18o, 182, 190, 196, 197, n. 7, 379 n. 3, 386,414,474,481,482, 207,208,209,217,224,225,226,234. 569 241 seq., 330, 338, 345, 362, 370, 380, Khwarizm Shah, 674 387, 394, 397, 444, 458; governor of, Khwii.rizm Shahs, 481, 486 177; treasury of, 190 Khwarizm Turks, 654 Kiifan: traditionists, 243; 394 Khwii.rizmi, al-, mathematician, 307, Kiifans, 208, 243 375, 379-80, 384, 392 n. 6, 571, 573, Kufi, 70. See also Kufic 588, 589, 6oo Kufic: 70, 220, 264, 451, 454, 66o, 691; Khwarizmi, al·, abu-Bakr, 333 script, 123; inscriptions in Palermo, kibrit a/-a[lmar, a/-, 381 n. 3 6o9; inscriptions in ibn-Ruzzik's Kidri, 38, 42 mosque, 630 Killis, ibn-, Ya'qiib, 627 kufryak, 24, 229, 345 kimi;ui', 38o n.. 2 Kufra, oasis, 437 Kiniinah, 89 ku/layldn, 21 Kindah: 28, 65, 83, 119; royal line, 85, kuhkdn, 92 2o8; tribe, 86; rise of, 86; tribes, 93 Kilhin al-'Attar, al-, 685 Kindi, al-, 'Abd-al- Masil~, 354 ku!zl, a/-, 334, 348 n. 15, 579 n. 3 Kindi, al-, Mul:lammad ibn-Yiisuf, 627 Kulayb ibn-Rabi'ah. 90, 228 Kindi, al-, Ya'qiib ibn-lsi:lii.q, 86, 370- Kull~}"dl, a/-, 577. 5i8, 582 371, 428, 589. 6oo Kulthiim, ibn-, see 'Amr ibn-Kulthiim Kindite kings, 84 Kurdish: vizir of al-~afir, 623; pare"\t Kindites, 86 age, 645 Kirghiz, 473 Kurdistiin, 699 Kisra Aniisharwan, 66. See also Chosroes Kurds, 716 Kisrawiin, 68o kurdus, 226, 328 Kittih, see following word of title Kutahiah, 733 Kittih, al-, 242 Kiitahiyah, see Kutahiah Kitiimah tribe, 617,618 Kutiimah, see K.itiimah Kitbugha, Mamliik, 673 kuttdb, 254, 408, 527 Kitbugha, Mongolian, 656, 674 Kuwayt, al-, 14, 739, 740. 741 Klysma, 165 n. 4 757 Knights of St. John, 657, 699, 711. See also Hospitalers La FQntaine, 559 Konieh, 437,476. See also Qiiniyah, 733 Ia ildha illa-1-Ldk, 128, 130,408 Koran: 22, 26, 30, 37, 41, 61, 64, 87, Labid, 81 103, 105, 106, 119, 123-7, 128, 129, Lii.dhiqiyah, a!-, 648 130, 132, 1431 171, 178, 221, 225, 227, Lagash, patesi of, 36 233.236.247,253.279.342,356,357. Lahab, abu-, 189 358,359.370,390.393.395.396.397. Lai:la j, 740 399.400,403,408,410,412,423,430, Lahore, 464, 465 431, 433, 435 n. I, 438, 443, 445, 454, Laja, al-, 88 455. SOl, 562, 688, 689. 695. 740, 747; Lii.jin, Mamlilk, 673 language of, 88; readers, 141, 253; Lake Urmiyah, 377, 703 792 INDEX Lake Van, 475 736; warfare in, 735; autonomous, Lakhm, banu- , 65 736; council of, 736; occupied, 736; Lakhmid: king , 7o; rival, 79; foes, So; governors of, 743 81-4; 213 n. 4, 241; channels, 107 Lechieni, 72 Lakhmids, 32, 79, 80·84, 85, 87, 88, 273, Leclerc, L., 314 538 Legitimists, I40 Lamiyat ai-'Ajam, 381 n. 1 Lemuel, 43 Lammens, 181 Leningrad, 420 Lamtiinah, tribe, 541 Leo the Armenian, 310 Lane, Edward W., 405 Leo the !saurian, 203, 300 ft. 2 Languedoc, 339 n. 4 Leo the Wise, 329 Laodicea, see Liidhiqiyah, al Leon, 496. 5I8, 520, 521, 523, 524. 527, Larissa, I 52 533. 537. 539. 542, 551, 556, 559. 6oo Lamaca, 699 Leonardo Fibonacci, 379, 574, 662 Las Navas de Toloso, 549 Leonardo da Vinci, 629 Lat, al-, 61, 76, 98,99 Leontes River, 648 n. 2 Latakia, see Ladhiqiyah, at- Lesseps, de, 344 291 Latin: 4, 7, I3, 2·I4 n. I, 311 n. 71 314, Lesser Armenia, 3I6, 366, 367, 368 seq.; of the Vulgate, Lessing, 652 n. 7 9; records, 48; version of the Koran, Levant, 669 127; literature, 402; translations from Liber Almansflris, 366 572, 573, 576, 579, Liber regias, 367 Arabic, 428, 432, 6oo S83,s88,s89,6oo,6II;language,s43, Liber ysagogarum Aknorismi, 559, 585, 589, 612, 613, 629, 644 n. 3; Liberia, 134 astronomical tables, 571; settlement Libia ltaliana, 718 in al-Ruhii', 637; possessions in /ibn, 26o Palestine, 639; state of Jerusalem, Libya, 6, 757 639; quarter, 641; states, 643, 644; Libyan Desert, 330 leaders, 647; kingdom, 648; chron• Libyans, 168 icles, 648 n. 2, 652; chroniclers, 650 Liege, 589 Latin Averroism, 588 Lil].yan, 101 Latin Church, 246 Lil)yanite: inscriptions, 71, 100; script, Latin Fathers, SIS 71, 72; culture, 72 Latin Occident, 387, 396 Li}.lyiinites, 54, 7z Latin Orient, 658 Limassol, 699 Latins in Jerusalem, 639, 640, 641 n. 2, Lisiin·al-Din ibn·ai-Khap"'b. see Kha~b ' 644, 6so, 65I, 669 ibn·al- Laval, 7I7 Lisbon, 521 n. 2, 529 Lawatah, I68 Lishar}.l ibn-Ya}.l~ub, 57 Lawrence, T. E., 7, 20 Litiini, a!-, see Leontes River Layla, of banu-'Udhrah, 251 liwan, 661 /aylak, 668 Logos, 127, s87 lay/at al·qatlr, 112 Lombards, 525, 6o4 J.,.ymun, 35 1 n. 2, 665 London, 164, 448, 458 n. 3, 501, 526 Lazarist, 729, 748 Lord's Prarer, 131, 396 /asawartl, 348 n. 9, 664 Lorraine, 589, 590, 636, 639 League of Arab States, 756 Lot, 125 League of Nations, 751 Lotharingia, see Lorraine Lebanese: feudal lords, 729; fiefs, 729; Lotharingian: cities, 589; monk, 590 outraged, 734; peasants, 735; chron• Louis VII, of France, 644 iclers, 743; rebels, 743; soil, 747• Louis IX, 654·5, 672, 676 shore, 7SI; Christian, 755 ' Louis XV, 728 Lebanon: 6, 7, I9, 8I, 102, 147, 205, 2I2, Louvre, 40, 423 231, 233, 249 n. 2, 281, 448, 562, 633, Lower Egypt, 224, 398 638, 639, 670, 68o, 757; greater, 729, Lower Mesopotamia, 330 73I; Ottoman. 729; autonomy of, 734 lublin, 36 INDEX 793
Lucena, 542, 553 n. I, 130, 132; period, 116, 118, 119, Ludd, a!-, 169 121 n. 3, 131; Moslems, 116; Sup· Ludhriq, see Roderick porters, 140; theocracy, 152; con· Ludovico di Varthema, I 18 nections, 155; caliphs, 168 Lu}:tayy, ibn-, see 'Amr madrasak, 410, 412, 659, 66o, 661 Lukkam, a!-, 204, 212 Madrid, 564 Lull, Raymond, 587 663 Magan, 36, 52 Luqman, 401 Magellan, 555 n. 5 Luqman ibn-'.Ad, see 'Ad, ibn· magktisi, 244 Lusignan, 699 Magktisi, a/, 388 Lusumiytit, 459 maghnatis, 311 n. I Lycian coast, 167, 200 Maghrih, al·, 213 n. 2, 351, 391 n. 4, Lydda, see Ludd, al· 398, 450, so3, 542, 567, 568, 646, 688 Lydians,2o Maghrib al·Aq~a, aJ., 711. See also Morocco mti warti' al-nahr, 210 Maghribi, 26o Mii.'-al-Sama', 83 Maghribis, 732 Mii.' -ai-Samii.', ibn·, see Mundhir, al·, III Magi, 43 Ma'add, 502 n. 1 Magian, 291, 367, 379 n. 3, 435 Ma'addite, 281 Magna Moralia, 313 Ma'adcl.ites. 2&> Ma}:tasin, ibn-abi-al-, Khalifah, 686 Ma'afir, tribe, 532 [n.3 Mahdi, the, 248, 441-3, 617 Ma'ii.li Sharif. aLu-al·, l;lamdii.nid, 457 Mahdi, a!-, 'Abbii.sid, 86, 204, 293, 295, Ma'ii.n, 36, 41, 54, 55, 181; modem, 52 297,299,302,300,311,317,321,322, Ma'ii.n Mi.5riyah, 54 326, 332, 333. 349. l54. 359· 36o, 405, Ma'iin Mu~riin, 52, 54 417, 424, 430 Ma'tinf, al·, 389 Mahdi, al·, sec Tiimart, ibn· Ma'arrat al-Nu'mii.n, 458, 638 Mahdi, al·, Umayyad of Cordova, setJ Ma'arri, a!-, abu-ai-'Ala', 373, 4o6, 412, Mu}:tammad II 458-9, 472, 638 Mahdi, a!-, Mul;lammad, setJ Mu}:tawmad Ma'bad, 275, 278 al-Muntap.r mab'utk, 222 Mahdiyah, a!-, 609, 618 Macedonia, 722 Ma}:tmil, 135, 136 n. 1, 676 Macoraba, 103 Ma):lmiid, 713 n. I Mada'in, a!-, 66, 75, 156 n. 1, 157. 261, Ma}:tmiid II, 713 n. I, 724, 727 349· See also Ctesiphon Ma}:tmiid of Ghaznah, 212, 376, 464-fl Mada'in Sali}:t, 68, 72, 256 Ma}:tmiid, Ghii.zii.n, see Ghii.zii.n Mal.uniid mtiddat a!·llfuslimin, 170 Mn}:tmiid ibn-Malikshii.h, 578 madkkab, 397 Mahrah, 19, 36, 740 madi/1, 407 mti'itiak, Io6 n. 2, 497 Madinah, a!-: 7, 17, 18, 20, 89, 99, 102, Maimonides, see Maymiin, ibn·, Miisa 104, 100, 107, 114, ll6, 117, 119, 120. Ma'in, 41, 42, 52,55 133. 140, 141, 147. 14~. 159. !6o, 164, 1\·fa iah, ibn-, 395 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, I8o, 181, 185, majtilis al·adab, 413 !86, 189, 190, 191, 193. 201, 236-9, Majid, ibn·, Al)mad, 689 241 seq., 397, 441, 450, 452, 456, 471 11/ajis/i, al·, see Almagest n. I, 476, 549, 566, 704, 715, 740; majlis, 412 al-Munawwarah, 134; schooi, 398 majlis al·slrirtib, 338 Madinah-Ghazzah route, 143 majnun, 98, 251 Madinah Mosque, the, 259, 261, 262 Majniin Layla, 251 Madinah ai-Zahirah, al·, 532, 535 Majrip, al·, 375, 5n, 588, 589 Madinat al-Saliim, 292 Majus, 233, 358 Madinat Salim, see Medinaceli Majiis, tenn applied to Danes, 521 n. 2 Madinat al-Zahrii', 595 Majiisi, a!-, 'Ali ibn-ai-'Abbas, 365, 367, Madinese: 32, 116, 117, 202, 275, 394, 368, 579. 663 3¢; poets, 81; siirahs, 113, 124, 125 Makhziim, 56o 794 INDEX
Makkah: 7, 17, 18, 27, so, 52, 58, 96, Malwiyah, 4I7 D. 9, 418 99, 101, 102. 103-4. 105, ro6, III, mam4/ik, 235 n. I, 341 112, 114, II6, Ill!, Il9, I30, IJ3, 136, Mamlakan ai-Urdunnfyan ai-H4slll· 139, 144, r8s, r86, 189, 192, 193, 22o, mfyan, al-, 756 236-9,241, 251, 25' sef., 424,440 n. 8, mamluk, 235 n. 1, 655 445, 452, 456,471 n. I, 476, 507, 529, Mamliik: period, 404, 424,625, 66o, 6q6; 566, 569,57o,587,59I,6I7,62o,677. 489, 655. 656, 6'?1-94; army, 489, 704; 681, 702, 704; pagan, 64; conquest of, destruction, 659; rulers, 664; amirs, Ioo, 118; the name, I03; gates of, 105; 695; buHdings, 697; kingdom, 699, al-MukarJOamah, 134; fall of, I40; 702) sultan, 702, 703; power, 705,710, attack on, 147; capture of, 176; 720; oligarchy, 738; era, 749 l;laram of, 192; pilgrim route to, 325 Mamliiks: 220, 286 n. 1, 487, 630, 637, Makkan: singors, 81; 98, 228, 235, 275; 644, 653. 655, 661, 664, 671-705; 721, aristocracy, 102; siirahs, 113, I24, 126, 724; under Turks, 719 seq.; slaugh· I33i families, 114; period, 116; tered, 724; government of, 738; local, caravan, II6; revelations, 131; con· 738 nections,I55;party,I79;sanctuary.258 Ma'miin,al-, 'Abbiisid: 220,234, :.!45, 264, Makkans: 99, I04, 116, II7, u8; pre- 295, 297, 299, 30I, 304, 305, 310-18, Islamic, IOI 320, 321, 322, 326,327,328 seq., 364, makrUII, 274, 400 4Q9,410,414,4I7,424,425,426,429, Makuraba, 103 430, 439. 452, 458, 461,472, 5I3, 737; Malabar, 356 espionage system of, 325; mother of, Malaga: 496, 528, 529, 535, 537, 553, 332; wifl' of, 333 554. 575. 58o, 592; university of, 563 Ma'miini observatory, 376 malall, 100, n. Ma·n, 729 Maliisjird, 47 5 Maniih, l).'l, 99 Malatyah, 199, 291 Manar, al-, 755 Malay: Archipelago. 305; language, 3oa, Mana;ir, a/-, 629 351 ; origin, 665 Manchu, 356 Malayan, 4 Mandaeans, 233,357 Malaysia, 131 Mandaic, 357 Malazkird, 475 Mani, 359 Malchus I, 68 Manichaean: 4o6; influence, 420 Malchus II, 68 Manichaean-Zoroastrian influence oD Maldive Islands, 570 Sufism, 586 malik, 28, 79, 85, 197, 471, 621, 750 Manichaeans: 353, 359, 443 n. 3i crypto- Malik, ibn·, see Anas Manichaeans, 359 Malik al·'Adil, al·, see Sallii.r, ibn-a! Manichaeism, 359 Malik al-Afge.!, a!-, 622-3, 628, 639 Manises, 592 Malik al-Ashraf, a!-, 726. Se~ also Manium, 36 Ghazii.li al- maniyall, 99 Mii.lik al-Ashtar, I8o manjanlq, 226 Malik al-Man~iir, a!-, see Qalii.wiin Manjaniqi, a!-, ibn-~ibir, 327 malik al-muluk, 472 n. 2 Ma'ns, 73I Mii.lik ibn-Anas, 397-8, 399, SI4 M~iir, a!-, 'Abbiisid: I 58, 265, 289-95, Mii.lik ibn-Fahm al-Azdi, 82 2<)6, 297, 307, 309, 310, 311, 317, 321, Mii.liki, see Mii.likite 327, 334. 337. 338, 343. 349· 378, Maliki, al·, 367, 579 385 n. 2, 416, 4I9, 466, 507; espionage Mii.likite: 397 n. 5, 398; rite, SI4; school, system of, 325; mot!ter of, 332 542; qii.Qi, 567 Ma!lfiir, a!-, Fii.pmid, 445, 6o6, 623 Malikshii.h, Jalii.l-al-Din, 377, 410, 447. Man~iir I, Sii.mii.nid, 463 475-7, 478, 48o, 638, 644 Ma!lfiir 'Abd-al-'Azi2, a!-, Mamliik, Mii.liku, see Malchus I ~n.J Malk Saba, 55 [751 M~iir 'Ali, a!-, 674 Malta, 451, 6os, 6o6, 6Ii, 711, 734, 747 ~ bi-Allii.ll, a!-, see l;liijib al· Ma'liila, 361 M~iir, al· INDEX 795
