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University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BIDDLE, David White, 1942- THE DEVELOFMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE DURING THE LATE UMAYYAD AND EARLY ABBASID PERIOD. The University of Texas at Austin, Ph.D., 1972 History, medieval University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE DURING THE LATE UMAYYAD AND EARLY ABBASID PERIOD by DAVID WHITE BIDDLE DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN AUGUST 1972 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE DURING THE LATE UMAYYAD AND EARLY ABBASID PERIOD APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: jUU *\ C i v C x ^A.cp/V. tvvA_ ' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S I would like to thank the Middle East Center at the University of Texas for providing the financial support that enabled me to undertake this study. I wouid also like to thank Professors Bernard Lewis of the University of London who directed this work in its early stages, and Archibald Lewis whose support enabled me to complete it. May 1972 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE DURING THE LATE UMAYYAD AND EARLY ABBASID PERIOD Publication No. ____ David White Biddle, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 1972 Supervising Professor: Archibald Lewis During the conquest and early settlement of Irak, the men who led the Muslim armies and served as governors in the Muslim settlements were initially from the generation of leaders who had known the Prophet. As the settlements grew these men came to be replaced by others who had links to the tribal groups settled in Irak. Many men from the tribe of Thaklf served as governors and other officials in Irak and had particularly close relations with the Umayyad rulers. c — Under the Abbasids the men who governed Irak and the Empire were drawn from three groups: the descendants c c — of the members of the Da wa ; members of the Abbasid family; and the men of Khorasan. c — Following the Abbasid Revolution there was an in­ crease in the number of men described as Mawall who held high positions in the empire. This was not the result of a growth in the power of the Mawall class, but the result of iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. c — — the development by the Abbasid rulers of a system of Wala' that linked men of all classes who served as administrative and military officials to the Caliphs by ties of personal loyalty. In the Bureaux of the Islamic Empire the change Q _ from the Umayyad to the Abbasid regime was marked. In the Umayyad period the men who held posts that required learned skills were not permitted to hold power in the political c — sphere, while during the Abbasid period men in posts that required learned skills came to held power in the political sphere. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTERS Military Commanders and Governors During the Early Caliphate and the Umayyad Period Military Commanders and Governors in Irak During the cAbbasid Caliphate, 132-193 A.H. The Administrative Cadres of the Islamic Empire SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIATIONS / AIEO Annales de I'Institut des Etudes Orientales AION Annali dell* Istituto Universitario Orientale Napoli AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures / ' AO Archiv Orientalni AUTF Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografaya Fakultesi Dergisi BAL Baladhuri Ansib Al Ashraf BCA Bulletin of the College of Arts (3aghdad University) / BEO Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales de I'Institut Francais de Damas / BIFAO Bulletin de I'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale du Caire BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Africa Studies EHR Economic History Review HJ Historia Judaica I .A. Tarlkh Medinat Dimashk I .°ASAKIR T arf ,vh Me din at Dimashk IC Islamic Culture ICO International Congress of Orientalists, Proceedings I .HAB Ibh Habib Kitab al Munabbar I.K. Ibn Khayyat Kitab al tarlkh I .SA°D Ibn SaCd Kitab al tabakat JA Journal Asiatiqut. JAH Jahshiyarl Kitab al Wuzara vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. JAHA Journal of the American Historical Association JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JASB Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JWH Journal of World History ' / MFOB Melanges de la Faculte Orientale de l'Universite St. Joseph de Beyrouth MMII Majailat al-MajmaC al-CIlmI al-°lraql MSOS Mitteilungen des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen MW Muslim World OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung RAAD Revue de I'Academie Arabe de Damas / RCEA Repertoire Chronologique d'Epigraphie Arabe REI Revue des Etudes Islamiques RH Revue Historique RIMA Revue de 1'Institut des Manuscrits Arabes RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali SI Studia Isi arnica SO Studia Orientalia TAB Tabari , Tarlkh Al Tabari WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes YAK Al Ya°kubl Tarlkh Al YaCkubi viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morganlandischen Gesellschaft ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 This study deals primarily with the development of the military and administrative bureacracy of the Islamic Empire during the late Umayyad and early Abbasid period. The first part is a discussion of the family, tribal and personal ties of the military commanders and governors in Iraq during the time of the conquests, the Umayyad cali­ phate, and the Abbasid Caliphate. The discussion of the wala1 system, developed by the Abbasid rulers, which follows is an attempt to explain one reason for the difference ir. status of military commanders and governors under the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes. The latter part of this study is devoted to an examination of the offices of rhe Imperial Bureacracy, the men who held these offices and the nature of their rela­ tionships with each other and with the Umayyad and Abbasid rulers. Muslim Historiography includes many works devoted to individual biographies. This information by itself would not however be sufficient to undertake the type of study I wished to make. It is only through the use of the extensive chronicle material in conjunction with the biographical data that I have been able to carry out this study. The large number of offices and the long time period which this study covers provide the background against which the major differences between the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes can be seen. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 This study is part of a larger project that will include more analysis of the conquest period and the men involved in the elaboration of Islamic law during the first two centuries of the Hidjra.
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