Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom

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Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom BAUHISTORISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AM ALMAQAH-HEILIGTUM VON SIRWAH VOM KULTPLATZ ZUM HEILIGTUM Von der Fakultät Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen und Stadtplanung der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Nicole Röring geboren am 18.01.1972 in Lippstadt Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Adolf Hoffmann Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Rheidt Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06.10.2006 Band 1/Text In Erinnerung an meinen Vater Engelbert Röring Zusammenfassung Das Almaqah-Heiligtum von Sirwah befindet sich auf der südarabischen Halbinsel im Nordjemen etwa 80 km östlich der heutigen Hauptstadt Sanaa und ca. 40 km westlich von Marib, der einstigen Hauptstadt des Königreichs von Saba. Das Heiligtum, dessen Blütezeit auf das 7. Jh. v. Chr. zurückgeht, war dem sabäischen Reichsgott Almaqah geweiht. Das Heiligtum wird von einer bis zu 10 m hoch anstehenden und etwa 90 m langen, gekurvten Umfassungsmauer eingefasst. Im Nordwesten der Anlage sind zwei Propyla vorgelagert, die die Haupterschließungsachse bilden. Quer zum Inneren Propylon erstreckt sich entlang der Westseite eine einst überdachte Terrasse mit unterschiedlichen Einbauten. Kern der Gesamtanlage bildet ein Innenhof, der von der Umfassungsmauer mit einem umlaufenden Wehrgang gerahmt wird. Den Innenhof prägen unterschiedliche Einbauten rechteckiger Kubatur sowie insbesondere das große Inschriftenmonument, des frühen sabäischen Herrschers, Mukarrib Karib`il Watar, das eins der wichtigsten historischen Quellen Südwestarabiens darstellt. Die bauforscherische Untersuchung des Almaqah-Heiligtums von Sirwah konnte eine sukzessive Entwicklung eines Kultplatzes zu einem ‘internationalen’ Sakralkomplex nachweisen, die die komplexe Chronologie der Baulichkeiten des Heiligtums und eine damit einhergehende mindestens 1000jährige Nutzungszeit mit insgesamt fünfzehn Entwicklungsphasen belegt, die sich wiederum in fünf große Bauphasen gliedern lassen. Die bisher älteste nachzuweisende Phase des Heiligtums ist vermutlich in Form eines Altars (dem sog. Schlachtopferaltar) zu rekonstruieren, der als Kultplatz vor den Stadtmauern bestand. Weitere An- und Umbauten folgten und formten einen besonderen Sakralkomplex von größter Bedeutung. Mit der Erweiterung der gesamten Anlage nach Westen, die durch die Baumaßnahme des Äußeren Propylons gekennzeichnet ist, ereichte das Heiligtum seinen Endzustand. Diese steten Veränderungen und Vergrößerungen des Almaqah-Heiligtums sowie vor allem auch die politische Monumentalinschrift belegen, dass es sich hierbei um eines der wichtigsten Monumente altsabäischer Zeit handelt, welches zweifellos das religiöses Zentrum der Stadt Sirwah bildete. Abstract The Almaqah sanctuary of Sirwah is located on the southarabian peninsula, in the North of Yemen, about 80 km to the east of the present day capital of Sanaa and circa 40 km west of Marib, the former capital of the sabean kingdom. The sanctuary, whose heyday goes back to the seventh century B.C., was dedicated to the sabean deity Almaqah. The sanctuary is surrounded by a ca. 90 m long, curved enclosing wall, which reached heights of up to 10 m. Situated in the northwest of the complex are two Propyla, which present the main approach axis. Perpendicular to the Inner Propyla, a terrace with different installations, at one time roofed, extends along the west side. The middle of the complex is occupied by an inner courtyard, which was framed by the enclosing wall that was once crowned by a battlement. The inner courtyard is comprised of differently shaped installations including the extraordinary monumental inscription of the early sabean ruler, Mukarrib Karib`il Watar, which demonstrates one of the most important historical resources of Southwest Arabia. The historical building investigation of the Almaqah sanctuary has documented a successive development of a sacred precinct to an ‘international’ sacral complex, which demonstrates the complex building chronology of the sanctuary. For this reason it was used for at least 1000 years with fifteen documented development phases, which could be divided into five large building phases. Up until now the oldest building phase of the Almaqah sanctuary is presumably to be reconstructed in the form of an altar (the so-called victim altar), which existed as a sacred place extra muros. Further additions and rebuilding followed and formed a special sacral complex of utmost importance. With the expansion of the whole complex to the west, characterized by the new building of the Outer Propyla, the sanctuary reached its final condition. These constant changes and enlargements of the Almaqah sanctuary, as well as the political monumental inscription, demonstrate that it is one of the most important monuments of the sabean period, which no doubt composed the religious centre of the city Sirwah. INHALT Vorwort.................................................................................................................................V Abkürzungen……………………………………………………………………………..VII Abbildungsverzeichnis…………………………………………………………………….X Tafelverzeichnis………………………………………………………………...