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As Raízes Judaico-Cristãs Do Movimento Proto-Islâmico E Os Profetismos Na Península Arábica (Séc

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As Raízes Judaico-Cristãs Do Movimento Proto-Islâmico E Os Profetismos Na Península Arábica (Séc UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA PAULO RENATO SILVA DE ANDRADE RECITA , EM NOME DO TEU SENHOR: As raízes judaico-cristãs do movimento proto-islâmico e os profetismos na Península Arábica (séc. VII E.C.) Belo Horizonte 2017 PAULO RENATO SILVA DE ANDRADE RECITA , EM NOME DO TEU SENHOR: As raízes judaico-cristãs do movimento proto-islâmico e os profetismos na Península Arábica (séc. VII E.C.) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de mestre no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, na linha de pesquisa História e Culturas Políticas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Luis Pereira Miatello. Belo Horizonte 2017 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Dissertação de mestrado intitulada "Recita, em nome do teu Senhor: as raízes judaico- cristãs do movimento proto-islâmico e os profetismos na península arábica (séc. VII E.C.)" , defendida pelo aluno Paulo Renato Silva de Andrade e aprovada no dia ___ de _________________ de 2017 pela banca examinadora, composta pelos seguintes professores: ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Luis Pereira Miatello (orientador) ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Tadeu Mazzola Verza (UFMG) ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Antônio Dabdab Trabulsi (UFMG) AGRADECIMENTOS Qualquer tentativa sincera de agradecimento imediatamente nos remete não a uma tarefa hercúlea – visto que esta, ainda que enorme, implica em sua possível completude – mas sisífica. Não por uma suposta inutilidade do objetivo em si, mas pela futilidade do esforço, cujo ator já inicia consciente de que a pedra rolará para o pé da montanha. Ainda assim, é com a resignação otimista do Sísifo, tal como interpretado por Camus, que empreendemos a tarefa, com a mais alegre boa vontade, apesar da ciência da incomensurabilidade da gratidão que nutrimos e da incapacidade de expressá-la, em toda a sua plenitude e subjetividade. Em primeiro lugar, aos meus pais, Eliana Prudente da Silva Andrade, e René Cássia Rodrigues de Andrade, por sempre me incentivarem, desde criança, a ir atrás daquilo em que acredito, independentemente dos grilhões sociais e financeiros que constantemente nos assombram e nos intimam (e intimidam) à conformidade. Em seguida ao meu irmão e irmãs, Pedro Victor Silva de Andrade, Laura Silva de Andrade, e Luíza Silva de Andrade, que, frutos da mesma educação que tive, sempre foram exemplos claros da constante luta por ser sinceros consigo mesmos, e assim, apesar das inseguranças e medos, terem a coragem de buscar aquilo que lhes dá sentido – sem, contudo, negligenciarem o compromisso com o próximo, e prestarem auxílio constante a mim, da mesma maneira que não têm receio de requisitarem auxílio em suas vidas. A Camila Maria Pereira Scalabrini, pela amizade, companheirismo, amor e cumplicidade, e por humildemente lutar por me apoiar ao máximo durante essa trajetória, com o cuidado simultâneo – ainda que desnecessário – por não me sobrecarregar com as exigências do relacionamento. Aos meus filhotes que viraram estrela durante o período de pesquisa, Xampu e Limonada, que carregarei comigo para sempre no meu coração e nos meus antebraços, e àqueles que compõem atualmente a família, Estopa e Toddy, por nos lembrarem diariamente da existência do amor incondicional. Ao meu amigo e orientador, André Luis Pereira Miatello, pela paciência e o estímulo constantes, bem como a exigência e o zelo cruciais para a qualidade de qualquer trabalho. Aos professores José Antônio Dabdab Trabulsi e Tadeu Mazzola Verza, pela solicitude e boa vontade em empreenderem a tarefa árdua de corrigir e avaliar este estudo, bem como pela influência profissional que exerceram em mim ao longo de minha formação acadêmica. Aos brilhantes colegas Érike Couto e Thales Silva, pelas importantíssimas correções e revisões das palavras e termos em grego, hebraico e árabe. À minha preciosa amiga Fabi Léo, pela ajuda inestimável de editoração, mas principalmente, pela amizade, estímulo, e companheirismo nas muitas outras lutas da vida. À minha amiga e interlocutora frequente, Maria do Carmo Schmidt, pelas incontáveis horas de conversa sem as quais certamente as estruturas argumentativas e conclusões presentes neste trabalho não seriam possíveis. A meus outros familiares, ti@s, prim@s, cunhad@s, sogr@s, e agregad@s, que sempre forneceram suporte nos muitos aspectos da vida. A@s alun@s que cursaram a disciplina oferecida por mim no primeiro semestre de 2015 na UFMG, com os quais aprendi muito mais do que esperava, e que contribuiram com importantes