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Lodi Garden-A Historical Detour
Aditya Singh Rathod Subject: Soicial Science] [I.F. 5.761] Vol. 8, Issue: 6, June: 2020 International Journal of Research in Humanities & Soc. Sciences ISSN:(P) 2347-5404 ISSN:(O)2320 771X Lodi Garden-A Historical Detour ADITYA SINGH RATHOD Department of History University of Delhi, Delhi Lodi Garden, as a closed complex comprises of several architectural accomplishments such as tombs of Muhammad Shah and Sikandar Lodi, Bara Gumbad, Shish Gumbad (which is actually tomb of Bahlul Lodi), Athpula and many nameless mosque, however my field work primarily focuses upon the monuments constructed during the Lodi period. This term paper attempts to situate these monuments in the context of their socio-economic and political scenario through assistance of Waqiat-i-Mushtaqui and tries to traverse beyond the debate of sovereignty, which they have been confined within all these years. Village of Khairpur was the location of some of the tombs, mosques and other structures associated with the Lodi period, however in 1936; villagers were deported out of this space to lay the foundation of a closed campus named as Lady Willingdon Park, in the commemoration of erstwhile viceroy’s wife; later which was redesigned by eminent architect, J A Stein and was renamed as Lodi Garden in 1968. Its proximity to the Dargah of Shaykh Nizamuddin Auliya delineated Sufi jurisdiction over this space however, in due course of time it came under the Shia influence as Aliganj located nearby to it, houses monuments subscribing to this sect, such as Gateway of Old Karbala and Imambara; even the tomb of a powerful Shia Mughal governor i.e. -
Chapter VI Conclusions
Chapter VI Conclusions Trade and commerce of Adil Shahi Sultanate was gradually increasing through various stages, but it reached to a height after the fall of Barid Shahi and Vijaynagar. The establishment of Bahmani rule had removed Bijapur’s status as a remote frontier post, however, under the Bahamanis Bijapur never possessed the economic or political importance of Gulbarga and Bidar, the two Bahmani capitals. Bijapur’s de facto independence (1490), from Bahmani authority could not suddenly transform the city into a notable centre of Islamic civilization. One political city had to fall or decline so that a new political city rose and grew in its stead. Bidar was declined in the last quarter of 15th century and Vijaynagar was destroyed by confederate Muslim states of the Deccan in the battle of Talikota in 1565 and on its ashes raised the glory of Bijapur. By the end of sixteenth century Bijapur had emerged as one of the major Islamic urban centres. The early seventeenth century saw the peak growth of the city’s population, on the basis of the estimation of James Campbell, two million of population was resided within and outside of fort of Bijapur. Under the aegis of Ibrahim II and Muhammad Adil Shah, Bijapur’s significance in all respects grew further and it became an important city of the Deccan. Migration of Qadiri Sufis into the Bijapur during this period could be seen as an important indicator of urbanization. After the fall of Vijaynagar the resources of sultanate increases and Karwar, Honawar and Bhatkal came in their possession which helps to boost up their trade and 548 J.D.B., Gribble, History of the Deccan, op. -
In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
1 Title: Enlightenment and Empire, Mughals and Marathas: The
Title: Enlightenment and Empire, Mughals and Marathas: The Religious History of Indian in the Work of East India Company Servant, Alexander Dow. Abstract: This article situates the work of East India Company servant Alexander Dow (1735-1779), principally his writings on the history and future state of India, in contemporary debates about empire, religion and enlightened government. To do so it offers a sustained analysis of his 1772 essay “A Dissertation Concerning the Origin and Nature of Despotism in Hindostan”, as well as his proposals for the restoration of Bengal, both of which played an influential part in shaping the preoccupations with Mughal history that dominated the contemporary crisis in the Company’s legitimacy. By linking these texts to his earlier work on ‘Hindoo’ religion, it will argue that Dow’s analysis of the relationship between certain religious cultures and their civic qualities was rooted in a deist perspective. It doing so it restores the enlightenment components of Dow’s thought, and their impact on the ideology of empire, in a crucial period of British expansion in India. Keywords: Empire, Enlightenment, India, Eighteenth Century, East India Company, Religion 1 Historians are increasingly concerned with the Enlightenment’s extra-European context.1 In particular, recognising that international commerce and exchange were its material context, scholars have turned their attention to Enlightenment attitudes to empire. For Sankar Muthu this has meant tracing anti-imperialist strands of enlightenment thought.2 This -
History of Mughal Architecture Vol.1