……..XVIII Planverzeichnis…………………………………………………................……….……XIX 1. Einleitung………………………………………………………………………….….….1 1.1. Ziele und Vorgehen……………………………………………………………….…..4 2. Forschungsgeschichte…………………………………………………………….……..6 3. Geographie und Entwicklung……………………………………………………....…10 3.1. Zum Naturraum……………………………………………………………….……..11 3.2. Zur Kulturlandschaft…………………………………………………………….…..13 3.2.1. Zur Entwicklung Südarabiens…………….……………………………….…..14 3.2.2. Zu den Wasserwirtschaftsbauten………………………………………….…...15 3.2.3. Zur südarabischen Stadtentwicklung……..…………………………………...16 3.2.4. Zur sabäischen Schrift………………………………………………………....19 3.2.5. Zur Entwicklung südarabischer Monumentalarchitektur……………………...20 3.3. Zur Landesentwicklung des Raumes Marib………………………………….….......21 3.4. Zur historischen Entwicklung des Ortes Sirwah………………………………….....22 3.5. Zur Lage und Anbindung der antiken Stadt Sirwah……………………………........26 4. Zur städtebaulichen Situation der antiken Stadt Sirwah………………………........27 4.1. Zum Erhaltungszustand der antiken Gebäude innerhalb der Stadtmauern………………………………………………………………………33 4.2. Zum Stellenwert des Almaqah-Heiligtums in der Stadt…………………………......34 5. Freilegung des Almaqah-Heiligtums.............................................................................35 5.1. Erste Freilegungen in Sirwāh von 1992 bis 1994.......................................................36 5.2. Wieder aufgenommene Freilegungen der Frühjahrskampagnen 2001, 2002 und 2004 sowie zusammenfassend der Frühjahrskampagne 2005......................38 5.2.1. Vorgehen............................................................................................................39 5.2.2. Freilegung im Innenhof des Heiligtums (Areal A)............................................39 5.2.3. Freilegung im Bereich nordöstlich, östlich und südlich vor der gekurvten Umfassungsmauer (Areal B) .............................................................44 5.2.4. Freilegung im Bereich nordnordwestlich vor der gekurvten Umfassungsmauer (Areal C)...............................................................................45 5.2.5. Freilegung im Bereich westlich vor dem Großen Propylon (Areal D)……………………………………………………………….......…..49 6. Baubeschreibung des Almaqah-Heiligtums…………………………………………..51 6.1. Baugestalt…………………………………………………………………………....51 6.2. Baugrund…………………………………………………………………………….52 6.3. Gekurvte Umfassungsmauer/Wehrgang.....................................................................53 6.3.1. Fundamentierung................................................................................................53 6.3.2. Außenschale.......................................................................................................54 6.3.3. Innenschale.........................................................................................................60 6.3.4. Zugänge..............................................................................................................61 6.4. ‘Parallele Bruchsteinmauer’........................................................................................66 6.5. Innenhof......................................................................................................................67 6.5.1. Das Pflaster des Innenhofs.................................................................................67 6.5.2. Entwässerung.....................................................................................................70 6.5.3. Inschriftenmonument.........................................................................................70 6.5.4. Altäre..................................................................................................................73 6.5.5. Naos (?)..............................................................................................................76 6.5.6. Antike Ein- und Anbauten..................................................................................77 6.5.6.1. Anbauten entlang der Südflanke..................................................................77 6.5.6.2. Ein großer Rechteckbau an der Nordflanke.................................................79 6.6. Terrassenanlage...........................................................................................................81 6.6.1.
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