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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _ 3. Photographs with dark background. 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. v / 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) ____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) ____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed a s received _ 16. Other UMI THE ARCHITECTURE OF FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLUQ DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Jeffrey McKibben, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Howard G. Crane Susan L. Huntington Adviser Stephen F. Dale Department of History of Art Copyright by William Jeffrey McKibben 1988 To my father ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation for supporting my research in India. I am especially thankful to my adviser, Dr. Howard Crane, for his insight, enthusiasm, and direction throughout the course of this project. I also want to thank Drs. Susan Huntington, Stephen Dale and Marilyn Waldman for their advice and support In addition, my appreciation is extended to Drs. Anthony Welch, Catherine Asher, Ebba Koch, Wayne Begley, and to the staff of the Archaeological Survey of India for generously devoting their time to answer my questions. For their encouragement and assistance, I am indebted to Dr. Gary Wells, Deborah Wells, Dennis May, and Mark Ford. I am particularly grateful to my parents. Bill and Gene McKibben, for their love and support u VITA January 31,1954 .............................................. Bom - Wheeling, West Virginia 1978..................................................................B.A., The Ohio State University 1980..................................................................M.A., The Ohio State University AWARDS 1984-1985, Samuel H. Kress Foundation Fellowship in Art History FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History of Art Studies in Islamic and Indian art ui TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNO’iVLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. ii VITA................................................................................................................................ üi LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF PLATES......................................................................................................... vü NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION................................................................................ xü CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Literature Survey ................................................................................................... 5 Notes .................................................................................................................. 19 n. LIFE OF FIRUZ SHAH ........................................................................................... 22 Life of Firuz Shah ............................................................................................... 22 Historical Epigraphy of the Reign of Firuz Shah ................................................. 41 Notes .................................................................................................................... 50 m . SURVEY OF MONUMENTS...................................................................................60 Urban Foundations ............................................................................................... 62 Mosques ................................................................................................................67 M adrasas ..............................................................................................................75 Tombs ..................................................................................................................77 Palaces.................................................................................................................. 80 Khanaqah ............................................................................................................ 84 Waterworks ..........................................................................................................85 Acts of Restoration to pre-existing monuments ................................................... 87 Notes .................................................................................................................... 91 IV IV. THE JAMIMASJID AND LAT PYRAMID OF FIRUZABAD............................. 97 Literaty Sources ................................................................................................... 97 Description of the Archaeological Remains .................................................... 107 Inscriptions and the FuAfhaM'Firuz 5hn/u ................... ................................. 118 The Lar Pyramid: Form and M eaning ..................................................... 129 N otes ................................................................................................................ 137 V. THE MADRASA AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES AT HAUZ KHAS 149 Firuz Shah’s iTzodrora in literature .................................................................. 149 Description of the Archaeological Remains ................................................... 155 Inscriptions ........................................................................................................ 170 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 182 N otes ................................................................................................................ 187 VI. THE PALACE AND ZAT Æ/ MOSQUE AT HISSAR....................................... 194 Literaty Sources ............................................................................................... 194 Description of the Buildings .............................................................................. 200 N otes ..................................................................................................................211 Vn. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 214 Stylistic Analysis ............................................................................................... 214 Classes of Structures ...........................................................................................226 Geographical Factors ..................................................................................... 231 Motives for Building .........................................................................................234 N otes ..................................................................................................................244 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................249 FIGURES .....................................................................................................................