Ma~iir, ibn-, t6e Niih II, Simii.nid Marrakesh, see Marrakush Man~iir ibn-Sarjiin, I9S Marrakush, 541, 546, 548-9, 569, 578, Man~iir 'Uthman, al-, Mamliik, 694 n. 3 582 Man~iir, al-, abu-Yiisuf Ya'qiib, 548, Marriikushi, al·, 548, 565 549, 578, 582, 599 Mars, 415 Man~iir, ibn-abi-, YaQ.ya, 375 Marseille, 565, 571, 589, 669 lvfanfuri, al·, 366, 462, 579 Marshiishi, iLn-al-, 'Ali, 695 Man~iiriyah, al-, 685 Martel, see Charles Manuel, Armenian, I66 Ma'riif al-Karkhi, 434 Manzi kart, 47 S Marv, see Marw Mii.'iin, 54 Marw: 158,209, 2I0,224,284,285,3t8, maqamalt, 403, 559 330, 4I4, 461, 474, 476; highway lvfaqamat, 403, 420 through, 323 Maqdisi, al-, geographer, 48, 204, 264, Marwah, I33 265, 346, 356, sss-6, 4I2, 4I5 Marwii.n, abu-, see l;layyii.n, ibn• Maqna, 119 Marwan I, see Marwan ibn-al-Hakam Maqqari, al-, 53I, 550, 555, 56o, 562, Marwan II, Umayyad, 226, 27g, 284, 567 n. 1, 578 285,404,504 Maqrizi, al-, 6I8, 626, 63I, 687, 688-9 Marwan ibn-al-l;lakam, I77, I89, 192, Maqs, 6I9 193 n. I, 2o6. 23I, 255, 26I n. 8. 279, maqfurak, I98, 26I, 262 281, 282 .Maqutat, 3I3 Marwii.nid, I93 n. I, 2o6, 279, 28I, 282 Marii.ghah: 330, 488, 683; observatory Marwanids, 237, 255 at, 378 Mary, frieRd of Flora, 5I7 Mar'ash, 200, 203, 459, 640 Mary, mother of Jesus, I25 Marathi, I26 Mary, wife of MuJ:tammad, I20 Marc the Greek, 665 Mas"ai, 37 1\l:arcian of Heraclea, 44 .Masa'il, al-, 427 Marco Polo, 344, 447, 487 n. 4 .Masalt"k al·Mamalik, 385 ,,iardatte!i, 204·5 .Masalik w-al-111amalt"k, al·, of al-Bakri, Mare Tenebaram, 529 569 Mariaba, 46 lffasalik w-al-lffamalik, al·, of ibn• Mariama, 46, 56 l;lawqal, 386 ~a'rib:46,so,5I,S4.55,56,s~.64, 104, Maslilik w-al-ll:famtilik, al·, of ibn· 739; dam of, 54, 64-5, 78, 105 Khurdadhbih, 323 385 Mii.ridini, al·, see Mii.sawayh Masarjawayh, 255 ma'rifak, 434 Masarrah, ibn-, 521, 58o, 586 Marin, banu·, 549 Masawayh al-Miiridini, 311 n. 7 Mii.ristan al-Man~iiri, al-, 678 Masawayh, ibn·, Yiib.anna, 3II, 3I21 Mii.riyah, 83 363, 369 Mariyah, al·, see Almeria Masha'alliih, 589 marj, 550 Ma'shar, abu-, 378, 387, 570, 589 Marj 'Adhrii.', I92 n. 3 11-fashartf al-Ska'm, 147 n. 3 Marj ibn-'Arnir, I54 maskkad, 472 MaJj Dabiq, 703 Mashhad 'Ali, I82·3 Marj Rahit, 150, I92, 281 Mashrafiyah swords, I47 Marj al·$uffar, ISO, 68o masjid, 256 Marjaba, 734 Masjid al-Aq~, al-, 22I, 265. See alst1 Mark Antony, 74 Aq~a Mosque, al· markab, 136 n. I Maslamah, ibn·, s1e l;labib Maronite: origin, 154 n. 1; community, Maslamah ibn-'Abd-al-Malik, 203 204, 205; 311; students, 743; scholars, 747 212, 299 Maronite Christians, 639 Ma$miidah, tribe, 514, 546 Maronites, I96, 205, 633, 68o, 729, 734 Masqat: 14, I8, 711; capital, 739; sultan· Marqab, al-, 657, 665 ate, 739 Marracci, 126 n. I Massa, kings of, 43 2D INDEX
Massignon, 445 72; outlet, so; civilization, 17 s: coast, MIUI~ii!ah, al-, :zoo, 291 :zoo, 640; influence, 253; trade, 344; Master Jacob, 379 lands of, 4S5; island, 699; eastern Mas'iid, sultan of Ghaznah, 376 realms of, 705 Mas'iid, ibn-, 'Abdullah, 243, 39I n. 3 Melitene, see Malatyah Mas'iidi, al-, historian, 54, 78, 244, 273, Melkite: church, 165; patriarch of 2SS, 304, 311, 340, 34S, 3S4. 3S6, 390. Alexandria, 6:zo; patriarch of Jeru• 391-2, 435. 530, 6o9 salem, 62o; patriarch of Constantin• M1111yad, 447 n. I, 44S, 646 657 ople, 676 M1111yaf, see Ma~yad Melukh, 52 Matawilah, 249 n. 2 Melukhkha, 36, 52 Materia medica, 577 Memphis, ss, 453 Matin, a/-, 565 Mercury,415, 572 matn, 394, 4I2 Merida, 496, 5I4, 51S Matn, al-, 734 Merovingian, 499. 500 mafra/1, 335 Mesopotamia: 10, IS, 20, 32, 36, 50, 6o, Matta, 449 100, 143. I4S. 154. 26o, 2S4, 292, 309. Matthew. 126 457,473,486,644,646,652, 653,6ss. Mauritania, 6, 555 n. 5, 7I I 699, 703; conquest of. 74. See also Mausoleum of Barqiiq, 697 'Iraq, al- Mawa'i1 w-ai-I'tibar, al-, 6S9 Mesopotamian desert, 15 Mawa/i, I72 n. 6, I73, 2IS, 232 Messenger of Allah, 397 Mawardi, al-, ISS, 3I9, 322,326, 33I, 40I Messiah, 105, 116, 1S3, 2S6, 2S9, 467 Mawiyah, S3 Messianic, 243 ma·wla, 27, S6, 172 n. 4, 2I9 Messina, 6o4, 6o6 Mawlas, 44S Mesue, 311 n. 7 Mawlawi, 372 Mesue Major, see Masawayh, ibn· Mawlawites, 437 Mesue the Younger, see Masawayh al· Maw~il, al-: 157, 305, 330, 387, 391 n. S, l\faridini 412, 413, 457· 4So n. 4, 592, 610, 6I4, Mezquita, La, 509 620,635,6J6,63S,644,69I,737:high• Michael II, 299 way through, 325; metropolitan of, Michael Palreologus, 6~6 355 Michael Scot. see Scot Maw~ili, al-, 'Ammar ibn-'Aii, 629 Middle Ages: 4, 43· 142, 346, 366, 402, Maw~ili, a!-, Ibrahim, 303, 424-5 423, 42S, 453, 657, 662, 663: religious Maw~ili, a!-, Is"Qaq. 51;, 598, 426 romanc-e of, 246, 293; Christian, 37S maydan, 204 Middle Egypt. so Maymiin, ibn-, 'Abuullah, 617 Middle P,•rsian, see Pahlawi Maymiin, ibn-, Miisa, 576, 584-5, 6e2, mi'dlta•zah, 261 6Ss Midl_lat Pasha, 73S Maymiin al-Qadda"Q, 443 Midian, 14, 40, 4S, 52 maysir, 21 Midianites, 22, 39 Maysiin, 2S1 midrash, 125 maytalt, 12 I mi!znah, 399, 429-30 Mazdakian, 291 mi/zrab, 106 n. 2, 259, 26o, 261, :z6:z, Mazdakites, 359 267, 417, 7IS Mazdean Persians, 66, 84 Mihran, ISS Mazini, al-,abu-I;Iamid Mul_lammad, 569 Mika'il, father of Tughril, 474 n. a Mecca, see Makkah Milan, 366 Media, 323, 330, 346, 3S5 millet, 716 Medina, see Madinah, ai- millets, 72"/ M edina Sidonia, 496, 502 mind', 35S Medinaceli, 533 Mina, valley of, 133 Mediterranean: 4, 44, 67, 351, 451, 521, Minaea, sS .SS4 n. 3, 571, 6og, 6:zo, 63S, 641, 644, Minaean: colony, 36, 54, 72; inscriptions, 665, 667, 72S; race, 30, 37: ports, 42, 43, 55: kingdom, 52, 54, 55: capital, INDEX 797 55; kings, 54; civilization, 72; pan· Moriah hill, 264 theon, g8; inscription, 100. Moriscos, 555 Minaeans, 4I, 44, 55, 56, 6o, 7I Moroccan: 127, 565; mercenaries, 532; Minaei, 44 corsairs, ss6 Minaeo-Sabaean: language, 52; king· Moroccan Atlas, 546 doms, 54; culture, 56 Moroccan Berber dynasties, 537 minbar, 1o6 n. 2, 258 Moroccan Muriibi~s, 637 Minkaj ai-Dukkan, 685 Morocco, city, see Marriikush mi'raj, 114, 352 Morocco: 6, 127, 316,344,757: paper of, Miramar, 663 347, 437, 440 n. 8, 450, 502, 513, 521, Miramolin, 178 527, 540, 541, 544, s4s. 546, s4B. 549, Mir'at a/-Zam4n, 392 564, 618, 711; Sharifs of, 6I7 n. I; mit{laf, 1o6 a. 2 conquest of, 718 Misjal;l, ibn·, Sa'id, 275, 278 Moros, SSS n. 5 Miskawayh, 390, 391, 401, 472 Moscow, 701 Miskin, see Diirimi, al- Moses: 28, 40, 125, 443, 584; valley of, 67 Mi~r al-'Atiqah, 165 Moslem: 3, 4, 43, 94, I2o, 125 n. I, 126 mitkqal, 348 seq., 209, 2I2 seq., 264, 265 seq., 326, mi/ltiq, 190 337 seq., 36I, 367, 392, 40I, 4o6 seq., mi'zafak, 276 510 seq., 672, 678, 6go, 695, 705, 713; mizkar, 273 literature, 20, so, 463; conquests, 22, mizmar, 273, 276 I43, 359, 388; invasion, 22, 57, 498; MKRB, 54 supremacy, 57; army, 84, 170, 174, Moab, IOO, 143, 26g n. 2 204; poets, 92; system of taxation, Mocha, 49 97; calendar, I02; community, Io6, Mohammedan art, 259 I7o, 172, 182, 248, 259, 48o; world, Mongol: 356, 378, 4I4, 486, 488, 677, I 14, 130, I33, 138, 179, 286, 3o8, 583, 68o, 691; onslaught, 484; hordes, 67I; 671,745: era, 116, 145, 176; emigrants, powers, 676 I2I; theologians, I28, 274; theology, Mongolia, 482 n. I, 486, 702 128, 368; lands, 129, 133, 334, 338, Mongolian: 210, 697; leader, 656 363, 386, 4o8, 46o, S9I, 612; generals, Mongoloid peoples, 209 I41; military enterprises, 148; fleet, Mongoloid Turks, 204 167, 6o4, 640; state, 167, 470, 581, Mongols, 297, 358, 448, 475, 482-3, 620; religion, 169, 337; law, 170, 326, 487-9, 656, 664, 672, 675, 677, 678, 398; governors, 170, 453; troops, 171; 679. 683, 697 converts, 174: empire, 175, 189; Monophysite: communion, 61; bishop, tradition, 175, 243-4; caliph, 186, 1g6; 79; 315; church, 107, 153; com· society, 195, 419; dynasties, rg6, 465, munities, 143 s68; conquest, 200, 463; architects, Monophysite Christianity, 61, 78 256; art, 259. 271, 423; architecture, Monophysite Syrian church, 79 26o, 597,681,691, 697; minarets, 262; Monophysites, 1o6, 165 legists, 27 4; singers, 2715; merchants, Monophysitism, 79 305; astronomers, 315, 571; mysticism, Monothe\ite, I 53 316, 433; traders, 343, 344, 384; civil• Mons Pelegrinus, 641 ization, 362, 404, 429; communities, Mons Regalis, 641 n. 2 326, 399. 716; hospitals, 365; works, Mont Royal, 641 n. 2 378; moral philosophies, 401; religious Montet, 70 painting, 420; handlooms,422; gilder, Montpellier, 577, 589 424; philosophies, 428; intellectual life, Montreal, 641 n. 2 43 I; thinkers, 432, 58o; asceticism, 434i Moorish: 26o, 338; problem, 556; arch, guilds, 445; sects, 449; pirates, 451; 597; dancers, 599 fall, 509; geographers, 569; physicians, Moors: Andalusian, ;,Sr; 516, 544, SSS 576, 685; domination in Spain, 578; n. s. ss6, s98 medical tradition, 579; biographers, Mopsuestia, see M~~. al• 58I; religious life, 586; metal-workers, Morea, 725 59I; pottery, 59 I: style, 595: musicians, INDEX
