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UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it. The fourth chapter is concerned with the civil war between Abd al-Malik and Ibn al-Zubair. The underlying factors leading the people of a l-H ija z to support Ibn al-Zubair are examined, to elucidate the nature of the Zubairid opposition movement in general. Chapter V deals with the revolts of Ibn al-Jarud, and of the Zanj; the insurrection of the Azd in ‘ Uman; and the far more dangerous revolt of ‘ Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ash‘ ath. These revolts are compared to see if they spring from similar discontents, and whether they are in response to the policies of al -H a jja j. Chapter VI treats the Kharijite movement, which reached its height of activity in this period, in its political aspect, as a source of opposition to ‘ Abd al-Malik's caliphate. The minor, scattered revolts are described as well as the better-known major Kharijite revolts. This chapter also examines the link between the revolt of M u tarrif ibn al-M ughira, and the movement of Shabib ibn Yazid and the Kharijites in general. ACK N OW LE D GEME NTS In the first place I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Bernard Lewis, to whose invaluable learned guidance, help and encouragement throughout all the years of my study, I owe a great deal* I am also greatly indebted to Miss Susan Wallis for her help in translating some French and German Works; and to M r* A* A I.K h a tib for making some Arabic books available to me* Thanks are also due to the staff of the libraries of S. O , A . S., the British Museum, the Senate House, the India Office and the Royal Asiatic Society for their ready help. I should also like to thank the libraries of Ayasofya, Ahmet III, Istanbul; a l-Z a h iriy a , Damascus; the Bodleian, Oxford; the Chester Beatty, Dublin; the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris and Stiftung Preuss Kulturbesitz, Tubingen, for providing me with photographs of different manuscripts. Finally, I thank my family and all my friends, for their unfailing support and encouragement. A. A. Dixon 5 . ABBREVIATIONS Sources A‘laq. AI-A‘laq ai-Nafisa, by Ibn Rusta. Adyan. Bay an a I-Adyan, by Abu 'l-M a ‘ a ll. Agh. Kitab al-Aghani, by Abu'l-Faraj al-lsbahanT. Akhbar. Akhbar a l - ‘ Abbas wa W ild ih i, (anonymous). Akhbqr Igbahan. Dhikr Akhbar Isbahan, by Abu N u‘ aim. Anidi. Al-Mu’talif waM-Mukhtalif..., by al-Amidi. /Amalt. A l-A m ali, by a l-Z a jja ji. Ansab. Ansdb al-Ashraf, by al-Baladhuri. Arab. Nihayaf al-Ajab fi Ma^rifat Ansab al-‘ Arab, by Qalqashand’i, ‘ Asakir. Tahdhjb al-TarikJi al-Kabir& Tarikh Dimashq, by Ibn ‘ Asakir. Athar. Al-Atjhcir ai-Baqiya ‘ An al-Qurun al-Khallya, by al-Biruni. Azkawl Kashf al-Ghumina al-Jami‘ li Akhbar al-Umma, by Sirhan ibn Sa‘Td a!