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BAYANA the First Lavishly Illustrated and Comprehensive Record of the Historic Bayana Region

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BAYANA the First Lavishly Illustrated and Comprehensive Record of the Historic Bayana Region BAYANA The first lavishly illustrated and comprehensive record of the historic Bayana region Bayana in Rajasthan, and its monuments, challenge the perceived but established view of the development of Muslim architecture and urban form in India. At the end of the 12th century, early conquerors took the mighty Hindu fort, building the first Muslim city below on virgin ground. They later reconfigured the fort and constructed another town within it. These two towns were the centre of an autonomous region during the 15th and 16th centuries. Going beyond a simple study of the historic, architectural and archaeological remains, this book takes on the wider issues of how far the artistic traditions of Bayana, which developed independently from those of Delhi, later influenced north Indian architecture. It shows how these traditions were the forerunners of the Mughal architectural style, which drew many of its features from innovations developed first in Bayana. Key Features • The first comprehensive account of this historic region • Offers a broad reinvestigation of North Indian Muslim architecture through a case study of a desert fortress MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY • Includes detailed maps of the sites: Bayana Town, the Garden City of NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY Sikandra and the Vijayamandargarh or Tahangar Fort with detailed survey of its fortifications and its elaborate gate systems • Features photographs and measured surveys of 140 monuments and epigraphic records from the 13th to the end of the 16th century – including mosques, minarets, waterworks, domestic dwellings, mansions, ‘īdgāhs (prayer walls) and funerary edifices • Introduces historic outlying towns and their monuments in the region such as Barambad, Dholpur, Khanwa and Nagar-Sikri (later to become Fathpur Sikri) • Demonstrates Bayana’s cultural and historic importance in spite of its present obscurity and neglect BAYANA • Adds to the record of India’s disappearing historic heritage in the wake of modernisation. AND THE SOURCES OF Mehrdad Shokoohy is Emeritus Professor of Architecture and Urban Studies of the University of Greenwich. Natalie H. Shokoohy is an architectural historian. Together they have published numerous books including Street MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE Shrines of Kirtipur: As Long as the Sun and Moon Endure (2014), Tughluqabad: A Paradigm for Indo-Islamic Urban Planning and its Architectural Components (2007) and Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma’bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (2003). Front cover image: the prayer wall of Bayana, the earliest surviving specimen of its kind in India and probably the world. ̆ MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY Back cover images: bastions of the Bayana Citadel, the ‘impregnable fortress’; the Ukhā Masjid, the extension of 1320 to the Bayana Jāmi, praised by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa; ribbed dome in the fifteenth-century ‘Īdgāh Masjid at Barambad; the step-well built by Khān-i Khānān Farmūlī in 1496 in the Fort of Bayana for the Hindu population. All images by Mehrdad Shokoohy. AND Cover design: Rebecca Mackenzie and Stuart Dalziel NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY 2378 eup Shokoohy_PPC.indd 1 27/01/2020 20:27 BAYANA Le plus mauvais parti que les princes d’Asie aient pu prendre, c’est de se cacher comme ils font. Ils veulent se rendre plus respectables; mais ils font respecter la Royauté, et non pas le Roi, et attachent l’esprit des sujets à un certain trône, et non pas à une certaine personne. Cette puissance invisible qui gouverne est toujours la même pour le Peuple. Quoique dix rois, qu’il ne connaît que de nom, se soient égorgés l’un après l’autre, il ne sent aucune différence; c’est comme s’il avait été gouverné successivement par des Esprits. (Asian kings could have taken no worse course than to hide themselves as they do. They intend to inspire greater respect, but they inspire respect for royalty, not for the king, and fix their subjects’ mind on a particular throne, not on a particular person. This invisible ruling power always remains identical for the people. Even if a dozen kings, whom they know only by name, were to slaughter each other in turn, they would not be aware of any difference: it would be as if they had been governed by a succession of phantoms.) Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes, Letter 103 BAYANA THE SOURCES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY and NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Mehrdad Shokoohy and Natalie H. Shokoohy, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Trump Mediaeval LT 11/14pt by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 6072 9 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 6075 0 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 6074 3 (epub) The right of Mehrdad Shokoohy and Natalie H. Shokoohy to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Published with the support of the University of Edinburgh Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund. Contents Method of Transliteration vii Abbreviations viii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 History 14 The conquest of Bayana 16 The extent of the region of Bayana 28 Thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 31 TÈmËr’s invasion and the rise of the Au˙adÈs 49 The LodÈ dominance 71 Båbur and the rise of the Mughals 82 The decline: the SËrÈ episode 89 The Mahdi 92 Akbar and the later Mughals 96 CHAPTER 3 The Three Towns 101 Bayana Town: Sul†ånkËt and the later town 104 The Tahangar or Vijayamandargarh fort and its town 113 Sikandra 156 CHAPTER 4 Early Monuments: Twelfth–Fourteenth Centuries 163 The Ghurid period: the buildings of Bahå al-dÈn Êughrul 166 The KhaljÈ and Tughluq periods: 1290–1320, 1320–1413 220 CHAPTER 5 Mosques and Minarets 239 Mosques with traditional plans 242 Small neighbourhood mosques 280 Emergence of a new mosque plan 292 Minarets 320 vi BAYANA CHAPTER 6 The Chatrī : its Origin, its Basic Forms and its Variants in Bayana 330 Typology 334 CHAPTER 7 Waterworks 369 Wells 372 Reservoirs: Typology 374 1: Natural depressions made into reservoirs 376 2: Large reservoirs with steps on all sides 383 3: Step-wells 396 CHAPTER 8 Domestic Architecture 415 Structure and methods of construction 418 Typology 420 CHAPTER 9 Mansions, Semi-public Buildings and Later Monuments 461 CHAPTER 10 Historic Edifices in the Towns and Villages of the Bayana Region 490 Dholpur 490 Khanwa 505 Nagar–Sikri 515 Sikri 529 CHAPTER 11 Epilogue 533 Appendix I Historical Inscriptions of Bayana and its Region 537 Appendix II The Genealogy of the Auhadıˉs of Bayana 610 Appendix III Funerary Chatrıˉs and Other˙ Tombs 611 Bibliography 706 Index 720 Method of Transliteration ق q ذ dh ء ک k ر r آ å گ g ز z ا a ل l ژ zh اُ u م m س s ب b ن n ش sh پ p و w ص ß ت t ُو Ë ض ∂ ث th َّو au aw ط † ج j هـ h ظ Ω چ ch ي È ع ح ˙ َی ai ay غ gh خ kh ی y ف f د d Abbreviations Aˉ ı¯n-i Akbarı¯ (Pers.): Abul-fa∂l AllåmÈ FahhåmÈ b. Mubårak NågËrÈ, ÅÈn-i AkbarÈ (Pers.), H. Blochmann (ed.) (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Biblioteca Indica, No. 58, 1872–7), I, 1872; II, 1877. Aˉ ı¯n-i Akbarı¯ (tr.): The Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl-i-Allami, 3 vols, I, H. Blochmann (tr.); II and III, H. S. Jarrett (tr.) (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Bibliotheca Indica, No. 61, 1868–94); 2nd edn, A Gazetteer and Administrative Manual of Akbar’s Empire and Past History of India, corrected and annotated by Jadu- Nath Sarkar (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Bibliotheca Indica, No. 270, II, 1949). Akbar naˉ ma (Pers.): Shaikh Abul-Fa∂l AllåmÈ, FahhåmÈ, b. (Shaikh) Mubårak NågËrÈ, Akbar nåma (Pers.), Maulvi Abdu’r-Rahim (ed.), 3 vols (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Bibliotheca Indica, No. 79, 1877–86), I, 1877; II, 1879; III, 1886. Akbar naˉ ma (tr.): Abul-Fazl ibn Mubarak, called AllåmÈ, The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl: (History of the Reign of Akbar including an Account of His Predecessors), H. Beveridge (tr.), 3 vols (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Bibliotheca Indica, No. 138, 1897–1939). Arberry: Arberry, A. J., The Koran Interpreted, 2 vols (London and New York: Allen & Unwin and Macmillan, 1955). ARIE: Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy. ASI: Archaeological Survey of India. ASINC: Annual Progress Report of the Superintendent, Muhammadan and British Monuments, Northern Circle. ASIR: Archaeological Survey of India Reports (Cunningham series). ASWI: Archaeological Survey of Western India. BAI: Bulletin of the Asia Institute (Bloomfield Hills, MI). Barnı¯ (Pers.): Îiyå al-dÈn BarnÈ, TårÈkh-i FÈrËz ShåhÈ, W. N. Lees, S. Ahmad Khan and Kabiru’d-Din (eds) (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Bibliotheca Indica, No. 33, 1862). Barnı¯ (tr.): in Elliot, III (London, 1872), chapter 15, ‘TårÈkh-i FÈroz ShåhÈ, of Ziyåu-d dÈn, BarnÈ’, pp. 93–268. ABBREVIATIONS ix CII: M. Shokoohy, Rajasthan I, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Part IV, Persian Inscriptions down to the Safavid Period, vol. XLIX, India: State of Rajasthan (London: Lund Humphries, distribution: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1986). EIAPS: Epigraphia Indica, Arabic and Persian Supplement.
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