599; conquest of Sicily, 6o2; war-cry, Mshatta, 269 n. 5- See also Mushatta, a!• 604; menace to Italy, 605; populatior mu'addib, 253, 409 of Sicily, 6o6; craftsmen in Sicily, 613; Mu'adh ibn-Jabal, 397 fashions, 6I3; culture in Southern Mu'alajah ai-Buqra{iyah, a/-, 578 Italy, 6I3; culture in Sicily, 614; Mu'allaqat, al-, 81, 83, 93-4, 252 historians, 618; knights, 664; heraldry, mu'allim, 409 664; ships, 697 mu'allim a/-thani, al·, 367 n. 3, 37I Moslem, non-, 320, 326, 34I, 400, 7I6 mu'amalat, 396 Moslem Aristotelianism, 584, 585 Mu'awiyah, son of Hisham, 222 Moslem Asia, 635 Mu'awiyah II, 192, I93, 245, 28I Moslem Asia Minor, 636 Mu'awiyah ibn-abi-Sufyan: 148, I53, Moslem Arabian, genealogical relation- 154. I6I, I67, 168, 177, ISO, 182, I83, ship of, 244 189-98, 200, 205, 200, 212, 213, :us Moslem Arabian caliphate, I75 seq., 244, 247, 253, 255 seq., 354, 394; Moslem Arabians, I74, 273 governor of Syria, 18o; tomb of, I98 Moslem Arabs, 256, 7I6 n. 4; death of, 202; wife of, 234; Moslem Orient, 333 postal service under, 322 Moslem Persia, 703 Mu'ayyad, al-, Umayyad of Cordova, Moslem Sicily, 6o6 see Hisham II Moslem Spain, 503, 5o6, 523, 525, 529, Mu'ayyad Ai)mad, al-, Mamliik, 694 n. 3 540, 542, 549. 550, 557. 562, 58I, 002, Mu'ayyad, al-. Shaykh, Mamliik, 677, 611, 667, 712 694,695.696 Moslem Syria, 644, 646 mubtift, 400 Moslems: 114, 116, 118 seq., 209, 212, mubtiriz, 545 n. I 219 seq., 246, 259 n. 3, 26I seq., 347, Muqar, tribe, 280, 502 n. 1 354, 355 seq., 402, 422 seq., 484, 488, Muqar ibn-Ma'add. 273 494 seq., 643, 644, 650 seq.; in Asia, Muqari, 28I 186; in Africa, 186; argument of Muqarite, 281, 328 Christians with, 246; nominal, 247; Muqarites, 502, 503, 504 as merchants, 343; in China, 344; mudarns, 410 crypto-, 556 mudawwarah, a/-, 292 Moslems, non-, I I8, 138, 22S, 232, 283, Mudejars: 551, 556; pottery of, S92; 320, 499. 621, 696 workmen, 593, 595, 597 Mosque of 'Amr, 262, 4I3, 417 mudhahhib, 424 Mosque of Barqiiq, 697 Mudkhil ila 'Jim Hay' at a/-Ajlak,.al-, Mosque of Cordova, 508, S94 375·6 Mosque of al-Ghawri, 697 Mudkhil ita $ina'at ai-Muslqi, a/-, Mosque of al-l:fakim, 630 372 n. 1 Mosque of al-l:fasan, 68I Mufa
Mutawakkil, aJ., 'Abbasid, 232, 297, nafir, al·, 6o1 313, 314, 317, 325, 327, 329 seq., 417, Nafis, ibn-al-, 685 420, 426, 430, 440, 466-7, 621, 68o najs,443 Mutawakkil, al-, 'Abbiisid caliph in Nafs ai-Zakiyah, al·, 290, 291 Egypt, 489, 677, 703, 705 nafstini, 686 Mu'tazilah, al-, 245, 429 nazh4m, 428 Mu'tazilite, 310, 373, 382, 399, 430 Nazltam, a/-, 427 Mu'tazilites, 242, 245, 391, 430 Naghzii.lah (al-Naghn1ah}, ibn-, Ismii.'il, Mu'tazz, al-, 'Abbiisid, 348, 426, 461-7 537 Mu'tazz, ibn-al-, 'Abbiisid, 337, 468 N ahr 'Isa, 349 Muthanna ibn-l;Iiirithah, aJ., 148, ISS Nahr Kiitha, 349 Muti', al-, 'Abbiisid, 358, 471, 473 Nahr a!- Malik, 349 Muttaqi, aJ., 'Abbiisid, 355, 469-70, 473 Nahr $ar!jar, 349 Muwaffaq, aJ., 468 Nahr al-$ilah, 349 Muwal.11;lid: governor, 595; period, 599 Nahr Yazid, 231 Muwal;ll;lids, 545, 546-9, 558, 565, S77, Nahrawiin, 182 578, 581, 584 nd'ib, 225, 326 Muwal;ll;lidiin, 740. See also Wallhii.bis nd'ib a/-sa/fanah, 674 Muwal/ads, SII, 517 Nii'ilah, 18o, 195 Muwalladun, 510 Naja£, al-, 182, 183, 440, 737, 752 Muwaqqar, 269 Najiishi, 62, 271 muwashsha/1, 561, s6z, 578 Najd, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 30, 87, 102 Muwatfa', al., 398, 514 r44, 224,251,622,739 Muza, 49· See also Mukha Najdis, 30, 32 Mu~affar, al·, 'Abd-al-Malik, 534 Najrii.n: 46, 51, 52, 61, 84, g8, 107; Mu~affar Al;lmad, al-, Mamliik, 694 n, 3 Christians of, 61, 62, 16g 1\lu~affar I;Iajji, aJ., Mamliik, 673 Nakhlah, 93, 97, 98, 99 Muzayqiyii.', 65, 78 Namiirah, aJ., 70, 88 Muzdalifah, aJ., 133 namir, 20 .Mu~hir, a/-, 557, 688 Naples, 6o4, 6os Napoleon, 142, 161,675, 721-2, 745· 749 Nabaitai, 67 Napoleon III, 7 Nabataean: kingdom, 43, 44; 67-74; Naqab al-I;Iajar, 51 civilization, 76; deities, 99; inscrip· Nii.qid, ibn-al-, abu-al-I<'a<).ii.'il, 686 tions, 99; script, 357; agriculture, 358; ntiqit, 2 26 peasants, 444 naqqtirah, 664 n. 2 Nabataeans, II, 19, 32, 39, 43, 44, 46, ndqus, 259 n. 2 54· 67, 74, 84, 87 Naqyiis, 163 Nabati, aJ., I;Iassiin, 223 Nariim-Sin. 36 nabbddh, 535 ndranj, 351 n. 2 nabi, II3 Narbonne,499, 501,589 nabidh, 19, 337 nard, 339 Nabighah al-Dhubyiini, aJ., 81, 84 Nasa. 379 n. 2 Nabonidus, 39 nasab, 28 Nabopolassar, 37 Nasafi, a!-. 185 Niibulus, 640 Nasii'i, al-, 395 Nii.bulusi, aJ., 744 Nasawi, a!-, Al;lmad, 379 nadhir, II3 nasib, 250 Nadim, al·, 3o6, 354, 356, 416 Na~ibin: 174, 290, 46o; metropolitan of, Na<).ir, banu·, 104, 117 355 Na N~ir Faraj, al-, Mamliik, 567, 677, 688, Maymiin, 585; school of ibn-Ma· 694 n. 3, 695, 6¢, 701 sarrah, _s86 N~ir-i-Khusraw, 478, 625, 626, 631 Neo-Platonism, 316, 433, 439, 443, 58o, N~ir Mul,J.ammad, al-, Muwal,J.l,J.id, 549 584 Na~ir-al-Din al-Tiisi, 378, 683 Neo-Platonists, 311 N~ir ibn-Qalawiin, al-, Mamliik, 673, Neo·PythagoreaD: mathematics, 370; 679-82, 68s, 688, 691, 697 sources, 401 N~iriyah, al-, 681 Nestorian: 81, 84, 26o, 309, 314, 420; naskhi, 70, 66o influences, 1o6; church, 107; con• Na~oreans of St. John, 357 gregations, 143; painters, 422; physi• Nasr, 101 [514, 51• cian, 427; influence, 474 n. 2 N~r, eunuch of 'Abd-ai-Ral,J.man II. Nestorian Christian, 310, 312, 656 Na~r ibn-Al,J.mad, 462 Nestorians, 1o6, 355-6, 364, 420, 424 Na~r ibn-Hariin, 355 n. 3, 472 New Testament: Arabic, 127; 396 Na~r, ibn-, Mul,J.ammad ibn-Yiisuf. New World, 12, 335, 728 549-50, 596, 597 New York, 164 Na~r iLn-Sayyar, 210 N ezib, see Nizzib Na~rid, Granadan: monument, 529; dyn Nicoea, 475, 637 asty, 549-55; sultan, 567; palace, 595 Nicephorus I, 300 Na~rid, Lakhmid, dynasty, 82 Nicephorus Paocas, 329, 459-60 Na~rids, Granadan, 549, 550 Nicholas, Byzantine monk, 577 ntZft, 185 Nicomachean Ethics, 401 Nasser, see 'Abd-al-Na~ir Nicomachus, 427 Nathan der Weise, 652 n. 7 Niebuhr, Carsten, 6, 51 National Library of Cairo, 681, 6g2 Nigeria, 134, 741 nli!iq, 443 Nihawand, 157 nlifur, 107 n. 2, 262 Nihtiyat al·Arab, 425, 689 Natural History, 47 Nikiu, 163, 166 nti'urah, 667 Nile River: 4, 10, 14, 32, 58, 165, 215, Navarino, 725, 734 453, 489,624, 626, 652, 654, 672, 681, Navarre, 521,523,524,527,534,539,549 683, 6¢,)704; valley, 159, 16o. 166, Nawaji, al-, 337 627, 705, 722, 736, 745; overflow of, nawbakht, 307 n. 3 628; cataract of, 7 I 3 Nawfal, ibn-, see Waraqah Nile-Red Sea canal, 59 nay, 273 Nilometer, 375, 417, 453 Naysabiir: 210, 330, 376, 377, 395, 403, Nineveh, 38, 39, 157, 293 412, 461, 474, 477 n. 4J highway Niqfiir, 300 n. 2 through, 323; turquoise of, 348 Niqiyah, 475- See also Nicrea Nazarenes, 357 n. 7 nir, 107 n. 2 Nazareth, 487, 656, 729 Niriin, al-, 210 na#r, 573 Nirvana, 435 Na~:j:lim, al-, 430 Nishiipiir, 210. See also Naysil.bii.r Near East, 12, 74, 143, 226, 235, 307, Nisibis, see N~ibin 659, 736, 749 Ni?:iim-al-Mulk, 410, 447, 477-8, 66o Near Eastern, 749 Ni~amiyah, 410-11, 412, 431, 432, 478, Nearchus, 49 530,659 Nebuchadnezzar, 357 n. 4, 737 Nizari, 32 Negrana, 46 Nizarites, 28o Negus, 62, 114, 121, 271 Nizzib, 734 Nehemiah, 41 Noah, 9, 125, 443 Neo-Babylonians, 39, 379 Nordic, 526 Neo-Isma'ilites, 446 Norman: king of Sicily, 322, 569; period Neo-Moslems, 219, 232, 241, 289, 484, in Sicily, 593; conquest of Sicily, 6o6, 510, 512 6o7; patron of al-ldrisi, 6og; kings of Neo- Platonic: 3o6, 315, 368, 370; Sicily, 613; 643; castles, 661 sources, 401; philosophy of ibn- Norman England, 590 INDEX Nonnandy,66S,667 Nu~ayris, 249, 448-9 Normans: of France, S2I n. 2; of Sicily, Nu~yriyah, al-, 633 6o6,6o7,622;636 Nuwas, abu-, 303, 337, 341, 406, 438 North Africa: 143, IS9, I6o, 170 n. I, Nuwas, dhu-, 61, 62, 107 193. 194. 200, 2S9. 200, 262, 26S, 289, Nuwayri, a!-, Al}mad, 334, 689 29I,4SI,46o,469,473.493. S03, sos, Nuzhat a/-Mushttiq, 6og sso, 561, s68, 574, s7s. oo2, oos, 617, 619, 662, 672, 710, 717, 7S2; conquest 'Obidath, 68 of, 388 Obodas III, see 'Obidath North African: coast, 214, 233; type of Occident, 659, 667 minaret, 613; block, 738 Occidental, 309, 392, 551, 648 North Afrirans, 214, 36o Odaynath, 7S North Arabia: IS, 38, 39, 42, 43, ss, 61, Odenathus, 75 6s, 93, IOI, 107, 134; population of, 87 Odyssey, the, 93 North Arabian: tribes, 27, 28, 280; Oghuz, 473 tribal deity, 40; states, 67; people, 88 Ohsson, d', 186 North Arabians, 30, 32, 43, 76, 85, 88, Olban, 494 n. I 28o, 328, S02, 6o6 Old Cairo, 165, 26o, 264 n. S North Arabic: language, 52, 105; tongue, Old Damascus, I so 70; script, 82 Old English, 43 North Lebanon, 747 Old French, S64 North· Eastern Africa, 36o Old Man of the Mountain, the, 339, 646 Northern Africa, 22, 316, 359, 398 Old Testament: 9, 10, 26, 32, 39, 40, 42, Northern Arabs, 273 43, 113, 128, 138, 145, 161 n. S1 23S> Northmen (Norsemen), s:n n. 2 313; characters, I2S; days, 134 Niibah, al·, 168 Omanitae, 44 Niibah, al-, 724. See also Sudan On, On, see Heliopolis Nubatah, ibn-, 458 Ophir, 41 Nubia: 34, 261, 363, 646, 675; Christian Oppas, 494. 499 kingdom of, 168 Optica, 612 Nubian: 356, 43Si kingdom, 36o Optics, 370 Nufiid, al-, IS, 20, 23, 37,40 Order of Preachers, s88 Nul:t, I2S. See also Noah Ordoiio II, of Leon, 523 Niil:t II, Samiinid, 462 Ordoiio the Wicked, 530 Nujum a/-Ztihirah, a/-, 688 Organon, 3IS [676, 6go Nu'man, al-, I, Lakhmid. 82 Orient, 75, 231, 293, 302, 6S9. 663, 667, Nu'man, al-, III, Lakhmid, 84 Oriental: romance, 304; 309, 310, 420; N u'man ibn-al-Mundhir, al-, Ghassanid, folk-tales, 404; studies, s88, 663, 743i 8o silk, S92; workmen, S93i music, S98; Numayr, ibn-, see l;l~ayn iLn-Numayr, craftsmen, 613; fabrics, 613; artisans, al- 614; houses, 644; legend, 648; tales, Numidia, szs, 710 663; products, 668 Nurnidians, S09 Oriental Christians, I 28 Niin, banu-dhu-al-, SI8, 537. s66 Oriental Greek Church, 246 Niin al-Mi~ri, dhu-al-, 435 Orontes River, 448, 638 Niir-al-Din ibn-Zangi, 48o, 643, 645-6, Orthodox dynasty, 288 652, 6S9 Osler, Dr., 368 Niir-al-Din 'Ali, Mamliik, 673 Osmanli, 716 Nur a/-' Uyiin, 686 Ostia, 6o4 Niiri hospital, 6S9, 661, 678 Otto the Great, SQO Nurid: models of architecture, 6g1; age, Ottoman: caliphate, 139, 317, 463; 701 sultans, 186 n. 2; period, 233; 331, 398, Niirids, 659-60 399, 6S4. 677, 693; conquest, 6s6, 703; Nuriyah, al-, 66o army cmshed by Timiir, 701; pro· Nu~ayr, ibn-, see Miisa blem, 702; victory, 704; capital, 705; 1\u~ayr, ibn·, Mul}ammad, 448 age, 749 INDEX Ottoman Turkey, 710 Peace Conference, 751 Ottoman Turks, 184, 199, 475, 478-9, Peking, 487 n. 4 489, 671, 702, 745 . Pelayo, 551 Ottomans, 320, 697, 715 Pella, 150. See also Fil.U Ovid, 250 Pelusium, 161 Oxford, 501, 526, 577, 612 Pentapolis, 168 Oxus River, 157, 175, 194, 209, 210 Pentateuch, 12 5 n. 3, 330, 379 n. 2, 463, 476 Pepin of Heristal, 500 Ozene, see Ujjayini Perfectus, 516 Pergamum, 212 Pahlawi, 155 n. 2, 217,246,308, 309n. 2, Periplus, 49, so, 55, 56, 58 373. 