-AzkawT. Azmina. Al“Azmina wa'I-Amkina, by al-Marzuqi. Azraqi. Akhbclr Mecca, by Al-Azraqi. Bagh. Al-Farq baina'I-Firaq, by ‘Abd al-Oahir al-Baghdadi. Bakri . M u ‘ jam ma Ista jam, by al-Bakri. Bakkar. Jamharat Nasab Quraish, by al-Zubair ibn Bakkar. Barradi. Al-Jawahir cil-Muntagat, by al-Barradi. Batriq. Al-Tarikh al-Mqjmu‘ ‘ Ala:l-Tabqiq, by Sa‘ id ibn al-Batriq. 6 . Bayan. Al-Bayan wa'I Tabyin, by al-Jal?iz. Bay as i • At-IMam BiM-ljurub ql-WagHa fi ^adr'I-lslcim, by al Bayasi. BadJ. Al-Bad* wa'I Tarikli, by al-Maqdisi. Bidaya. Al-Bidaya wa'I Nihaya, by Ibn Kathir. Bughya. Bughyat al-T alab , by Ibn a M Adtm; Buldan. Kitab al-BuJdan, by al-Ya‘qubi. Dhahabi. Tarikh al-lslam wa Tabaqat a I -Mash ah ir wa!l- ‘ Alam, by al-Dhahabi Dinawari. Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal, by al-Dinawari. Duwal. Duwal al-lslam, by al-Dhahabi. Fakh Al-Fakhri fil Adab al-§ultaniyya, by Ibn al-Jiqtaqa. Fis al Al-Fi$al fil Milal wa'I-Nihal, by Ibn Hazm. Futuh. Futufci al-Buldan, by al-Baladhuri. Ghurar. Ghurar al-Siyar, (anonymous). Hadhif. Hadhif min Nasab Quraish, by Mu’arrij al-Sadusi. Hamadani. Kitab al-Buldan, by Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadaini. Hay aw an. Kitab al-tjayawan, by al-Jahiz. Hilya. Ijilyat ql-Awliya*, by Abu Nu‘ aim. fjur. Al-Hur al - ‘ In, by Nashwan al-Himyari. Ibn Khurdadhaba. Kitab al-Masalik, by Ibn Khurdadhaba. Ibn Isfandiyar. Tarikh-i Tabaristan, by Ibn Ufandiyar. Imama. Al-lmama wa'I-Siyasa, (attributed to Ibn Qutaiba). Imta*. Al-lmtq‘ wa'l-Mu *anqsa, by al-Tawhidl. 7. Inafa. Ma’ athir al-!nafa fi Ma‘ alim al-Khjlafa, by Oalqashandi. ‘ Ibar. A I-‘ Ibar, by Ibn Khaldun. i Ibri . Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Duwal, by Ibn al —€ Ibri. \, CL • Ai-Mqd al-Farid, by Ibn * Abd Rabih. -5" Irshad. Kitab al-Irshad, by al-Mufid. I§aba. Al-I$aba fi Tcmyiz al-§ahaba, by Ibn Hajar. 1st_#_ jiwyaiiakhri. Al-Masalik wa'I-Mamalik, by al-lstakhri. Isti* ab. A M sti^ab fi M a ‘ rifat al-As^iab, by ibn ‘ Abd al-Bar. Jafis. Al —J al is al-§alih a!-KafT,. , by al-M u‘ afa al-Nahrawani, JahshiyarT. Al-Wuzara’ wa'I-Kuttab, by al-Jahshiyari. Jamharat. Jamharat Ansab aI-‘ Arab, by Ibn Hazm. Jumahi.• Tabaqaf Fuhui al-Shu* ara*, by Ibn Sallam al-JumahT. Kamil. Al-Kamil fiM-Tarikh, by Ibn al-Athir. Kindi. Kitab al-Umara? (Wulat)^ wa Kitab al-Qu^lat, by al—Kindi• K jff. Kitab al-Futub, by Ibn A‘ tham a l-K u fi. Kutub'i. c Uyun al-Tawarikh, by Ibn Shakir al-Kutubl. Khitat. Khitat, by al-Maqrizi. Khizana. Khizanat al—Adab, by ( Abd al-Qadir al-Baghdadi. K hulafa9 . Tarikh al-K h u lafa*, (anonymous). Khulani. TarFkh Dariyya, by al-Khulani. Lata’* if. Lata’ if al-M a‘ arif, by al-Tha* alibi. Lisan, Lisan a l-M iza n , by Ibn Hajar. 8 . Lub. Lub al-Lubab, by al-Suyuti, Lubab. Lub al-Lubab fi T ahdhib cJ-Ansab, by Ibn al-A th ir. M a f ad. NasabMafad wa'I-Yemen al-Kabir, by Ibn al-Kalbi. M a tf anu Kitab al-Ma^ani al-Kabir, by Ibn Qutaiba, M a carif. Al-Ma( arif, by Ibn Qutaiba. Mahasin. Al-Mafciasin w a'I-A ddad, by al-Jah iz. M afatih. Mafatih al-( Ulum, by al-Khawarizmi. M ai at i. * Al-Tanbih wa'I-Rad ( Ala Ahl al-Ahwa’ wa'I-Bida*, by al-Malat Maqal at. Maqalat al-lslamiyyin, by ai-Ash‘ ari. Masa lik. Kitab al-Masalik wa'I-Mamalik, by Ibn Hawqal. M ashahir. Mashahir ‘ USama* al-Amsar, by al —Bust!