GOVERI\ll\/IEI\iT OF iP^DIA H B Central Archaeological Library Archaeological Survey of India JANPATH, NEW DELHI. Accession No. c. K '7^' ' 3 3 'I Call No. GI'^ f HISTORY OF MHGIIAL ARci n ri-:cTTRr: ISBN 0-3^1-02650-X First Published in India 1982 © R Nath All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any former by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publishers JacViet & inside design; Yashodamohan Colour Plates Printed byD. K. Fine Arts Press, New Delhi Publishers Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications E-37, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-1 10016 Printers Hans Raj Gupta & Sons Anand Parbat New Delhi-110005 A B H i N A V abhiNQv pubLicoiioNs PubtiC AlioNS HISTORY Ol' MUGHAL VOL.l R NATH fibril ' -•.% hwit -~ <T»rt»:i3a TO BABUR The King and the Prince of Gardens whose advent in India marks the dawn of one of the most glorious epochs of Indian History; The Poet and the Aesthete who possessed an extraordinary aesthetic outlook of life which in due course became one of the distinctive characteristics of Mughal Culture; and The Dervish: “Darvishan-ra agar neh az khwaishanem; Lek az dil-o-jan mautqid aishanem; Dur-ast makoi shahi az dervaisti; Shahim vali bandah darvaishanem.” Babur Preface This is first volume of the A-wolume series: HISTORY OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE. It aspires to make a stylistic study of the monu- ments (mosques, tombs, gardens, palaces and other buildings) of Babur and Humayun and also includes those which were built at Delhi during the first two decades of Akbar’s reign but did not belong to his style (a list of principal buildings included in the study is given). -
BAYANA the First Lavishly Illustrated and Comprehensive Record of the Historic Bayana Region
BAYANA The first lavishly illustrated and comprehensive record of the historic Bayana region Bayana in Rajasthan, and its monuments, challenge the perceived but established view of the development of Muslim architecture and urban form in India. At the end of the 12th century, early conquerors took the mighty Hindu fort, building the first Muslim city below on virgin ground. They later reconfigured the fort and constructed another town within it. These two towns were the centre of an autonomous region during the 15th and 16th centuries. Going beyond a simple study of the historic, architectural and archaeological remains, this book takes on the wider issues of how far the artistic traditions of Bayana, which developed independently from those of Delhi, later influenced north Indian architecture. It shows how these traditions were the forerunners of the Mughal architectural style, which drew many of its features from innovations developed first in Bayana. Key Features • The first comprehensive account of this historic region • Offers a broad reinvestigation of North Indian Muslim architecture through a case study of a desert fortress MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY • Includes detailed maps of the sites: Bayana Town, the Garden City of NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY Sikandra and the Vijayamandargarh or Tahangar Fort with detailed survey of its fortifications and its elaborate gate systems • Features photographs and measured surveys of 140 monuments and epigraphic records from the 13th to the end of the 16th century – including mosques, minarets, waterworks, domestic dwellings, mansions, ‘īdgāhs (prayer walls) and funerary edifices • Introduces historic outlying towns and their monuments in the region such as Barambad, Dholpur, Khanwa and Nagar-Sikri (later to become Fathpur Sikri) • Demonstrates Bayana’s cultural and historic importance in spite of its present obscurity and neglect BAYANA • Adds to the record of India’s disappearing historic heritage in the wake of modernisation. -
LIST of INDIAN CITIES on RIVERS (India)
List of important cities on river (India) The following is a list of the cities in India through which major rivers flow. S.No. City River State 1 Gangakhed Godavari Maharashtra 2 Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh 3 Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat 4 At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Allahabad Uttar Pradesh Saraswati 5 Ayodhya Sarayu Uttar Pradesh 6 Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand 7 Banki Mahanadi Odisha 8 Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha 9 Baranagar Ganges West Bengal 10 Brahmapur Rushikulya Odisha 11 Chhatrapur Rushikulya Odisha 12 Bhagalpur Ganges Bihar 13 Kolkata Hooghly West Bengal 14 Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha 15 New Delhi Yamuna Delhi 16 Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam 17 Deesa Banas Gujarat 18 Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab 19 Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam 20 Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand 21 Hyderabad Musi Telangana 22 Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh 23 Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh 24 Kota Chambal Rajasthan 25 Jammu Tawi Jammu & Kashmir 26 Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh 27 Patna Ganges Bihar 28 Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh 29 Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir 30 Surat Tapi Gujarat 31 Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh 32 Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh 33 Vadodara Vishwamitri Gujarat 1 Source – Wikipedia S.No. City River State 34 Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh 35 Modasa Mazum Gujarat 36 Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh 37 Morbi Machchu Gujarat 38 Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh 39 Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh 40 Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karnataka 41 Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh 42 Rangpo Teesta Sikkim 43 Rajkot Aji Gujarat 44 Gaya Falgu (Neeranjana) Bihar 45 Fatehgarh Ganges -
University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it. -
Tropes of Early Islamic Settlement