389 Persepolis, 157, 385 Pakistan, 136, 212 Persia: 14, 40, 43, 6o, 62, 66, 84, 85, l14, Palace of Eternity, 416 142, 143, 145, 157, 174, 190, 197, zo6 Palatine Chapel, 613 seq., 241,249, 254seq., 308·9, 318,328, Palermo, 387, 603-7, 6og, 612,613 340, 344, 345, 346 seq., 422, 423, 441, Palestine: 6, 9, II, 22, 40, 43, 61, 104, 148, 447, 448 seq., 482, 487, 578, 633, 647, 150, 154, r6o, 169, 220, 233, 281' 284, 656,667,676,678, 6go, 691, 699, 703, 285,316,330,357.398,400,412,456, 728; Zoroastrian, 66, 1o6; art of, 1o6; 46o,soz,sos,so6,6zr,635,639,645-6, books of, 126; conquest of, 158; 656, 661, 67o, 674, 747, 749; taxes of, heathen, 204; postal relays of, 323; 321 n. r; population of, 728; dictators Mongol kingdom of, 488; Il-Khanid in, 731 rule in, 488 Palestinians: modern, 114 n. 4; 669 Persian: records, 21; empire, 39, 61, 142; Palgrave, 7 sovereign,66; satrapy, 66; borderland, Palm Sunday, 342 So; priests, 83; kings, 84; governors, Palmer, translation of Koran, 126 n. 1 84; provinces, 86; cultural influences, Palmyra, 29, 59, 6o, 74-8, 8o, 84, 97, 1o6; ideas, 1o6; border, 1o6, 148; 227, 256, 375. 741 centres, 107; 126, 224, 233, 237, 238, Palmyrena, 38, 42, 78, 195 240, 244, 250, 252, 269 seq., 308-9, Pa lmyrene: chief, 7 5; civilization, 76; 3II, 312, 315, 317, 327, 328, 330, 332 language, 78; script, 357 seq., 376, 405, 410, 414, 435 seq., 514, Palmyrenes, 32, 75·6, 84, 87, 88 s86, 689; civilization, 146; capital, Pampeluna, 523 156; highlands, 157. 446; invasion of Pan·Arab, 755 Egypt, 161; domains, 170; rule, 171; Pan-Islam, 753 system, 172; romances, 251; medicine, Panchatantra, 3o8 254; influence on Shi'ah, 248; crafts• Panjab, 32, 212, 224, 464 men, 265; postal system, 323; mari• Paradise, 103, 106, 113, 126, 144, 155, time communications, 343; medical 293. 318, 352, 452 authorities, 365; calendar, 377, 477; Paris, 448,501, 526,6oo, 724,754 bards, 4o6; architecture, 419; dualism, Pars, 157 430; poets, 436-7; literature, 463; Parsa, 157 n. 2 grammar, 561; Sufi circles, 387; Parsis, 359 carpets, 592; sources of music, 599; Parthenon, 21 culture in Egypt, 625; administration Parthia, 44, 72, 74 in Egypt, 627; wars, 635; scholars, Parthian: empire, 58; conquest, 74: 683; language, 715 state, 7 s; elements, 76 Persian Arabia, 81, 1o6 Parthians, 7 5 Persian Gulf, 7, 14, 17, 22, 37, 49, 157, Pascal, 432 2o8, 383, 445, 669, 711, 737. 739·41. Paterna, 528 Persian 'Iraq, 330 n. 2, 481 [749 Paul, 43, 68, 150 Persian Moslems, 283, 444 Paul of Aegina, 311 Persian, non·, 210 n. 3 Pauperes Commilitones Christi, 644 n. 3 Persian, pro·, 66 Pax Islamica, 121 Persians, 136, 147, 148, 155. 157 n. 2, Payne, John, 405 158, 174. 219, 22~, 232, 240, 287, 359 INDEX sos n. 3. 401, 402, 422, 463, 470, 488, s68, Poor Knights of Christ, 644 n. 3 715 Porphyry, 315 Persis, 157 n. 2 Portugal, 518, 549, 562, 592, 599, 6o1 Peshawar, 464 Portuguese: 728, 737i navigator, 696; Peter, apostle, 247, 443 ships, 697; influence, 739 Peter I, king of Aragon, 543 Pripet, 384 Peter the Cruel, 595 Problematc, 427 Peter the Venerable. 126 n. 1, 588, 589 Prophet, the: 18, 19, 32, 99, 104, 112-14, Petra: 7, 29, 44, 50, 55, 59, 6o, 67 · 74; 97, 117, 120, 139, 143, 177, 178, 179, 183, 98, 181, 256; ruins of, 72; heir of, 75 215, 225, 233. 236, 238, 242, 243. 248 Petrie, 33 n. 1, 249, 254, 258, 259, 271 seq., 394, Pharaohs: 8, 33, 16o; minister of, 125 397.398,399.401,420,433.439.471, Pharaonic: canal, 165; times, 174; 346; 474, 475, 481, sor, 516, 521, 535, sB6, days, 453, 691 688, 689; migration of, 89; muezzin Pharaonic Egypt, 422 of, 1o6; cousin of, 1o8, 140; leadership Pharos, the, 164, 262 of, 116; tribe of, 140; father-in-law of, Phemion, 61 140; authority of, 141; death of, 142, Pherkad, 572 154, 155; mosque of, 165, 167, 179; Phidias, 20 family of, 172; amanuensis of, 176; Philby, 7 illness of, 178; father of, 179; suc• Philip II, of Spain, 545, 556, 564 cessor of, 18o; mantle of, 186, 622; city Philip III, of Spain, 556, 565 of, 192; standard bearer of, 201; stories Philip the Arab, 29 about, 244. See also Mul;lammad Philip Augustus, 648 Prophetic: treasures, 186 n. 2; tradition, Philip of Tripoli, 663 338,352,364:393,396 Philippines, 555 n. 5 Protestant: hymnals, 246; Revolt, 432; Philo, 372, 58o missionaries, 747 Philosophy, 271 Protestant Church of Syria, 747 Phoenicia, 307 Proven9ll: poets, 562; singers, 6oo; in- Phoenician: 13; alphabet, 52; inscription, fluence over Italian poetry, 611; 643 70; coast, 71; glass, 346; towns, 423 Provence, 589 Phoenician-Carthaginian colonies, 711 Proverbs, Book of, 43 Phoenicians, 6, 9, 10, ll, 44, 49, 71, 175, Prussia, 479 214 Psalms, 747 Phoenix, 167, 200 Ptolemaic: sphere of influence, 68: Physics, 313 library, 166; system, 415 n. 7, 571; Pickthall, translation of Koran, 127 n. 1 days. 453· 691 Pirate Coast, 739 Ptolemies, 32, 59 Pirate states, 711 Ptolemy, geographer, 44, 48, 103, 104, Piri Re'is, 710 311, 314, 363, 373, 376, 384, 387, 571, Pisa, 379, 574, 613, 631, 636, 669 572, 581, 588, 589, 609, 612, 629, 683 Pisan, 663 Ptolemy II, 59 Pisans, 640, 653 Punic: 214; civilization, 551 Pison, 209 n. 4 Punt, 34 Planispllaerium, 589 Pyrenees,2o6,499,soo,s07.S2I,524,S89 Plato, 311,313,316,370,371,401, 58o Pythagoras, 427 Plato of Tivoli, Sii Pythagorean: 372, 442; theory of music, Platonic philosophy, 58o sQ8 Platonism, 316, 371 Pleiades, palace of, 417 [391 qabd'il, 361 Pliny, 45, 4i, 48, 55, 56, 59, 72, 132, 383, qabilah, 26 Pococke, Edward, 5S2 Qabiis, abu-, see Nu min, al-,111, Lakh- Poe/irs, 315 mid Poetry, 271 Qa'dah, dhu-al-, 94, 102 Poitiers, 215. 500-501, 591 qadar. 24~ [4JO Politirs, 3i I Qadarite: school, 246; doctrine, 284; 393, 8o6 INDEX Qadarites, 245 qaskani: 346; tile, 423 qadda/1,443 Qashmir, see Kashmir qa¢i, I73. 225, 3I7, 326, 527 Qasi, banu-, 518 Qa<;li al-Fa<;lil, al-, 652 (jQfidak, go, 93 qatji al-qu!fak, 326, 527 qQ!idaks, 250, 252 Qadir, al-, 'Abbasid, 440, 464, 473, 6I8 Qasim, al-, l;Iammiidid, 536 n. I Qadirite, 436 Qasim, of al-Yaman, 739 Qadisha River, 64I, 678 Qiisim al-'Iraqi, abu-al-, 38I Qadisiyah, al- (near al-l;lirah), I 55. I57 Qasim Amin, 7 54 Qadisiyah, al- (near Samarrah), 349 Qasim Uniijiir, abu-al-, 457 n. I Qadmiis, al-, 448, 657 qQ!r, I07 n. 2 qajQ!, 70I Qa$r al-Ablaq, al-, 68o Qiihir, al-, 'Abbiisid, 358, 469-70, 473 Q~r al-'Abbasi, al-, 411 Qahirah, al-, see Cairo Qa~r al-Khuld, 293, 416 Qal:ttan, 32, 28o Qasri,al·, Khiilid ibn-'Abdullah,223,234 Qal:ttiini, 93 Qastal, 269 qa'id, 328 qafa, al-, 20, 340 q4'im a/-saman, 441 Qatablln, 42, 52, 55 Qa'im, al-, 'Abbasid, 473, 474-5,479 n. Qatabanian inscriptions, SS 3, 481 n. 2, 622 Qatabanians, 6o Qa'im, al-, Fa~mid, 6I9, 623 Qatabanites, 44 Qa'it-bay, Mamluk, 69I, 694, 695. 702, Qata'i', al-, 453 703 Qatar, 14, 17, 739, 740 qalanis, 294 Qatari ibn-al-Fuja'ah, 2o8 Qalamiin, a!-, 755 Qatr-al-Nada, 454-5 qalansuwak, 334 qawm, 26 Qal'at Ayyiib, see Calatayud qawwalun, 562 Qal'at al-Jabal, 652 n. I qaynah, 426 Qal'at ibn-Saliimah, 567 Qayrawan, al-, 170 n. I, 213, 224, 26I, Qal'at Tarabulus, 64I n. 4 29I, 36I, 45I, 502 seq., s66, 578, 6o2 Qalawiin, Mamliik, 657-8,672,673,675, 6os, 618, 619 677-9, 682, 685, 686, 69I Qayrawan Mosque, 267 Qiili, al-, abu-'Ali, 53I, 557 Qays, I92 n. 3, 280-81 Qalis, al-. 62 Qays, ibn-, 250 Qalqashandi, al-, 627, 689 Qayrar, 271 Qamus, at-, 742-3 Qay~ar ibn-Musafir, 668 qanak, 35I n. 4 Qaysariyah, see Cresarea qandak, 35I n. 4 Qaysi, party, I92 n. 3 Qandahar, 292 Qaysites, 280-81, 284 Qan~awh al-Ghawri, 69I, 694,697,703-4 Qazl;layya, 747 Qan~awh, al-Zahir, 694 n. 3 Qazwin, 395, 446 qanun,6oi Qazwini, al-, 97, 382, 562 Qanun,a~,367,427,579 Qedar, 38, 42 Qanun al-Mas'udi, a/- 377 Qedem, 43 Qaragoz, 691 qib/ak, 118, 259, 262, 417 Qaramanli: house, 711; dey, 7I2 Qifti, al-, 3I3, 3IS, 368, 558, 566, 584, 687 Qaraqorum, 487 n. 4 Qilij Arsliin, 476, 637 qarafis, 4I5 qindil, I07 n. 2 Qarmat, see l;lamdan Qinnasrin, 79, I 53, I 54, I 73, 286, 32 I Qarmapan sect, 444-5 n. I, 378 n. 3, 502, 505 Qarmapans, 158, 249, 445,449,485, 6I9 Qipchaq,676,677, 701 Qamaw, 55, 56 qirmisi, 668 Qarnayil, 734 Qiuat ai-Zir, go Qarqar, 37 qissis, 107 n. 2 Qartajannah, I68. See also Carthage qitar, 4Zi Qaryatayn, al-, 227 qilarah, 6oi qQfajak, 273, 276 qiyamak, a/-, IJO INDEX giyan, 237 Quzal;l, I34 giytis, 397 Quzman, ibn-, abu-Bakr, 561 Qizil-bii.sh, 449 Quadripartitum, 311 Rab' al-Khiili, al-, 7, 14, IS, 17 Qubii.dh, 8s rabtib, 426 qubbak, al-, S97 n. 2, 66o, 678 n. 3 rabaj, al-, SI 2 Qubbah al-Khagrii.', al-, 267, 293, 416 Rabbi! II, 68 Qubbat al-$akhrah, 220 Rabi'ah, 93, 28o, 502 n. I Qubiliiy, 487 n. 4 Rii.bi'ah al-'Adawiyah, 439 Qubrus, 167, I94 Rabi'ah, ibn-, see Kulayb Qugii.'i, al-, ibn-Salii.mah, 627 Rabi'ah, ibn-abi-, 'U mar, 235,250-51, 27 5 Qudamah, 320, 32I, 38S Rachel, 40 Qudayd, 99 Ra<;l.i, al-, 'Abbii.sid, 424,456,469-70,473 Queen of Sheba, 42 Rii.fi' ibn-'Umayr, 149 gufftin, 334, 626 rakbtinfyak, 433 Quhistan, 31S n. 2, 330 Ral,lim, al-, ai-Malik, 473 Qujuq, Mamluk, 673 rakj al-gktir, 579 n. 7 Qulays, al-, see Qalis, al· Ra!zmak, al-, 380 Qulban Qarii.qir, I49 Ra/zmtin, al-, 105 Qulzum, al·, 16S Rajab, 102 Qumis, 330 raj'ak, 443 Qunduhar, al-, see Qandahii.r rajaz, 92 Quniyah, 437, 476, 637, 733· See also Ramagan, II2, II6, u8, 132-4, 295, 516 Konieh Ramiro II, of Leon, 524 Qur'an, 127. See also Koran rtimiyak, 327 Quraqir, 149 Ramlah, al-, ISO n. 2, 169, 220, 639 Quraysh: 32, 84, 89, 99, roo, 101, I04, Ramma}.l, al-, I;Iasan, 665 111, Il3, II6; II8, 128, 133, 184 n. 2 1 Raphael, 604 !89, 247. 283, 398, 399. S07, s6o; Raqim, al-, 67 pagan, I o6; branch of, I I3; aristo• raqiq, al-, 274 cracy of, 140 Raqqadah, 618 Qurayshite, I 12, r6o, 2SO, 42S, 177 Raqqah, al-, r8o, 220, 292, 300, 325, Quray?Oah, banu-, 104, II7 340, 376, 417 Qurhub, ibn-, A):unad, 6os Ra's al-Shamrah tablets, 70 qurra', 2S3 Rasti'il Ikkwtin al-$aja', 373 Qurrah, abu-, 347 ra,d, 373 Qurrah, ibn-, see Thabit Rashid, al-, see Hariin Qurtubah, 184. See also Cordova Rashid, ibn-, 741 Quriin I;Iamah, 646 Rashid-al-Din, historian, 488 Qu~ayr, al-, 32 Rashid-al-Din Sinan, 373, 448, 646-7 Qu~ayr 'Amrah, 269,271, 420, S97 Rashid Riga, Mu}.lammad, 755 Qu~ayy, III rd.skidu,., al-, 140, 183. See also Ortho- Qushayri, al-, Sufi, 434 dox dynasty Qushayri, al-, Balj ibn-Bishr, 502 Rii.sibi, al-, 'Abdullah ibn-Wahb, 182 Qusta ibn-Liiqa, 315 rasul, u3, 129, xSs Qustantin, 164. See also Constans II Rawand, 290 n. 5 Qutami, al-, 25 Rawandi, al-, 373 Qutaybah, ibn-, histc-rian, 78, 389, 402 Rawandiyah, 290 Qutaybah ibn-Muslim, 209-10, 212, 235, Rawgah, al-, 161, 163, 453, 47:1 281, 298, 332 ra'y, 397 Qutb-ai-Din, see Sab'in, ibn• rayahs, 727 Qu!bs, 435 Raydiin, 55, 6o (..!iiTiyah, ibn-al-, 518, 531, 565 rayfzd.n, 350 Qutlumish, ibn-, Sulayman. 