- M ila l. Al-M ilal wa'I-Nifcmi/ by al-ShahrastanT. M ir* at. Mir* at al-Zaman, by Ibn al-Jawzi. Mu bar rad. AI-.Kamil fi'l-Lugha, by al-Mubarrad. Muhabbar. Kitab al-Muhabbar, by Ibn IJabTb. —— MuqhtalTn. Asma* al-M ughtalin min al-Ashraf, by Ibn HabTb. M u tf jam, Mu* jam al-Buldan, by Yaqut al-Ham awi. Mukhtasar. Al -Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, by Abu'l-Fida. Munammaq. Al-Munammaq fi Akhbar Quraish, by Ibn Habib. Muntakhgbcit. Muntakhabat fi Akhbar ai-Yem en, by Nashwan al-H im yari. Muntazam, AI*Muntazam fi *1-Tarikh^, by Ibn al-Jaw zi* O’ 'v Muqadima. AI-Muqadima, by Ibn Khaldun, 9* Muqaddist. Afcsan al-Tagasim fi Ma*rifat al-Agalim, by al-Muqaddis i. Muqaffa* * TaiTkh al-Batariga al-M isriyya, by Ibn al-M uqaffa* (Severus). Mu rtada, Tabaqat al-Mu* tazila, by Ibn al-Murtada. Muruj. Muruj al-Dhahab, by al-Mas* udT Naqa?id* Naqa? id JarTr waM-Farazdaq, by Abu * Ubaida. Nasab. Jamharat ai-Nasab, by Ibn al-Kalbi. Nawbakhti. Firaq al-Sh7*q, by al “Nawbakhti.
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    Women and Islamic Cultures: A Bibliography of Books and Articles in European Languages since 1993 General Editor Suad Joseph Compiled by: G. J. Rober C. H. Bleaney V. Shepherd Originally Published in EWIC Volume I: Methodologies, Paradigms and Sources 2003 BRILL AFGHANISTAN 453 Afghanistan Articles 22 ACHINGER, G. Formal and nonformal education of Books female Afghan refugees: experiences in the rural NWFP refugee camps. Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies. Alam-e-Niswan, 3 i (1996) pp.33-42. 1 ARMSTRONG, Sally. Veiled threat: the hidden power of the women of Afghanistan. Toronto & London: Penguin, 23 CENTLIVRES-DEMONT, M. Les femmes dans le conflit 2002. 221pp. afghan. SGMOIK/SSMOCI Bulletin, 2 (1996) pp.16-18. 2 BRODSKY, Anne E. With all our strength: the 24 COOKE, Miriam. Saving brown women. Signs, 28 i Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. (2002) pp.468-470-. Also online at http:// London: Routledge, 2003. 320pp. www.journals.uchicago.edu [From section headed "Gender and September 11". US attitude to Afghan women.] 3 (BROWN, A.Widney, BOKHARI, Farhat & others) Humanity denied: systematic denial of women's rights in 25 CORNELL, Drucilla. For RAWA. Signs, 28 i (2002) Afghanistan. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001 pp.433-435. Also online at http:// (Human Rights Watch, 13/5), 27pp. Also online at www.journals.uchicago.edu [Revolutionary Association www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan3 of the Women of Afghanistan. From section headed "Gender and September 11"] 4 DELLOYE, Isabelle. Femmes d'Afghanistan. Paris: Phébus, 2002. 186pp. 26 DUPREE, N. H. Afghan women under the Taliban. Fundamentalism reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban.