EarlyEarly IslamicIslamic SettlementSettlement UrbanUrban andand RuralRural transformationstransformations TropesTropes ofof EarlyEarly IslamicIslamic SettlementSettlement BedouinizationBedouinization ofof thethe civilizationscivilizations ofof antiquityantiquity AssimilationAssimilation toto thethe luxuriesluxuries ofof civilizedcivilized lifelife NeglectNeglect andand Disorder,Disorder, RuptureRupture andand DeclineDecline SomeSome historicalhistorical realitiesrealities inin thethe settlementsettlement processprocess VastVast majoritymajority ofof ArabArab settlementsettlement waswas inin SyriaSyria andand IraqIraq MovementMovement ofof peoplespeoples waswas closelyclosely associatedassociated withwith thethe conquestsconquests andand thethe armyarmy TheThe emergenceemergence ofof thethe amsaramsar (s.(s. misrmisr)) asas nodesnodes forfor Arab/MuslimArab/Muslim settlementsettlement MaintainingMaintaining thethe productiveproductive capacitycapacity ofof thethe landland waswas reflectedreflected inin patternspatterns ofof landland tenuretenure TheThe ThunderingThundering ArabArab HoardsHoards CategoriesCategories ofof EarlyEarly IslamicIslamic UrbanismUrbanism beforebefore thethe AbbasidsAbbasids DeDe NovoNovo citiescities Amsar Qusur and planned towns (e.g. Ayla, Anjar) ExistingExisting CitiesCities Resettlement within the existing towns Building adjacent – variation of the misr concept Defensive settlement - Ribat, thughur and awasim Basra,Basra, KufaKufa andand thethe earliestearliest amsaramsar Conventional designation -
Taken for Granted by Many and Cherished by a Few, the Trees in India’S Capital City Make It Seem Like a Verse from a Ruskin Bond Poem
Nature Trails A garden of dreams Taken for granted by many and cherished by a few, the trees in India’s capital city make it seem like a verse from a Ruskin Bond poem. TexT & phoTographs YD BAR-NESS elhi? Think human traffic and clogged roads, jangled nerves and rampant drivers, and a slice of pollution to top it all off. Like most of us, you appreciate green and quiet places, trees and wildlife. The Dcapital city might seem a tad bit overwhelming during your first visit, but here’s introducing its green and forested side. With a bit of an adventurous streak, you can escape the crowds and noise and find some The giant semal tree near unique natural attractions. Sikander’s Tomb gates, Lodhi Gardens. 66•JetWings•January 2010 NatureTrails When these khirni trees were seedlings perhaps 500 years ago, the Mughals were only just getting established in Delhi. There are not only several remarkable and special trees, but also surprisingly large and peaceful forestlands within the vast, bustling city of Delhi. Treat yourself to a natural adventure within the capital and reconnect for a bit with the wild earth. INTO THE WOODS Delhi was built where a blade of ancient sandstone reaches towards the Yamuna river. Most of this slightly higher area of land is covered by city now, but a handful of large forest areas remain. In the south of the city you can visit sanjay Van for a respite from the relentlessly urban environment. The forest has changed dramatically over the years, especially due to a Mexican acacia tree gone rampant. -
Jahanpanah Part of the Sarai Shahji Village As a Place for Travellers to Stay
CORONATION PARK 3. SARAI SHAHJI MAHAL 5. KHARBUZE KA GUMBAD a walk around The Sarai Shahji Mahal is best approached from the main Geetanjali This is an interesting, yet bizarre little structure, Road that cuts through Malviya Nagar rather than from the Begumpur located within the premises of a Montessori village. The mahal (palace) and many surrounding buildings were school in the residential neighbourhood of Jahanpanah part of the Sarai Shahji village as a place for travellers to stay. Of the Delhi Metro Sadhana Enclave in Malviya Nagar. It is essentially Route 6 two Mughal buildings, the fi rst is a rectangular building with a large a small pavilion structure and gets its name from Civil Ho Ho Bus Route courtyard in the centre that houses several graves. Towards the west, is the tiny dome, carved out of solid stone and Lines a three-bay dalan (colonnaded verandah) with pyramidal roofs, which placed at its very top, that has the appearance of Heritage Route was once a mosque. a half-sliced melon. It is believed that Sheikh The other building is a slightly more elaborate apartment in the Kabir-ud-din Auliya, buried in the Lal form of a tower. The single room is entered through a set of three Gumbad spent his days under this doorways set within a large arch. The noticeable feature here is a dome and the night in the cave located SHAHJAHANABAD Red Fort balcony-like projection over the doorway which is supported by below it. The building has been dated carved red sandstone brackets. -
Uttar Pradesh State Water Policy 2020
UTTAR PRADESH STATE WATER POLICY 2020 Submitted by: Uttar Pradesh Water Management & Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) Table of Contents Table of Contents 1. History of Water Resources Management in Uttar Pradesh: A perspective for the State Water Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Preamble ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Need for a New Water Policy ..................................................................................... 6 2.2 Vision Statement ......................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Policy Objectives ......................................................................................................... 7 2.4 The Strategic Pillars .................................................................................................... 8 2.5 Guiding Principles ..................................................................................................... 10 2.6 Approaches ................................................................................................................ 11 3. Water Resources in Uttar Pradesh .................................................................................... 11 3.1 Geographical Variation in water availability ............................................................ 11 3.2 Total Water Availability ...........................................................................................