475, 476, Rayl,tani, al-, 423 637 Raymond I, archbishop, 588, 589 qu/11, a/-, 528 n. II Raymond II, 646 Qutuz, Mamluk, 487, 6ss. o7J, 674 8o8 INDEX Raymond III, 645 Roger II: fleet of, 6o9 Raymond Lull, see LuD Roger Bacon, see Bacon Raymond of Marseille, 571, 589 Roland, 507 Raymond of Saint-Gilles, see Raymond Roman: 4, 45, 47, 214, 220, 222, 26o, of Toulouse 269,300,391,400,497.503,594,667, Raymond of Toulouse, 637, 638, 639,641 669, 691; empire, 58, 61, 74, 76, 142; Raynah, al-, 670 citizens, 59; shipping, 6o, 65; rule, 65; Rayy, al-: highway through, 323; 325, expedition, 68; state, 75; garrisons, 330,365,376,377.413,446,462,464, 76; provinces, 154; money, 217; law, 474, 476, 477 n. 4 242; culture, 51 S; origin of numerals. Razi, al-, 865-7, 361!, 38o, 428, 462, 578, 5i4 579, 585, 612,686 Roman Africa, 214 n. 1 Recared, 498 Roman-Byzantine, 328, 400 Red Sea, 14, 18, 32, 34, 46, 50, 58, 6o, Roman Catholic Church, 247 62, 65, 100, 103. 105, 134, 165, 620, Roman Catholic West, 438 654. 697. 740, 741 Roman Empire, 484 Rejutatio A/corani, 126 n, 1 Romance: languages, 13, 127; patois, Reginald of Chatillon, 647 543; tongue, 551; dialect, 555 Reginald of Sidon, 648 n. 2 Romans: 6, 39, 44, 46, 48, 68, 72, 75, Regio, 517, 520 104, 143. 158. 174. 204, 212, 214, 299, Renaissance, 307, 613 301,310,325,355-396,475.497.518, Renaud, 670 663, 770; territory of, 199, 202 Republic, 313, 371 Romanus Diogenes, 475 Resurrection, 130 Rome: 4, 29, 46, 59, 68, 76, 214, 215, Rhazes, see R9.2i, al· 451,467, 534· 542,563,595.599,004, Rhetoric, 315 6o6, 636, 702, 743; empire of, 74; RHM, of inscriptions, 105 vassals of, 7 5 Rhodes, 167, 202, 699, 712 Ross, Alexander, 126 n. 1 riM/, 438, 541 Round City, the, 292, 302, 304 Ribiit al-Fati), 548 Rubd'iydt, 377 n. 5, 459 n. 4 Ribera, 544, 599, 6oo Rudis, 202 Richard I Creur de Lion, 648, 650-51, Ruha', a!-, 148, 635, 636, 637, 640, 641, 654.699 643, 644-5. See also Edessa Ric;la, al-, 'Ali, 318. See also 'Ali Rujlir, 6o9 Riddah: 140, 142; wars, 147; veterans, Rukn-al-Dawlah, Buwayhid, 250 n. 3, 148 376 Ric;lwiin ibn-Tutush, 447, 635, 638 Riiin, a!-, 633, 637 Rifa'i, al-, Ai;lmad, 437 Riim, king of the, 201 Rifa'ite order, 437 Riim Saljiiqs, 475, 478 Rif'at, Ibrahim, I 34 Riimi, a!-, Persian poet, 436, 437 Rihani, Ameen, 7, 739 rummdn, 528 n. 8 Ri{tlah, of ibn-Jubayr, 569 Ruqayyah, daughter of Mui)ammad, Risdlah fi Ard', 371 184 n. 2 Risdlat FutUi al-.(fikam, 371 Ruqqiid vallE-y, 152 Risdlat al-Ghufrdn, 459 Ru~iifah, a!-, palace, 293, 416 Risdlat al-Siydsah, 409 Ru~afah, a!-, town, 220, 256. 286 rismalt, 564 Rushd, ibn-, 428, 576, 57i, 578, 581, Robert of Chester, 573, 588 582 4, 585, 588, 599. 612 Robinson, Edward, 747 Russia, 138, 305,383,384, 387,479,569, Robinson Crusoe, 582 717, 720, 749 Roderick: 271, 494, 503; widow of, 503 Russian: 4; empire, 2o6; warships, 721 Rodwell, translation of Koran, 126 n. 1 Russo-Turkish treaty, 705 Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, see Cid, the Rustah, ibn-, 84, 385 Rooiger, Emil, 5.1 Rustam, 144, 155 Roger I, 6o6, 607, 6o8 Rutbil, see Zunbil Roger II: 322, 569, 607 9, 612 Rutter, Eldon, 7, 119 INDEX Ruwalah: tribe, 22, 136n.r; Bedouins,97 $afawids, 441, 702 Ruzzik, ibn-, al-$alil;l, 630 Saffa):l, a!-, 288-90, 297, 317 Ryckmans, G., 54 $affar, a!-, Ya'qiib ibn-ai-Layth, 461-2 $affarid, dynasty, 461-2, 465 Saadia Gaon, see Fayyiimi, al• $atfarids, 461-2 Sab' Biyar, 149 $afi-ai-Din, Shaykh, 703 Saba, 54 [357 n. 6 tafifzah, 572 Saba': 38, 42, 52, 54, 55, 67; king of, 6o, $aghani, al-, Al;lmad1 376 taba, a/-, 17 tafztibalz, a/-, 140 Saba', ibn-,' Abdullah, 248 Sahara, 14, 281, 541, 718 Sabaean: tongue, 30; chief, 38; posts, 42; Saharan hordes, 540 metropolis, 46; capital, so; colonies, ttifzib, 224 so; inscriptions, 51, roo, 105; king• $a):lib, a!-, see ibn-'Abbad dom, 52, 54, 55 tti!zib al-barid, 322, 323, 325 Sabaeans, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49-66 tti!t ib al-khartij, 22 5 Sabaei, 44, 48 tti(zib a/-ma,a/im, 527 Sabaeo-I;Iimyarite: community, 57; tti(lib al·shurfah, 322, 527 period, 85; leadership, 105 ttifzib ai-Zanj, 467 $abbal;l, ibn-a!-, al-I;Iasan, 446 ta!zifz, 394 $abbal;l al-Yal;l~ubi, abu-al-, 5o6, 507 Sa/zi!z, a/-, of Muslim, 395 Sabbath, 118 Safzi/, al-, 44 Stibt, 357 n. 6 Sahl, ibn-, ai-I;Iasan, 302 $abi', a!-, abu-lsl;laq ibn-HiHi.l, 358 Sahl, ibn-, Ibrahim, 561 Sab£' ah, 309, 357 n. {) tafzn, 661 $abian, 376, 380 n. 3, 434 Sahure, 34 $abians, 170 n. 3, 233, 309, 314, 353, $a'id ai-Andalusi, 526, 566 357-8 $a'id, ibn-, 'Abdiin, 355 $abians, pseudo-, 314 n. 2 Sa'id, ibn-, Mundhir, 531 sabil, 265, 681 Sa'id, khedive, 726 n. I, 746 Sab'in, ibn-, 574, 587, 599, 610 Sa'id-al-Dawlah, I;lamdanid, 457 Sab'iyah, 442-3 Sa'id al-I;Iasan, abu-, see Janriabi, ai• Sabota, 55 Sa'id ibn-I;Iusayn, 617. See also 'Ubay• tabr, 24, 253 dullah ai-Mahdi Sabtah, see Ceuta tli'tfah, 203 Sabiir, province, 351 St. Augustine, 214, 432 n. I, 452 Sabiir ibn-Ardashir, 472 St. Cyprian, 214 Sachalitae, 44 n. 1 St. Francis of Assisi, 654 Sa'd, ibn-, secretary of al-Waqidi, 388, Saint-Gilles, 670 390 St. Jago de Compostela, 533 Sa'd ai-Musta'in, Na~rid, 553 St. John, the Baptist, 265 Sa'd-al-Dawlah abu-al-Ma'ali, I;lam• St. John the· Damascene, see John of danid, 457 n. 3, 46o Damascus Sa'd ibn-abi-Waqqa~, I55·7, 159, 168 St. Louis, 339· See also Louis IX n. r, 178, 190. 344 St. Mark, 163 tadaqah, 107 n. 2, 132 St. Martin, 500 Sadd Ma'rib, 54 St. Paul, 637. See also Pau Sa'di, Persian poet, 436 St. Saba monastery, 246 $adiq, a!-, Ja'far, 255, 380, 441-2 St. Sergius, 256 Sadir, a!-, 82 St. Simeon Stylites, 82 $afa, a!-: region, 71; graffiti, 71; inscrip• St. Sophia, 147, 204 tions, 101; mound, 133 saj', 92 $afad: 648,653,656; district, 731; Moslem Sajal;l, 141 of, 746 $akhr, 274 $afaitic script, 72 Saladin, see $alal;l-ai-Din $afav.;d: dynasty, 422, 703; kingdom, talah, 131, 132 737 $alal;l-ai-Din, 265, 411, 412, 427, 439, Sro INDEX 480,481,548,584,610,622,624,625, Samaria, 37 629, 636, 644, 645-53, 6ss. 656, 659, Samarqand: 6o, 209, 330, 344, 350, 376, 66o, 661, 664, 676, 686, 688, 699. 395,414,462,48I,483,70I,702;high· 704 way through, 323; silk route through, $alal;l-al-Din ibn-Yiisuf, oculist, 686 343; paper of, 347 Salal;liyah, al-, 661 Siimarra, 262, 328, 347, 417, 419, 420, Salam, ibn-, Al;lmad ibn-'Abdullah, 354 423, 441, 454. 466-8, 483 Salamish, Mamliik, 673, 677 Samawah, a!-, 15 Salamyah, 444, 445, 617 Samaw'al, al-, 107 Sale, translation of Koran, 126 n. 1 samfz, 19 Salerno, 577, 579 Saml;l ibn-Malik al-Khawlani, al-, sell Sall;l, 6o Khawlani, al· Salibi, 670 ,amit, 443 Salil;l,78 $amit, ibn-la-, see 'Ubadah Siilil;l I;Iajji, al-, Mamliik, 673, 678, 682 Samosata, 200 Salil;l Isma'il, a!-, of Damascus, 655 $am~am-al-Dawlah, Buwayhid, 473 $alil;l Man~iir, abu-, Samanid, 462 Samsi, 37 $alii) Mul;lammad, al-, Mamliik, 694 n. 3 samt, al-, 573 Salil;l Najm-al-Din, al-, Ayyiibid, 575, samum, 17 654-5, 671, 672, 673. 675. 677 San Esteban, 523 Salil;l ibn-al-Na~ir, a!-, Mamliik, 673 San'a', 18, so, 54-7, 60-62, 64, 244, 348, Salil;l ibn-Ruzzik, a!-, see Ruzzik, ibn• 386, 617' 739 Swim, ben-, see Faraj sana, al-, 19 Salim I, Ottoman, 186 n. 2, 489, 671, ~anam,100 677, 693, 703-5, 712 n. 3, 719, 726, sanat al-fzarakah, 735 729, 737 sanat al-wufud, 119 Salim II, 712 n. 3 Sancho the Fat, of Leon, 524 Salim III, 713 n. I, 733, 741 Sancho the Great, of Navarre, 523, Saljiiq, 473-4 524, 534 Saljiiq: dynasty, 330, 377, 410, 4I2, 43I, Sanchuelo, 534 473-80; period, 424; rulers, 465; $anhajah, 541 princes, 48 I; empire, 62 5; rulers of $anjil, see Raymond of Toulouse Syrian towns, 633; bands, 633; sultan Sanskrit, 3o6, 308, 339, 3i6 of Qiiniyah, 637; dynasty of al-Riim, Santa Rufina, 503 637; amir of Antioch, 638; kingdom Santa Sophia, 715 absorbed by Ottomans, 702 Santiago de Compostela, see St. Jago Saljiiq Turkomans, 621 Saniisi: movement, 136; brotherhood, Saljiiq Turks, 199, 633 437; uprisings, 718 Saljiiqs: 329, 341, 488, 635, 636; of Saniisi, al-, 437 Persian 'Iraq, 481; of Persia, 481; of Saphadin, see 'Adil, al-, Ayyubid al-'Iraq and Kurdistan, 481; of Cen• Saphar, 56 tral Asia, 633; of Syria, 633; of Riim, Saqiilibah, 235· See also Slavs 715 siiqiyah, ol-, 528 n, 4 Sallam, ibn-, abu-'Ubayd al·Qiisim, taqlabfyah, 332 347 Sarabi~ al-Khadim, 70 Sallamah, 227, 275, 278, 338 Saracen, 43, 246, 652 n. 7, 668 Sallar, ibn-a!-, 'Abbas, 623 Saraceni, 44 $aim of Hajam, 40 Saracenic art, 259 Salman the Persian, 106, 117 Saracens, 44, 112, 3~9, 344, 6oS $alt, ibn-abi-al-, see Umayyah Saragossa, 496, 499, 507, 518, 537, 540, Saliiq, 228 544. 581 saluqi, 20, 228 Sarah, 349 sama', al-, 428 Sarah, a!-, 14 Saman, 462 Sarah, granddaughter of Witiza, 518 Samani, a!-, Man~iir ibn-Isl;laq, 366 Saraqusah, see Syracuse Siimanid: 367, 385, 465; ruler 452 sartiwil, 334 Samiinids, 350, 462-3, 464, 470, 474 Sardinia, 451, 6o2, 618 INDEX 8JJ Sardis, 212 Sela', 67 Sargon I, 36 Seleucia, 156 n. I Sargon II, 30, 37~9, 52, 55 Seleucia-Ctesiphon, 66 Sari), ibn-abi-, 'Abdullah ibn-Sa'd, Seleucid, 68 166-8, 200 Semite, 8, 9, 12, 33, 410 sarir al-mu!k, 198 Semites: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, go, 100, Sarjun, ibn-, Man~iir, 195, 246 128, ISS, 214; of Palestine, 143; of Sarjiin ibn-Man~iir, 195 n. 4 Syria, 143 Sarraj, banu-, 554 Semitic: family, 3; life, 4; group, 8; Sarton, G., 392 tongue, 8, 12, 30, 361; religion, 8, 26; Sariij, 61 features, 8; family, 8; migration, IO, Sasiinid: workmanship, 57; court, 66; 11, 145; movements, I2; archetype, dynasty, 81; 157 n. 2, 419; suzerain, 13; peoples, I 3; civilization, I 3, 17 4, 83; power, I42; army, 155: influence, 339. 551; history, 36; world, 42; 173; 260, 271, 292, 293, 29-t. 308, writings, so; forms, 52; genius, 57; 309 n. I, 37 3; kings, 470; models in script, 71; belief, 97; population, 105, Fatimid art, 631 153, 157; proverbs, 126; institution, SJ.,anids, 7 5, 142 I34i origin of Mal)mil, I36 n. 1; Saturn, 415 origin of "cane", 351 n. 4i 379, 382 Saul, 125 Semitic Arabians, 308 Savoie, 670 Semitic Arabs, 214, 235 Sawad, al-, 155 n. 2, 321, 330, 349, 350 Semitic 'Iraqis, 155 $awari, dh:it-al-, 200 St;mitic Islam, 212 $awari. dhu-al-, 167, 200 Semitic, non-, people, IO, 199 $awiiya, 670 Semito-Hamitic: 12; home, 13 raw!ajan, 339 Senegal, 134, 540, 541 {awm, 133 Sennacherib, 38-9, 4I, 52 $awt, a!,, 427 Senusert I, 34 Saxony, 527 Sephar, 56 sa'y, 133 Septimania, 499 Sayf ibn-dhi-Yazan, 65, 66 Septirnius, 7 5 Sayf-al-Dawlah al-l:famdani, 371, 404, Septuagint, 3I3, 354 456, 457-8, 459, 460 Sera pion, ibn-, 349 n. 5 Sayf·al·Din, 652 n. 8. See also 'Adil, Serapis, temple of, 163 al-, Ayyubid Sergius, 148, 153 $ayfi, ibn·, Aktam, 250 Servetus, 685 Sayl)iin, 209 n. 4 Sesostris, 34, 59 Sayyar, ibn-, Na~r, 284 Seve, French colonel, 724 sayyid, 190, 440 n. 8, 464 Seven Golden Odes, 94 Sayyid Ghazi al-Battal, see Battal, al·, Seven !