  • Mecca and Its Cube

    Mecca and Its Cube

    Mecca And Its Cube November 7, 2019 Category: Religion Download as PDF [Author’s note: Mohammed of Mecca is denoted “MoM”.] As legend has it, at some point in the late 5th century, a Sabaean leader known as Amr ibn Luhay ibn Qamah ibn Khindaf led a band of (Qahtanite) Arabs a thousand kilometers north of his homeland, Himyar (modern-day Yemen) to settle somewhere in the barren deserts of Thamud: the western region of Arabia now known as the Hijaz. His clan, the Banu Khuza’a, may have hailed from any of three major Himyarite cities: Zafar, Najran, or Ma’rib (present-day Sana’a). A bit of historical context helps to paint the picture. In Zafar, there was a (Qahtanite) cubic shrine known as the “kaaba” at Tabalah. There was another kaaba located at Jabal Taslal in Najran. And there were major temples at Barran and Awwam in Ma’rib–all dedicated to the Sabaean moon-god, “Al-Makah”. Sure enough, the Banu Azd of Marib worshipped “Al-Makah”; and made pilgrimages to his temple. Some of the Banu Harith converted to Christianity; and built a church at Najran (known as the “Kaaba of Najran”). Meanwhile, many Himyarites worshipped the godhead, “Rahman” (Semitic for “Merciful”). Some of these locutions should sound oddly familiar. The question arises: From whence did such pre-Islamic memes come? We find a possible answer in Ibn Hisham’s recension of Ibn Ishaq’s “Sirah”. (Ibn Hisham was himself of Himyarite descent.) According to the famed Islamic hagiographer: At some point, Amr ibn Luhay ventured farther north, into Nabataea, and was inspired by the Nabataean traditions…which he brought back with him to his settlement in the Hijaz.
  • The Second Caliph

    The Second Caliph

    AI- Farouk Omar Ibn AI-Khattab The Second Caliph ~~, . , By Mohammad Redha Former librarian of Fouad the 1st Library Interpreted by Mohammad Agha DAR al-KOTOB al-ILMIYAH Beirut - Lebanon ~I ,I:a.l Uö~ 4i&J1." ~J~I ~I J.,.J.. ~ ...."ß ."r .>'.,..J .,,1 ~~..J :JUtJ - .::I,,.. ~l 4J.~r .)& 4-i.,,' ·IJ.!-o ."I·~~ ..,..~I ..t+>:.ü 'J~!."I ':'UI"J.-I ..,..1& ~.>! ."I.>-'~I .,l& ~la.J!.,,1 ~~ :l-...+U ~LiJI aäl.~. ~! ~.,..... Copyright © All rights reserved Exclusive rights by DAR .I·KOTOB .1· ILMIYAR Beirat • Leb8DOD. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, distributed in any form or by any rneans, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ~1 .fiLl1~1b öü.....,J - .-:.:.J ~>:H -':'J~ ~~ .~~I tJL.:. .~):JI J..J : .j1.,aJi ..( ~1\ \ 1"·m, - n1lH - nHV, : ~LiJ WJAL .j~ - -':'J~ \\ - ~~ n :~~ jJ.J.W. DAR al·KOTOB al·ILMIYAH Beirut - Lebanon Address :Ramel al-Zarif, Bohtory sr., Melkart bldg., Ist Floore. Tel. &Fax: 00 (961 I) 60.21.33·36.61.35 -36.43.98 POBox : 11 -9424 Beitut -Lebanon ISBN 2-7451-2270-3 90000> (7 2745 122704 http://www.al-ilmiyah.com.lb/ e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Introduction 0/ interpreter Omar: Man 0/ right and might Omar Ibn al-Khattab, al-Farouk, the second orthodox Caliph, for whom may Allah's good pleasure is prayed, is truly the strongman who helped Islam extend to an extensive area in the world. During his Caliphate, Islamic fighters conquered the two great powers of Persia and Rome, and the banners of Islam were hoisted high in Asia, Africa and the Mediterranean..