El Bimaristán, Un Modelo De Hospital Islámico

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El Bimaristán, Un Modelo De Hospital Islámico El bimaristán, un modelo de hospital islámico Historia de los primeros centros psiquiátricos del mundo Caries G. Bárcena Arabista. Director del lnstitut d'Estudis Sufís de Barcelona THE BIMARISTAN, A MODEL OF ISLAMIC HOSPITAL. BARCENA C. Keywords: History of lslamic Medicine, Bimaristan, lslamic Hospital, Musictherapy. English abstrae!: An explanation of the bimaristan, a model of lslamic Hospital during the Middle Age, and an analysis of his way of healing the mental illness, including the use of the music as a therapy. Bimaristans were considered as the soul's hospitals, precursors of today's psyc hiatric hospitals, and its name cames from bimar (illness) and istan (house) .. Sentado junto a la. fontana Sin ámmo de exagerar, joven mundo islámico fue el rumorosa que ocupa el patio podemos afirmar con certeza escenario primordial del central del bimaristán Nur-ed­ que una de las mayores con­ cultivo y desarrollo no sólo ya Din de Damasco, en la sole­ tribuciones de la medicina de la medicina, sino de las dad de una refulgente mañana islámica al campo de la psi­ ciencias en su generalidad. de sol invernal, el viajero, quiatría ha sido justamente la Los siglos VIII y IX estuvieron aturdido por la bella y delica­ creación y desarrollo de los marcados por la asimilación da sobriedad del lugar, con­ bimaristanes, las primeras de los diferentes saberes médi­ vertido hoy en "Museo de his­ instituciones psiquiátricas cos a su alcance: el griego, por toria de la medicina y la cien­ que se conocen en el mundo. un lado, y el indopersa por cia islámicas ", experimenta Un motivo de ello, puede ser otrQ. En un primer momento, toda suerte de sensaciones, no que, desde sus orígenes, el el protagonismo recayó en todas ellas fácilmente descrip­ Islam ha abogado por el res­ eruditos que, en la mayoría de tibles. Deambular por sus pecto y dignidad de los per­ los casos, no eran musulma­ diferentes estancias, contem­ turbados mentales. nes, sino cristianos adscritos a plar sus muros ornados con la secta n�storiana. motivos caligráficos y arabes­ El objetivo de estas líneas cos, es como emprender un no es sino tratar de rescatar En la legendaria Bayt al­ viaje, un largo y fascinante del olvido la memoria de Hikmah o Casa de la Sabidu­ viaje en el tiempo. dicho modelo islámico de ría, fundada el año 830 en hospital, especializado con el Bagdad, convertida por en­ Los bimaristanes esparcidos paso del tiempo en el trata­ tonces en capital del califato aquí y allá por la geografía del miento de la locura. Segura­ abbasí y centro intelectual del Próximo Oriente, de Egipto a mente, son muchas las leccio­ mundo, con sus observatorios ·Siria y de Turquía a Irán, ejer­ nes que aún hoy podemos astronómicos, hospitales, bi­ cen una poderosa atracción extraer escuchando el silencio bliotecas y escuelas, se lleva­ sobre el viajero, que se ve habitado de los bimaristanes ría a cabo un monumental · asaltado de inmediato por que, desafiando al paso del trabajo de traducción al toda suerte de interrogantes a tiempo y a la desidia, aún per­ árabe, la lengua de conoci­ propósito de unos estableci­ manecen en p1e. miento de la época, de lo que mientos, hoy en desuso, desti­ los árabes conocen con el nados en el pasado, más o nombre de ciencias de los menos lejano, al tratamiento la medicina islámica antepasados ('ulíim al­ de las llamadas enfermedades awa'il), esto es, las ciencias del alma, así como a la ense­ Durante buena parte de la exactas y las físico-naturales, ñanza de la ciencia médica. Edad Media, el entonces la filosofía y, por supuesto, la NATURA MEDICATRIX W 62 ENERO 2001 medicina. Entre las numero­ sas obras traducidas cabe subrayar, principalmente, las de Galeno, cuyo magisterio resulta indiscutible tanto en la medicina islámica como, más tarde, en la europea. Al mismo tiempo, se vertió al árabe un gran número de tex­ tos de autores hipocráticos. Con todo, el papel de los árabes y persas islamizados no se limitará tan sólo a la mera transmisión mimética del legado médico antiguo, punto este no siempre remar­ cado lo ·suficiente. Paulatina­ mente, árabes y persas se con­ vertirán en auténticos vehícu­ los del pensamiento intelec­ tual, sustituyendo a los grie­ gos en dicho papel de privile­ gio. Será a partir del siglo X cuando la civilización islámi­ ca comience de verdad a desa­ rrollar, sistematizar de forma lógica y enriquecer los conoci­ mientos previamente adquiri­ dos, imprimiéndoles su sello particular. Los primeros La edad dorada de la medi­ cina islámica cubrirá los bimaristanes se siglos X y XI. Será en ese levantaron en el periodo cuando brillen con siglo VIII, en luz propia los persas Ar-Razí, Imágenes del bimaristan Arghun en Alepo que en sus años mozos había tiempos de los sido un fino intérprete de filológicas utilizadas por los La mayoría de los estudio­ laúd, e Ibn Sina, el Avicena de traductores