\Iu'allaqat, 93 'Abdullah Seven Pillars of Wisdom, 7 Scandinavia, 305 Seveners, 442-3 Scandinavian pirates, 521 n. I Sevillan: poets, 54I; convert, 561 Scenitae, 44 Seville, 494. 502, 503, so6, 516, SIS, Scot, Michael, 578, 588, 61 I 520, 521 n. 2, 529, 535, 537-8, 541, Scott, Walter, 652 n. 7 548, sso, 551, 557. 55~. 559, 560, 563, Scotus, Duns, see Duns Scotus 567, 570, 57I, 577, 582, 585, 591, 595, Scripturaries, 130, I68, 233, 353, 358 598, 599 - Scriptures, 387 Sha'bi, al-, 'Amir ibn-Shara)Jil, 242 Scutari, 204,. 299 Shabshir, 163 Sea of Darkness, 383 Shabwah, 55 Sea of Marmora, 202, 212, 636 Shadhili, al-, • Ali, 437 Sealand, 37 Shii -5hafi'ite school, 398 Shihii.bi amirs, 743 Shiihii.biid, 309 n. 1 Shihiibs, 731 snakadah, 130, 316 Shil;tr, al-. 36, 44 shakanskah, 472 Shi'i, al-, abu-'Abdulllh al-l;lusayn, Skak-naman, 465 617-19 [737 Shah-Rukh, 702 Shi'ism, I9I, I97, 249,422, 439-49,703, rnahid, 190 Shi'ite: sect, ISS; tradition, 182, 47I; Shahrastiini, al·, 139 caliphate, I84, 6I7; church, 19I; in• Shahrazad,292,404 :fluence, i98; 232, 296, 372, 377, 385, tlla'ir, 94 389, 440-49, 45I, 457, 464, 470, 473, Shajar-al-Durr, 135, 655, 611-2, 673 488, 502, 701; forces, 283; tendencies, Sha1maneser Ill, 37 422; dynasty, 450; revolt in Spain, Sha'm, al-, 44. See also Syria 507; notables, 618; doctrine, 628: Shammar Yar'ash, 6o heresy, 66o; shrines, 737; tenets, 739 Shammiisiyah, al-, 173, 41i Shi'ite Islam, 646 Shams, 5I, 55 Shi'ite Persia, 737 [625 Shanjiil, 'Abd-al-Ral,!man, 534 Shi'ite, ultra-. sects, 248, 249 n. 2, 499, Shiipiir, in Persia, 351 Shi'ites, I9I, 208, 243, 24.7-9, 282, 286, Shiiplir I, 75, 309 n. I 399. 400, 401, 402, 438. 440-49,.471 Shaqif, al-, 665 n. I, 485 Shaqif Amiin, 648, 656 Shilh, 562 Shara, dhu-, 72, 98-9 Shiriiz, 170 n. I, 325, 330. 346, 351,376, sharab, 335 n. 5, 579 413,470,411,472 Sharaf-al-Dawlah, Buwayhid, 376,472-3 si!zr fza/iil, 90 Siyiit, 303, 424, 425 Sihyawn, 648 Slav, 332 Sijilmii.sah, 617 Slavonic: slaves, 346; tribes, )25; body- Sijistan, :zo8, 224, 330, 350, 366, 385, guard, 532 386, 413, 461, 462, 465 Slavs, 235 n. 2, 341, 525, 534, 7 6 sijjil, 64, 1o6 n. 3 Smyrna, 701 sikbiij, 337 Snefru, 33 $ilah, al-, 566 Socotra, see Suqutra Silves, see Shilb Socrates, 401 Silvester II, 574 Sogdiana, 330, 332, 350. See a/sq !;lughd, Sim'iini, al-, Yiisuf Sim'an, 743 al- Simoom, 17 Solomon: 41-3, 74, 1o6, 125; Temple ot, Simplicia, 576 264; table of, 497 simsim, 665 n. 4 Solomon's Stables, 665 Sin, 6o Somaliland, 6, 34 Sina, ibn-, 316, 365, 367-8 370, 371,372, Sophronius, 154 409, 428, 462, 579, 582, 584-5, 588, South Arabia: 6, 17, 19, 34, 36, 42, 46, 6oo, 6II (37, 39 48, 52-4, 6o, 61, 66, 71, 72, 74, 93, Sinai: 29, 33, 40, 44, 52, 670; peninsula, 1o8, 192, 224, 244, 28o, 335 n. 6, 446: Sinaitic: peninsula, 10, II, 32, 36, 39, religion of, 6o; campaign against, 710 40, 7o; inscriptions, 40; characters, 52; South Arabian: 33, 99, 227, 244, 38o alphabet, 70, 71; writing, 71 D, 3l rulers, 38; literature, 50; writing, Sinan, architect, 714 51, 72; antiquity, 52; monarch, ss; Sinan, see Rashid-al-Din tribes, 56, 76, z8o; settlements, 56; Siniin, ibn-, Ibrahim, 392 traders, 59; prosperity, 6o; converts, Sinan bn-Thabit ibn-Qurrah, 314, 358, o2: origin, 65, 83; trade, 65; society 364-5 65; kingdoms, 66-7; inscriptions, 85; Sinan Pasha, 710, 711 colonists,88;cults,97 ;civilization, 105; Sinbadh, see Sunbad deities, 105; merchants, 132; art, 256 Sind, 210, 212, 224, 289, 464 South Arabians, 6, 8, 30-32, 46-8, 50, Sindb!id the Sailor, 305, 384 59. 66, 72, 87, 243, 273. 280, 328, 502 Sindhind, 307, 373, 378 ';outh Arabic: 13; inscriptions, 38, 43, Sindhu, 210 51, 64, 65, roo, 105; language, 52; #nj, 445 alphabet, 71 ; script, 72 #nj, 6or ::iouth Europe, 717 Sinjar, 375, 664 n. 4 South Kensington Museum, 693 Sinjil, 670 Southern Italy, 6o4, 613, 637 Siqilliyah, Siqilliyah, 167. See a/sq Southern Yaman, 740, 757 Sicily Soviet Russia, I 38 Sir Darya, 209 n. 4 Spain: 21, 142, 154, 193, 202, 2o6, 214, Sirii.f, 343, 345, 383 215, 235· 262, 265, 271, 281, 284, 286, sfrah, 65, 244, 690 289, 291, 2g8, 301, 307, 316, 344, 345, Siriij ai·Multik, 3o8 351,361,363,375,378,385,386,436, Sfrat bani-Hi/iii, 622 n. 450seq.,46g, 473,493 seq.,499-504seq., Sirat Rast2J Allah, 388 540·8o seq., s8g-6oo, 6o2-7 seq., 662, sirdtih, 441 n. 3 665, 688, 6go, 691; paper of, 347; sirr, 435 conquest of, 388; Christianizing of, Sirr al-Asriir, 610, 663 551; coasts of, 710, 712 Sirwal;l, 54 Spaniards: 510, 534, 555; Islarnized, 518 Sistan, 330 Spanish: 235, 26o, 351 n. 2, 387, 517, Sitt al·Muliik, 621 519, 528, 538, 544 seq., sso, ssr, 553. Siwii.s, 640 n. 4 556 seq., 57 I; conquest, soz; fleet, 521; Siyar Muluk ai-'Ajam, 389 products, 529; names, 543; language, Siyiisalz, 313 543, 597, 6oo; chivalry, 544; pirates, SzJ tisah (Siyasiit) al-Madaniyah,a/·,371 565; sciences, 565; astronomers, 572; Siyiisat-niimah, 477 savants, 578; monks, 589; vessels, 592; 814 INDEX minarets, 594; style of architecture, Suhrawardi, al-, 439, 586 597; musical art, 598; miniatures, 599; Sukaynah, daughter of al-I;Iusayn, jurisprudence, 6oo; element in Moslem 237-9, 251, 275-6 population of Sicily, 6o6; rule, 7II sukkar, 35I n. 4, 667 Spanish Arab family, 567, 568 Sulami, al-, Mu'ammar ibn-'Abbii.d, 430 Spanish Arab physicians, 576 Sulaym, banu-, 622 Spanish Arab workmen, 593 Sulaymiin, 106 Spanish Arabic: poetry, 56o, 56I; learn· Sulaymii.n (claimant), 709 n. I ing, 590 Sulaymlin, Umayyad, 203, 215, 220, Spanish Arabs, 566 22I, 228, 252, 279. 28I, 282, 286, 299. Spanish Islam, 558 497. 503 Spanish Jews, 543 Sulaymiin, U mayyad of Cordova, 534n 5 Spanish Moslem: 382, 509, 5I3, 562, Sulaymii.n II, 713 n. I. 597; rule, 517; convert, 557; school, Sulaymii.n Agha, 738 592; vocabulary, 593 Sulaymii.n al-Tii.jir, 343, 383 Spanish Umayyads, 222 Sulaymii.n Pasha, see Seve Spinoza, 585 Sulaymii.n the Magnificent, 265,489.705, Sprenger, 22 712, 713, 7I4, 717, 719, 726, 727, 728 Squieres Tale, 663 tul[zan, 17I Stagirite, the, 37I sultan, 464, 474 Stephen of Antioch, 663 Sultan Shii.h, Saljuq, 635 n. 1 Strabo, 21, 45-6, 48, 56, 58 Sumatra, 741 Strassburg, 15, 369 Sumaysii.t, 200 tu'tibat al-jarab, 578 Sumerian: I I, 479, 664 n. 3; language, I 2 Sub}.l, mother of Hishii.m II, 53 I Sumerians, IO, 36 $ub(l, ai-A'sha, 689 Sumero-Akkadian characters, 7I sub(l,ah, 438 Sumero-Babylonian inscriptions, 52 Sublime Porte, 710, 711, 720, 721, 722, sumut, al-, 573 724, 725, 729, 7JO, 731, 733, 741 Sunan, 395 Subuktigin, 464 Sunbii.d the Magian, 29I tudti', 579 Sun}.l, al-, I75 ::,udan, 1o8, 723, 724, 75i sunnah, 393 Sudanese: eunuchs. 342; geography Sunni, 122 n. I, 502, 6I8 387; battalions, 622 Sunnis, 242 Sudii.niyah, 627 Sunnite: theory, IS,<;; school, I85; 282, Suevi, 498 400,431. 439·4I, 451, 464·5, 473·4· 480 Suez, 165 n. 4 Sunnite ISlam, 398, 430, 6I7, 646, 65I Suez Canal, 33, 728, 750, 751 Sunnite Moslems, 625, 635 Suez, Isthmus of, 344 Sunnites, I9I, 208, 247. 248,40I,438,449 #if, 432 n. 6, 433 1unuj, 276 tuffah, 345 siiq, 94,305 ~ufi: 371, 401, 431-9, 447, 654; frater· Siiq 'Ukii?:, 52 nities, 247,428,433, 437; doctrine, 440 Suqutra, 740 !;iiifi, al-, 'Abd·al·Ra\unii.n, 376, 420 $ur, I94· See also Tyre Sufis, 242, 335 n. 6, 432-9 &Urah, I07 n. 3 Sufism, 3I6, 37I, 431-9, 449, 585, ~86, 1urah, I07 n. 2 742 $ural a/-Art;i, 384 ltifuf, 284 Surayj, ibn-, 273, 275, 276, 278 Sufyii.n, abu-, II3, u6, II7, I40, I89. Surra Man Ra'a, see Sii.marra I93 n. 1, Ig6 Sus, al-, 345, 4I2 Sufyii.ni, 286, 485 Susa, 423 Sufyii.nid, branch of Umayyad dynasty, Susiana, I57, 345 193 n. I sutay/lah, a/-, 597 n. 2 Sufyii.nids, 189 Su'ud, ibn·, 'Abd-al-'Aziz, 6, 24 n. I, $ughd, al-, 209, 210 n. 3, 235, 330 741 Suhriib, see Serapion. ibn· Su'iid, ibn-, Mu{lammad, 740, 741 INDEX 815 Su'udi Arabia, I4, 25,739, 74I, 756 Syrian Arabs, 79 Suwa, I49 Syrian Nestorians, JIO Suyfiti, a!-, Jaliil-al-Din, Io6 n. 2, 557 Syrian Protestant College, 747 6I8, 687, 688 Syrian Saljuq dynasty, 635 Sweden, 305, 7I2 Syrianized Arabians, 226 Swiss place-names, 6oS Syrianized Arabs, 106 Switzerland, 6o5 Syrians: I53, 174, I8o, I94, 210, 226, Syllaeus, 46 240, 284, 286, 309, 496, 502, 505, soo. Synod of Chalcedon, I 53 550, 669, 7I6; Christian, 715; out• Syracuse, 6o2, 6o3, 6o4, 6o6, 6o7 raged, 734; grievances, 752 Syria: 6, 9, II, I8-2o, 22, 32, 37, 44· Syro-Arab: phylarchate, So; tribes, 143 so, 57, ss, 6I, 65, 68, 7o, 75, 78-Bo Syro-Arabian desert, 66 8I, 82, 86, IOI, I06, 116, I20, I2J, I27. Syro-Arabs, I92, I94, 20I 135, 142, I43, 145-54 seq., 200, 203. Syro-Aramaean civilization, I46 205, 200 seq., 249 n. 2, 258, 26o, 262. Syro-Byzantine: influence, 84; culture, 265 seq., 328, 330, 340, 346 seq., 4o6. 88; 26o 4I2, 423, 432 seq., 487, 488, 496, 507. Syro-Egyptian: fleet, I67; school of soB, 565 seq., 633-5 seq., 658, 659, 66o Arab art, 26o; kingdom, 685, 696; seq., 696, 697, 701, 702, 704, 740,756 annals, 695 757; journey to, III; disorders in, I92 Syro-Egyptian Ayyubids, 637 postal relays of, 323; people of, 485; Syro-Egyptians, 704 occupation by Mamluks, 487; in· Syro-Mesopotamian: desert, I4, 39, 44; vasion of, 724, 749; occupied, 725. influence on Mamluk architecture, 691 Turkish conquest of, 726 seq.; viceroy Syro-Persian culture, 88 of, 732; population of, 728; evacuated, Syrtis Minor, I75 734; invaded, 74I; occupation of, 746: French in, 751 lab', 564 Syria-Palestine, I4, 33, 4I, 224; land tax Tabaqat al-Kubra, at, 74:0 of, 32I; marble and sulphur of, 349 Tabaqat a!- Umam, 566 Syriac: source, so; language, 6I, 644 Tabarayyah, I69 n. 4· See also Tabariyah n. 3, 747; characters, 70, 84, 125, 23I, TaLari, a!-, Al,tmad, 578 24I, 306, 309 n. 2, 310, 312, 3I3, 315, Tabari, a!