insights a respeito do tema. A@s companheir@s de luta, que acreditam e lutam por um mundo melhor diariamente. Finalmente, à lista infindável de inestimáveis amig@s, nov@s e velh@s, a@s quais poderia dedicar agradecimentos específicos por infinitas páginas, mas que, por brevidade, terão somente os nomes mencionados, sem ordem específica: Alexandre Bellini Tasca, Arthur Oliveira Freitas, Felipe da Silveira Malacco, Davi Aroeira Kacowicz, André Mayrink Marcuci, Pedro Henrique Barbosa Montandon, Ciro Cordeiro Pinheiro, Carol Vilela, Thiago Ramos Heilbuth, Rafael Ramos Heilbuth, Bruna Roriz, Thaís Tanure, Taísa Marques, Florian Hilsammer, Kaila Johnston, Alban Dubois, Jan Michalczyk, Nathalie Van Raemdonck, Daniel Revillon Dinato, Luísa Novara, Aléssio Alonso Alves, Iara Souto, Lucas “Barrão” Pinto, Luís Felipe “Lipão” Garrocho, Bel Quintão, Otávio Rangel, Luca Palmesi, Gabriel Leão, Pamela Naumann, André Mascarenhas, Edinho Faria, Felipe Augusto Ribeiro, Camila Lobato Rajão, Luis Arnaut, João Renato Alencar, Letícia Dias Schirm, Eliza Toledo, Alysson Lima. Sem dúvida, pelo caráter falho da memória humana, divers@s outr@s foram esquecid@s por mim neste momento de confecção dos agradecimentos. Sou extremamente grato e devo muito a tod@s. Vocês sabem quem são. Sintam-se abraçados e cumprimentados. “Ouvi, pois, as minhas palavras: Se há entre vós um profeta, é em visão que me revelo a ele, é em sonho que lhe falo. (…)” (NÚMEROS, 12:6) “Recita, em nome do teu Senhor, que criou Que criou o homem de um coágulo Recita, pois o teu Senhor é o mais generoso Aquele que ensinou o homem pelo cálamo, ensinou ao homem o que ele não sabia.” (O NOBRE CORÃO, XCVI: 1-5) RESUMO O objetivo principal deste texto é contribuir para a compreensão da emergência do movimento profético de Muhammad na Península Arábica do século VII E.C., por meio da investigação da sua relação com as comunidades e culturas judaico-cristãs presentes na península. Partindo de um panorama sociológico e antropológico dos seus habitantes, bem como de suas estruturas políticas, o texto prossegue por uma investigação dos indícios da presença de comunidades judaicas e cristãs na região, e o delineamento de algumas de suas características, tanto políticas quanto culturais. Para tanto, utiliza-se de um corpus documental variado, envolvendo fontes narrativas, epigráficas, arqueológicas, de origens e períodos diferentes. A partir deste levantamento etnográfico, prosseguimos com a análise dos muitos movimentos políticos proféticos árabes, contemporâneos ao de Muhammad, e seus personagens principais – aos quais a tradição islâmica atribui o status de falsos-profetas. É de nosso entendimento que a análise cruzada desses fenômenos, relativamente pouco estudados, contribui para o esclarecimento do meio político-cultural em que o profeta do Islam pregaria sua mensagem, e, em última instância, para uma melhor compreensão dos fundamentos e limites do Proto-islam. Palavras-Chave: Proto-islam. Islam. Península Arábica. Movimentos Proféticos. Messianismo. ABSTRACT This text's main purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the emergence of Muhammad's prophetic movement on 7 th century Arabia through its relation with the Judeo- Christian communities and cultures at the peninsula. Starting from a sociological and anthropological overview of its inhabitants, as well as their political structures, the text endeavors an inquiry on the evidences of the presence of Jewish and Christian communities in the region, and outlines some of their characteristics, both political and cultural. To do so, it makes use of a diverse documental corpus, including narrative, epigraphic and archeological evidence, with different origins and from different timespans. From this ethnographic survey, it proceeds to an analysis of the many Arabian prophetic political movements, contemporaneous with Muhammad's, and their main characters – to whom the Islamic tradition would grant the status of false-prophets. It is our understanding that the careful cross-analysis of these relatively understudied phenomena contributes to shed some light on the political-cultural milieu in which the prophet of Islam would preach his message, and ultimately, to a better understanding of the foundations and limits of Early-Islam. Key-words: Early Islam. Islam. Arabian Peninsula. Prophetic Movements. Messianism. SUMÁRIO Nota sobre convenções e traduções ............................................................................................ 1 Mapa 1 – A Península Arábica, ci. 600 E.C ................................................................................ 3 Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 4 Capítulo I: A (problemática) problemática das fontes .............................................................. 18 1.1 O processo de formação
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