de la época para sos sostiene, sin embargo, que Omeyas los latinos, cuyo Qaníin fi-t­ subsanar dicha carencia: la fue en tiempos del califa Tibb o. Canon de la medicina, transliteración de las palabras Haríin ar-Rashí:d (786-809) exposición pormenorizada de griegas, el préstamo de térmi­ cuando fue creado en Bagdad todo el saber médico conoci­ nos nuevos procedentes del el primer bimaristán del do entonces, fue utilizado siriaco y el persa -caso del mundo islámico. Muy proba­ como libro de texto en las vocablo bimaristán- y, por blemente, su antecedente más facultades de medicina euro­ último, el esfuerzo por hallar inmediato fue el hospital de la peas hasta bien entrado el un equivalente dentro de la ciudad persa de Yundisapíir, siglo XVII. Es más, aún hoy misma lengua árabe, opción entonces bajo la dinastía sasá­ lo sigue siendo en India y ésta no tan empleada. nida. Dicha ciudad, al sudoes­ Pakistán. te del actual Irán, constituía No existe un consenso uná­ un importante centro intelec­ Aunque los primeros bima­ nime acerca de la construc­ tual que agrupaba a los médi­ ristanes del mundo islámico ción de los primeros bimaris­ cos más reputados del mo­ daten del siglo IX, éstos verán tanes. Hay quien sostiene, el mento. Algunos de ellos ejer­ su máximo esplendor, precisa­ ampliamente citado doctor cerían más tarde su profesión mente, a finales del siglo XI y Issa Bey entre ellos, que se en el nuevo hospital de Bag­ a lo largo de todo el XII. levantaron ya en el siglo octa­ dad, donde al mismo tiempo vo, en tiempos de los omeyas. enseñarían todo su saber médi­ Desde el punto de vista de la co. Conocemos, al menos, a Los primeros fe musulmana, suele referirse veinticuatro de dichos médi­ que el primer hospital islámi­ cos, entre los que había espe­ bimaristanes co, al menos, su precedente cialistas en oftalmología, ciru­ La palabra bimaristán (hos­ simbólico, lo mandó construir gía y ortopedia. pital) proviene del persa el propio profeta Mahoma, bimar, enfermo, e istan, lugar, quien, tras una de sus con­ Los médicos que ejercían y casa, asilo. Lengua de la poe­ tiendas, mandó levantar una enseñaban en la Bagdad cali­ sía preislámica y de la revela­ carpa en el interior mismo de fal eran judíos, cristianos, ción coránica, el árabe carecía la mezquita de Medina desti­ principalmente nestorianos, de una terminología científica nada a atender a los heridos zoroastrianos y, por supuesto, precisa. Tres fueron las vías en el campo de batalla. musulmanes. Conviene subra- NATURA MEDICATRIX W 62 ENERO 2001 yar este dato, puesto que si orígenes de éste son de carác­ conservadores que veían en algo distingue al bimaristán ter caritativo. algunas prácticas médicas islámico es su carácter secu­ una verdadera amenaza para lar, exclusivamente médico, Entre los siglos IX y XI, la buena fe. en el que los médicos eran Bagdad vio multiplicarse el escogidos en función de sus número de bimaristanes, gra­ A partir del siglo XI se fun­ saberes y no de su fe. De otro cias, en buena medida, al . dan algunos hospitales nue­ lado, esto diferencia al bima­ mecenazgo de los califas y vos en ciudades como Alepo y ristán islámico del hospital príncipes ilustrados, quienes, Antioquía. No obstante, di­ que se extendería, más tarde, al mismo tiempo, amparados chos establecimientos no en el orbe cristiano. Mientras en su poder, supieron acallar serán sino el preludio de la aquél nace con una preocupa­ las voces oscur::mtistas de que, un siglo más tarde, será ción estrictamente médica, los aquellos hombres de religión la gran eclosión de los bima­ ristanes en el Próximo Orien­ te. Así, por ejemplo, el emble­ mático bimaristan Nur-ed­ :--- --- -- -·�·-- -·- · ¡ Din de Damasco, al que nos hemos referido ya y sobre el ¡ que volveremos más tarde, se twan construyó el año 1154. Dicho 1 edificio, inspirado arquitectó­ nicamente en el tipo de casa del J urasán, sirvió de modelo a hospitales posteriores como los casos de Kayseri ( 1206) y Bursa (1390) en Turquía o el gran bimaristán Al-Mansurí de El Cairo (1284). Un viajero de la época, el valenciano Ibn Yubayr, que Si algo distingue recorrió el Próximo Oriente al bimaristán es entre los años 1183 y 1185, nos ha dejado en su rihla su carácter -libro de viajes-· una jugosa secular, descripción, precisamente, del bimaristán Nur-ed-Din de exc lusivamente Damasco. Dice así nuestro médico compatriota: L-.-, "En esta ciudad hay unas veinte madrazas, dos hospita­ i les, antiguo y moderno. El moderno (el bimaristán Nur­ ed-Din) es el más importante y el más grande de los dos. Su asignación diaria es de unos enzrée ,--- quince dinares. Tiene unos 10 1s M 1 o� ==�s·== ==�==� intendentes en cuyas manos '--··- están los registros donde se recogen los nombres de los Plano e imágenes del bimaristan Núr al Dln en Damasco NATURA MEDICATRIX N' 62 ENERO 2001 enfermos, los gastos que son te de la ciudad, accesible a como Ar-Razí, Avicena o Ave­ necesarios para sus remedios, todo el mundo.
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