-, 'Ali ibn-Sahl, 354, 365 353, 354, 361, 365 n. 3, 376, 384, 747; Tabari, al-, Mul,lammad ibn-Jarir, 61, treatise, 255; alphabet, 356; transla• 62, 98, 20I, 209, 2IO, 354, 379 D. J, tions, 583; language of Maronites, 388, 390-91, 392, 463, 467, 629, 688 633; literature, 683; script, 715; press, Tabaristiin, 292, 294, 330, 365, 390, 462, 747 474 Syrian: desert, IS, 4I, 74, So, I54, I95, Tabariyah, I69. See also Tiberias 253; missionary, 61; elements, 76, So; tabi'un, a!-, 388 Church of al-l;lirah, 84; campaign, Tabi'iyat, 313 I44; front, I48, 152; metropolis, ISO; lab/, 276, 6o1 church, I 53; troops, I 54, 2o8; peasants, Tableau general de /'empire othoman, 155; coast, 167; army, 193, 194, 538; r86 yards, I94i garrison, 208; 235, 238, !ab{ab, 339 240, 269, 280, 282 seq., 300, 306, 346, TabUk, 55, II9, I47 373, 378 n. 3, 393, 400, 502, 505, 653, Tabuk-Ma'an route, I48 66o, 665, 678; highway, 325; sugar· Tadbir ai-Mutawa(l!zid, 58 I cane, 35I; churches, 355, 356; schools, Tadhkirat ai-Ka(l(lalin, 369, 629 40I; towns, 4I5, 633; monastic in· Tadmar of Amurru, 74 fluence, 433; form of minaret, 452; Tadmor, 74 possessions, 460, 645; capital, 575, Tadmur, 74 651, 7oi; origin of Mrican minaret, Tafhim li-Awa'il $ina'at ai·Tanjlm, 594; architecture, 661; ports, 697, 699; al-, 377 governors, 703; economy, 727; mer• Tafsir, 583 chants, 728; subjects, 734; affairs, 749; ta.ftah, 346 soil, 752 tafwitj, JI9 8I6 INDEX Taghlib, 89, 90, 93, 233, 234, 457 tan!Jfmat, 727 Taghlib, banu-, 25, 26, 27, 89 Taormina, 6o4 Taghlib Christian Arabs, 1¢ taqlyah, 440, 449 Taghri-Birdi, ibn-, 6I8, 687, 688, 695, taqrir, 393 699. 702 taqwa, 97 n. I Takafut al-Falasija!J, 432, 583 Taqwim a/-Abdan, 369, 579 Taluifut ai-Ta!Jafut1 583 Taqwim al-St"/lftah, 369 takajjud, I 3 I Tarabulus, see Tripoli ta!zamzutk, I33 Tarabulus al-Gharb, 711. See alsD la!Jdrak, I 3 I Tripoli, Africa Takdklb ai-Akkltlg, 40I Tarafah ibn-al-'Abd, 83 Tahir ibn-al-l;lusayn, 461 Tarant, see Taranto Tahir Sulaymiin, abu-, 445 Taranto, 6os Tiihirids, 461-2 larbiUh, 334 n. I Ta'i', a!-, 'Abbiisid, 358, 47I·3 /arid, 26 Ta'if, a!-, IS, I9, 93, 99. 102, I03, 116, Tarif, 493, 591 I44, I93. t¢, 207, 238, 254 Tarifa, 493 fa'ir, a/-, 572 ta'rikh, 477 taj, al-, 417 Ta'rikk al-Jalali, al-, 377 Taj a/-'AriJs, 743 Ta'rikh a/-Rusul, 390 Tajmi', al-, 38o Ta'rikh Ijtita!z ai-Andalus, 565 taj'wid, 273 Ta'rikh 'Ulama' al-Anda/us, 566 Takash, 481 Tariq ibn-Ziyad, 214-15, 493-7, 532 Takhtajis, 449 lariqa!J, 433. 436 takiyak, 203. 265, 438 Tarsus, 200, 301, 637, 662 Takmilak, a/-, 566 Tartar, 386, 484; 653, 663, 674, 699 Takrit, 315, 356, 645, 699 Tartars, 411, 656, 674 ta/bi'yak, 271 TartUs, 657. See also AntartUs lal/1, 19 Tariib, 514, 516 Tal~ah, I4I, 177,178,179,238 Tashfin, Murabit, 545 n. 2 Talib, abu-, uncle of Mu~ammad, III, Tiishfin, ibn-, Yiisuf, 540-43, 545 n. 2, 184 n. 2, 189, 283, 289, 29I 561 Tiilib, ibn-abi-, see 'Ali Tiishkand, 212, 331. See also Shash, al· Talisman, 652 n. 7 Tasm, 30 Talkkii, 583 T411'if li-Man 'Ajafll, a/-, 576, 579 Tall al-Kabir, a!·, 750 Tatar, 483 Talmud, 125, 242, 396 Tatar, Mamliik, 694 n. 3 Talmudists, 583 Taurus Mountains, 152, 199, 300, 637, Tamar, in Idumaea, 74 733 Tamerlane, see T"uniir Tawaddud,J42,352,415 Tamim, banu-, I41, 28o lawaf, I33 Tamimi, a!-, M~ammad, 627 tawakkul, 439 Tiimm, al-, see M~ammad Tawariq, 54I Tammiim, abu-, 94, 144, 406-7, 412 Tawfiq, khedive, 726 n. I Tamna', 55 tawf,id, 546 tamr, 19 Taw~idi, al-, abu-l;layyan, 373 Tamud, 37 /awq al-.(/amama!J, 558 Tamudaei, 30 Tawwaj, 345 Tanbik w-a/-Iskraj, al-, 39I Tayadhiiq, 220, 255 Tancred, 637, 638, 640 7'ayj ai-Khayal, 690 Tancred de Hauteville, 6o6 laylasan, 334 tanftdh, 3I9 Taymii': 37, 39, 42, 7I, I07; stone, 40 Tangier, I04, 214, 535, 546, 569 Taymiyah, ibn-, 689, 740, 754 Tanjah, see Tangier Taysir fi ai-Mudawah, al-, 577 Tanta, 437 Tayyi', 27, 65, 119, 14I, I49 Taniikh,65,8I, 36o,458 Teheran, see Tihriin INDEX 817 Telkhunu, 38 Tibriz: 330, 703; block printing at, 347 Tell Kebir, sJe Tall al-Kabir, al· n. I; minerals of, 348 Tema, 42 Tifashi, al-, Shihab-al-Din, 383, 685 Tema, 39 Tiglath-Pileser I, 74 Temai, 37 Tiglath-Pileser III, 37, 39 Templar: garrison, 656; defenders, 658 Tigris: 155, I56, 2o8, 2I9, 224, 262, 28o, Templars, 549, 644, 648, 653, 657, 669, 285, 292, 293, 295, 303, 325, 340, 349, 679,699 350, 391 n. 8, 419, 425, 434, 466,477, Temple of the Sun, 76 489,645,652 Ten Commandments, the, 70 Tigris-Euphrates valley, 304, 349 Tert ..Jllian, 2I4 Tigro-Euphrates, 9, II, 81 Tel.ltonic: migrations, I42; tribes, 635 Tihamah, 15, 6o, I02, 103, 4I5 Tha'alibi, al-, 297, 403 Tihran, 325, 365 Thabit, ibn·, see Zayd Tilimsan, 546, 554 Thabit, grandson of Thiibit ibn-Qurrah, Timothy, patriarch, 354 3I4 Timur, 267, 4II, 567, 67I, 688, 697, Thabit ibn-Qurrah, 314, 358, 373, 584, 699-702, 726 392 n. 7 Timurbugha, Mamluk, 694 Thiiduri, see Theodore Timurids, 702 Thadus, 407 Tinnis, 340 n. I, 346, 631 Tha'laban, dhu·, see Daws Tiqtaqa, ibn-al·, 172 Thames Embankment, I64 #rdz, 345 Thamud, 30, 37, 72, I24 Tirmidhi, al-, 395 Thamudic: graffiti, 7I; script, 72 Titus, 61, 68 Thaqafi, al-, al-I:Iurr ibn·'Abd-al· Ra};l· Tlemcen, see Tilimsiin man, 499 Tobolsk, 13I Thaqafi, al-, Mul;lammad ibn-al-Qasim, Toledan: tables, 57I; architect, 595 209-10, 2I2 Toledo: 494-7, 499. 513, 518, 520, 528, Thaqif, 220 530, 537. 540, 543. 55 I, 558, 566, 570, Thawafil ibn· Tuma, 311 571, 578, 589, 591, 592, 595. 597. 598, thawb,-24 6oo, 6I3, 687; centre of translation, 588 Thebes, 32, 58 Torah, 676 Theodore, astrologer of Frederick II, Tota of Navarre, 524 610, 6II Touaregs, 54I Theodorus, I48, I52 Toulouse, 499, 589 Theodosius, emperor, I66 Tours, 215, 500-501 Theon, 370 Trajan, 68, 74, I65 fheophanis, II2, I96, I99, 202 n. 3, 203, Transjordan, 6, 36, 67, 72, 78, 269, 755, 299 n. 4, 300 n. 2 756 Theophilus, Byzantine, 301 Transjordanian, 27I Theophilus Indus, 6I Transoxiana, 2o6, 2IO, 224, 346, 348, Theophrastus, 49 349.350, 37I, 375.462,465,466,473. thiytib al·muntidamah, 338 476, 483, 578, 699 Thomas Aquinas, see Aquinas Travels in Arabia Dcserta, 7 Thomas, Bertram, 7, IS, I7 Treatise on the Astrolabe, 379 n. S Thousand and One Nights, 292, 305, Tripoli, Africa, 548, 622, 711 342, 404-5, 4I5 Tripoli, Syria, 415, 480, 633, 641, 643, thughur, al·, 200, 29I, 299, 533 n. 5 648, 657. 678, 729, 733 Thu'lubiin, 62 Tripolis, 168. See also Tripoli, Africa thurayya, al·, 4I7 Tripolitania, 247, 711, ?18 Thutmose III, 34, I64 Trojan wars, 635 Tt"bb al-11-fattfuri, a!-, 366 Ts'ien·t'ang, 668 n, 6. ! ibb ru!ztini, 686 Tubba', 6o, 6I Tiberias, 497, 584, 640, 647, 653, 729, Tubba', ibn-, see I:Iassan 732. See also Tabariyah Tubba's, 85 Tibcrius, I69 n. 4 Tudela, 518, 561 Tiberius II, So Tufayl, ibn·, 57 I, 581-2 818 INDEX Tughj, ibn-, M~ammad, 456-7 139; Saljiiq, 473-80; land of, 476; Tughrii'i, al-, 381 peasant, 716: Moslem, 716; advent of, Tughril, 473-5, 481 742 Tughtigin, Atiibeg, 641, 645 Turtfishi, al-, 3o8 Tukhiiristii.n, 209, 465 Tiis, 323, 431, 441, 446, 477 Tulay~ah, 141 Tustar, 330, 345 Tiiliin, ibn-, ~mad, 365, 417, 452-5, Tiisiin, son of Mu~ammad 'Ali, 724, 468, 661, 664 726 n. I Tiiliin, ibn-, Mosque, 630 Tutili, al-, abu-'Abbiis, 561 Tiiliinid: dynasty, 452-5; 456; period, tutiya', 579 n. 8 625 Tutush, Saljiiq, 476, 635, 641 Tiiliinid, pre-, period, 625 Tuwii.nah, a!-, see Tyana Tiimii.n-bii.y, Marnliik, 694 n. 3, 704 Tuways, 274-5 Tiimart, ibn-, Mu~ammad, 546, 548 Twelver Shi'ah, 441 funbUr, 664 n. I Twelvers, 440-42, 449, 703 Tunbiiriyah, al-, 'Ubaydah, 333 Tyana, 212. 300 Tunis, 567, 710, 711 Tyre, 194, 346, 423, 641, 648, 657, Tunisia, 6, 316, 437, 444, 451, 520, 548, 658 617, 622, 637, 655, 710, 711, 717-18, Tzirnisces, John, 459-60 756, 757 Tunisian: coast, 618; throne, 710 Uaite', 39 Tiir, al-, 33 'Ubiidah ibn-al-$iirnit, 163 Tiirii.n, 209 'Ubayd al-Qiisim, abu-, see Salliim, ibn· Turan-Shah, Ayyiibid, 646, 655 'Ubaydah ibn-al-Jarrii~, abu-, 140, 148, Turanian hordes, 463 152, 154 Turanian Turks, 485 'Ubaydiyah, al-, 618 Turanians, 463 'Ubaydulliih al-Mahdi, 469, 520, 6oS, Turk, 210 n. 3, 275, 371, 402, 452, 672 617-18, 619, 623, 625 n. 2 'Ubaydullii.h ibn-Ziyiid, Igo Turkestan, 194, 371 n. 2, 449, 463, 465, Ubullah, al-, 468 473 Ubullah Canal, 350 Turkey, I 14, 170, 184, 186, 437, 449, 'ud, a/-, 273, 6o1 467, 705, 715, 722 Udhaynah, 75 Turkish: 4, 123 n. 2, 126, 136, 2o8 n. 6, 'Udhrah, banu-, 251 212, 235, 251, 299, 308, 331, 332, 339, U~ud, 117 346, 376, 392, 453. 455. 456, 461, 463, Uighurian, 356 465, 466, 467, 470, 474. 475. 479. 671 Ujjayini, 384. See also arin seq., 688 seq.; grammar, 561; Sufi 'Ukii~, 93-4, 102, 104, 116 circles, s87; mercenaries, 620; bat• Ukhay<:iir, al-, 269 talions, 622; troops, 626; officers, 629; 'Ula, a!-: 42, 55, 71, 100; ruins of, 72 invasion of Europe, 637; army, 704, 'Ulayyah, sister of al-Rashid, 302, 333, 733; admiral, 710; crescent, 710; pro• 334 vince, 710; generals, 7u; culture, 715; ulfah, 444 language, 716; pashas, 726, 736; com• 'Ullayqah, al-, 448 munications, 737; interest, 737; con· 'Uman: 14, 15, 18, 19, 41, II9, 141, 142, trol, 739; walayah, 739; suzerainty, 750 208, 224, 247, 289, 330, 445, 448, 739, Turkish Ba~s, 694 741; pearl fisheries of, 22; dromedaries Turkish Cilicia, 449, 459, 46o of, 22; sultan of, 36 Turkish-speaking people, 209 'Umiinites, 44 Turko-Egyptian fleet, 725 'Umar II, see 'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz Turko-Persian wars, 737 'Umar al-Khayyii.m, 377, 379, 380, 410, Turkoman, 675, 677 459. 478 Turkomans, 621 'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz, 203, 209, 217, Turks: 136, 144, 202, 209, 305, 328, 341, 219-22, 225, 231, 232, 234, 238, 249, 438, 463, 466, 479, 555, 641 n. 4, 672, 253. 254. 255. 261, 279. 286, 322, 325, 703,704,705,715,729, 739; Kemii.list, 353, 499, 621, 68o INDEX 'Urnar ibn-al-Khattab: 22, 29, 6I, 8o, United Presbyterian Mission, 746 114, II6, I23, 139-40, 145, ISO, IS2, United States of America, 3, 9, 712 IS3, IS4, ISS, ISS, 166 seq., 232, 234, Universite Saint-Joseph, 747 237, 241, 243. 2S3, :z6o, 26l, 264, 353; University of Bologna, 612 policy of, 165, 169, 194; constitution University of Cordova, 530, 557, 563 of, 172; character of, 176 University of Granada, 563 'Umar ibn-I:Iaf~iin, see l:Iaf~iin, ibn· University of Louvain, 663 'Umar ibn-Sa'd, 190 University of Naples, 612 'Umari, al-, 66S University of Paris, 584, 612, 663 'Umari Mosque, 66S University of Salamanca, 663 Umayyad: caliphs, 86, I84 n. 2, I9Si University of Seville, 563 branch of Quraysh, II3; viceroy, 135; unsilat, 124 dynasty, I48, 191, I93; aristocracy, Upper Egypt, 164 166, 224, 6zz, 687, I79; caliphate, I84, 6I7; caliphate at 688 n. 4 Cordova, 184; princes, 195, 253; poet 'uqiib, zo, 173 laureate, 196; successors, 198; forces, 'Uqiib, al-, battle of, 549 201; throne, 207; realm, :zo8; 217, 220 'Uqbah, ibn-, Miisa, 388 seq., 247, 250, 255, 278, 279, z8z, 283, 'Uqbah ibn-Niifi',194,213, :a61, 361, 452, 286, 288, 289, 291, 298, 301, 317, 322, 504 330, JJ3,J4So3S3, 359, 36o,38o,416, 'uqubtit, 396 452, 4S3, 469, 501, so:z, S04, 505 seq.; Ur, 293,305 legislation, 242; architects, 269; house, Urban, 494 n. I 281, 285; usurpers, :zS:z; bards, 405; Urban II, pope, 636 structures, 419; regime, 439; capital, Urbi, 21, 39, 41 526; Spanish unity, 514; amirate, 548 Urdu, 126 Umayyad Mosque, 215, 220-21, 262, Urdunn, a!-, 154 265-7,416,497,595,597,651,701 urghun, 3ll n. I, 427 Urnayyad period: 25, 94, 182 n. 5; U rkhiin, 709 n. I religio-philosophical movements in, Ursemitisch, 13 245; formation of Shi'ah in, 247-9, 'Urwah, Well of, 97 252; singers of, 275, 276, 281 Usiirnah ibn-Munqidh, 448, 548, 623, Umayyad, anti-, movement, 282 643. 662 [686 Umayyads: 140, ISO, 171, 177, 181, U~aybi'ah, ibn-abi·, 315, 428, 566, 584, 191, 193, :zoo, 207, 226, 228, 232, 236, Usd ai-Ghiibah, 392 241, 256, z62, 265, z67, 276, 278, 'ushr, 169 285 seq., 424,450,451, 457, 473, 493, us I iidiir, 692 502, 5o6, 531, 536, 542; palace of ustiidh, 627 the, 215; nominal Moslems, 247; poeti• U stiidhsis, 291 cal composition under, 250; court doctors of the, 254; postal service of, "'"'·Uswii.n, 396 164 322 'Utbah, see Ghazwiin, ibn· Umayyah, III, 184 n. :z, 189, 193 n. I, 'Utbi, a!-, historian, 465 505, 517 Uthiil, ibn-, x¢, 254, 579 n. 6 Umayyah, banu-, 231, 234, 279, 282, 'Uthmiin I, 702, 709 n. I 283, 285, 502 'Uthmiin II, 713 n. I Umayyah ibn-abi-al-Salt, Io8 'Uthmiin 1.11, 713 n. I Umm al-Biyiirah, 67 'Uthman: house of, 710; line of, 713; umm aljiifiyalt, al-, 579 sword of, 716 umm a/-raqiqalt, al-, 579 'Uthmiin ibn-' Allan: 114, 139, 140, 16o. ummalt, 173 166, 167, 168, 173. 176, 178, 179, 189, umm-walad, 236 192, 193, 194, zoo, zo6, 243, 247, 248, Ummat Allah, 120 274, z8o; calipl\ate of, 123; his copy ummi, 122 n. I of Koran, 177 n. z; murder of, 177, 'umralz, I33 179; kinsman of, x8o; wife of, 195 Uniat, 729 'Uthmtinli, 716 757 United Arab Republic, 'Uyaynah, al-, 740 INDEX 'Uyaynah, ibn-, Sufyan, 395 Wahhabiland, 17 'll)•un ai-Anba~, 686 Wahhabis, 399, 438, 689, 725, 740-41 'Uzza, al-, 79, 97, 98, 99 Wahraz, 66 'Uzzay-an, 99 W~hiyah, ibn-, 352, 35S, 575 Uzziah, 4I Wi'il, descendants of, 8g Wailing Wall, the, 114 Vacant Quarter, IS wajd, 435 Val de J unqueras, 523 waltiyak, 440 Valasquez, Isaak, 543 wali, 438, 527 Valencia, 52S, 540, 545, 56o, 566, 569, Wali Allah, I82 570, 591, 592, S9S Walid, ibn-al-, see Khilid Valerian, emperor, 75 Walid, al·, I, 206, 209, 2IS, 217, 221, Vandals, 49S 23I, 234, 252, 255, 261, 262, 265, 271, Varthema, di, see Ludovico di Varthema 275. 27S, 279. 281, 282, 322, 332, 496. Vasco da Gama, 6S9, 696 497.659 Vatican: 6o4, 609; Library, 743 Walid, al-, II: I95, 2o6, 22'7-8, 252, Vega, plain, 550 269, 275, 279, 28I; harem system Venetian: fleet, 640; consul, 699; colony, under, 229 72S Walid ibn-Khayzuriin, see Khayzurin, Venetians: 652, 653, 669; granted capitu• ibn- lations, 727 Walid ibn-'Uqbah, al·, 176 Veneticum, see Venice Wailiidah, 535, 560 Venice, 126 n. I, JOI, 366, 577, 604, Waiiin, 7 6IJ, 6I4, 636, 653 n. I Waqti't~ al-MiFriyak, al·, 748, 751 Venus, 61, 99, 4IS, 572 waq'at al-/tufrak, 513 n. 6 Victory, 27I waqf, I70, 225, 413, 677 Vienna: 47S; besieged, 7I2; attempts on, Waqidi, al-, 104, 3SS, 390 717 Waqqa~, ibn-abi-, Sa'd, 26o, 261 Vienne River, 500 War of Basiis, 22S villancico, 562 Waraqah ibn-Nawfal, 1o8, 113 Virgin of the Assumption, cathedral of, ward juri, 351 n. 5 al-, see Nadim, al· 595 Warriiq, Visigothic: 26o, 271, 493, 494, 499, 503, Wii-;;il, see' .. ' ta.', ibn- 515, 51S, 543, 544: princes, 496-7 Wasit, 220, 267, 2S9, 325, 330, 468, Visigothic: kingdom, 493; Arianism, SIS 622 Visigoths, 496, 498, SIS Wathiq, al·, 'Abbasid: 297, 318, 337, 35I, Volga, 344, 3S4, 569, 570, 676 426, 466: mother of, 332 TJ!O£ir, 3I7, 3I8 Wadd, 6o, 9S We.lhausen, IS! WaQ<;lal;t al-Yaman, 229 Weiisted, James R., SI Wadi a!- 'Arabah, I4S West: 6, 32, 22I, 2g8, 3I5, j87, 743, 749, Wadi al-I;Iammamat, 32, 34, so, sS 757: people of the, 59; the Latin, 367; Wadi al-Kabir, al-, see Guadalquivir medical science in the, 368; Arabic Wadi al-Qura, 498 numerals introduced into the, 379; Wadi al-Rummah, IS impact of, 742; contact with, 74Si Wadi al-Sirl;tan, IS, 20, I49 ideology from, 753 Wadi al-Sughd, 350 West Africa, 36I Wadi Bakkah, 494 n. 3 West Goths, see Visigoths Wadi Magharah, 33 Western: 4; ideas, 2I, 738; writers, 45, Wadi M iisa, 67 2g8;marts,49;power,s8;dominatiOD, Wafa', abu-al-, astronomer, 3IS, 376 I43i cultural influences, 729, 735; Wafaytit ai-A'yan, 687 teachers, 736; pattern, 748; imperial· Wahb-Allath, 76 ism, 755 Wahbibn-Munabbih,see Munabbih,ibn· Western Arabia, 619 wa!ulat al-wujC.d, sS6 Western Aramaic, 76 Wahhiibi Arabia, 724 Western Asia, 9, 20, 74, I4J, I75. 254, INDEX 8:zr 259, 331, 415, 468, 475, 528, 621, 625, Ya'qiib al-Barda'i, 79 668. 671, 672, 6go, 715, 717, 719, 747 Ya'oiib ibn·Isbiiq, see Kindi, al• Western Europe, 428, 590, 6o1, 635, 648 Ya'qiib ibn-Killis, see Killis, ibn· Western Islam, soB, 566 Ya'qiib of Sariij, 61 Western Turks, 210 n. 3 Ya'qiib Yiisuf, abu-, I, Muwal;ll;lid, Western Umayyad dynasty, 503, 532 581, 582 Westerners, 59, 423 Ya'qiibi, al-, 338, 385, 389, 4I4 Westland, 36 Yaqiit, geographer, 17, 54, st, 64, 83, 97, White Mosque, the, 220 293, 356, 384, 385, 386-7, 38s, 392, Willcox, William, 350 4I3,4I4,4I5,434, 564,575,668 William I, of Sicily, 612 Yaqiit al-Musta'~imi, 424 William II, 123 n. 2, 6o8 Yaqiiti style, 424 William of Tyre, 667 Yarim, 56 Witiza, 494, 499, 518 Yarmiik: So, 152, 156, 201; battle, 154; wizaratayn, dhu-al-, 56o, 567 victory of, I 55 World War: first, 6, 7, 136,220,350,478, Yasar, 388 718, 736, 739, 75I, 755, 756; second, Yatha'·amar, 38, 52, 54· See also It'amara 7I8, 752, 755. 756 Yatha'-amar Bayyin, 54 wufud, al-, 141 Yathil, 54 wugaj, 133 Y athrib, 99, I 04, I I 6. See also Madinah, al- Xerxes, 21, 44 Yathribites, II6 Ximenez de Cisneros, 555 Yazdagird, era of, 571 Yada'-il, 54 Yazdagird I, Sasanid, 82 Yiifa, see Jaffa Yazdagird III, 157, IS8, 332 Yighi-Siyan, 638 Yazid I, Umayyad: I54, I83, 190·92, Yal;l~ubi, al·, see $abbal;l, abu·al· 193 n. I, 195, Ig6, 201, 228, 231, 246, Yahweh, 40 251, 253, 269, 278, 281, 282, 299, 48I; Yal;lya, imam of al-Yaman, 739 contingent of, 201 Yal;lya, see Miisawayh, ibn· Yazidii, 227,252,275,278,279,281,284 Y:al;lya,' l;Iammiidid, 536 n. I Yazid III, 226, 245, 279, 281, 332 Yal;lya, ibn-, 'Isa, 3I2 Yazid al-khumur, 227 Yal;lya ibn-Khii.lid al-Barmaki, set Yazid ibn-abi-Sufyan, 148, 154 Barmak, ibn· Yazidis, 249 n. 2 Yai)ya ibn-Yal;lya, 514 Young Turks, 727 Yalbay, Mamliik, 694 n. 3, 695 YTHRB, of Sabaean inscriptions, 104 Yamiirnah, a!-, 207, 224, 330, 445 Yiii)anna, 449 Yaman, al·: .6, 13, I4, I8, 30, 34, 36, 42, Yiinus, 125 44, 46,48, 50-52,56-7, 59·62,65,66, 72, Yiinus, ibn-, 'Ali, 628 78, 88, 104·6, I I9, 135, I4I, I42, I44 Yiisuf, abu·, chief judge, 326, 334, 397 •Cfj., 446,449,617, 620,646, 653, 67j Yiisuf ibn-'Abd-al-Ral;lmiin ai·Fihri, see 7IO, 738, 756, 757; last Tubba's of Fihri, al· 85: Judaism in, 107; kingdom, 739 Yiisuf abu-al-l;Iajjaj, Na~rid, 563, 567, Yamanah, 6o, I4I 596, 597 Yamanat, 6o Yiisuf ibn-Tashfin, see Tiishf'm, ibn- Yamani: z8I, 284. See also Yamanite Yamanite: origin, 32, 8I, 25I; kings, 42; Zab, battle of, 285, 290 culture, 52; tribe, 78; channels, I07; Zabad, 88 party, 192 n. 3; opponents, 192; 213 Zabba', al-, 76 n. 4. 328, 386, 5o6, 532; party, Zabbay, 76 280-81, 284; revolt in Spain, 507 Zabda, 76 Yamanite Jew, 244, 249 Zabibi, 37 Yamanites, 32, 58, I94, 280-81, 284, Zabidi, al-, 742, 743 502, 503, 5o6, 6o6 Laehanas, 125 Yamin·al·Dawlah, Ghaznawid, 464 ~afar ('Uman), 36, 41 Y anbU' al·(Eaylih, 581 Zafar (Yaman), 36, 56 822 INDEX •a'faran, a/-, 528 n. 12 Zaynab, 76 Ziifir, al-, Fatimid, 623 111aytuni, 668 n. 6 Zaghall, al-, see Mu}.lammad XII Zenobia, 29, 75, 672 Zaghliil, Sa'd, 751 Zi'baq al-Sharqi, al-, 380 Jtilzir, 398 n. 4, 443 111iggurat, 262, 417 Zahir, al-, 'Abblisid, 483, 486 n. I, 676 •iJ: 307,373, 571; of al-Khwarizmi, 375 ~ahir, al·, Ayyiibid, 439, 652, 655 Zf/ ai-11-Khani, ol-, 378 ?ahir, al-, Fa~imid, 621, 623 Zij al-$tiln~, al-, 376 n. 6 Zahir al-'Umar, 721, 731-2 111indiq, 359,431,435 Z:H,iri, al-, 398 111indiqzsm, 402, 40J, 431 :?ahirite: 431; school, 558, 586 111indiqs, 430 l ahiriyah, library' 67 5 Zionism, 755, 756 Za}.llah, 7 Zir, 90 Zahra', al-, 524-5, 530, 532, s6o Ziri, ibn-, 537 Zahrii', al-, concubine, 525 Zirid regime, 537 Zahrawi, al-, 576-7, 579 Ziryab, 426, 514, sxs, 598 111ajal, 561, 562 Ziyad ibn-Abih, 190, 196. 249 26o, 262 •akalz, u9, 124, 132 Ziyadat-Allah I, Aghlabid, 261, 451-2, Zallaqah, al-, 540 6o2 Zamora, 533 Ziyadat-Alliih III, 452, 617 111amr, 273 Zoroaster, followers of, I 56 Zamzam, 26, 97 Zoroastrian: 291, 30::!. 367, 406; noble, Zanatah, tribe, 546, 549 462 Zangi, Atabeg, 48o, 636, 644-5, 664 n. 3 Zoroastrianism, 358-9 Zangid: dynasty, 644; territory, 645 Zoroastrians: 144, 170 n. 3, 233, 234. Zanj: 445, 453; rebellion, 467-8 353, 358-9; merchants, 343; in Persia 111anjabil, 1o6 n. 3, 667 today, 36o Zanzibar: 247, 391, 448; etymology of, Zubaydah, wife of al-Rashid, 302, 333, 467 n. 4 342 Zaranj, 330 Zubaydi, al-, Mu}.lammad ibn-al-l;lasan, 1arj, 337 557 1arij, 335 Zubayr, ibn-a!-, 'Abdullah, 192-3, 212, Zamiiji, al-, 409 213, 220, 264, 273, 281 Larqali, al·, 387, 571-2 Zubayr, ibn-a!-, Mu~'ab, 239 zawiyalz, 265, 438 Zubayr ibn-al-'Awwam, al-: 161, 163, Zayd, 'Alid imiim. 442, 449, 738 177, 178, 179, 235, 575; mother of, Zayd ibn-'Ali, 39~ 179; tomb of, 180 Zayd ibn-l;liirithah, 147 llUnd, 434 Zayd ibn-Thfibit, 123 111uhdiyat, 4o6 Zaydan, Sharif of Morocco, 564 Zuhr, ibn·, abu-Bakr, 578, 599 Zaydis, 449, 739 Zuhr, ibn·, abu-Marwan, 517-8, 585 Zaydites, 249 n. 2 Zuhri, al-, ibn-Shihab, 242 Zaydiin, ibn-, abu-al-Walid A}.lmad, eulayjah, al-, 592 n. I 559-60 Zunbil, 208 Zayn-al-'ALidin, 'Ali, 442 Zuyiid, 739· See also Zaydis THE END