Ibn Al-Nafis and the Discovery of Pulmonary Circulation
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The Origin of Bimaristans (Hospitals) in Islamic Medical History
The Origin of Bimaristans (Hospitals) in Islamic Medical History IMPORTANT NOTICE: Author: Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal Chief Editor: Prof. Mohamed El-Gomati All rights, including copyright, in the content of this document are owned or controlled for these purposes by FSTC Limited. In Deputy Editor: Prof. Mohammed Abattouy accessing these web pages, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial Associate Editor: Dr. Salim Ayduz use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or Release Date: April 2007 change in any way the content of this document for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of FSTC Publication ID: 682 Limited. Material may not be copied, reproduced, republished, Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2007 downloaded, posted, broadcast or transmitted in any way except for your own personal non-commercial home use. Any other use requires the prior written permission of FSTC Limited. You agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any of the material contained in this document or use it for any other purpose other than for your personal non-commercial use. FSTC Limited has taken all reasonable care to ensure that pages published in this document and on the MuslimHeritage.com Web Site were accurate at the time of publication or last modification. Web sites are by nature experimental or constantly changing. Hence information published may be for test purposes only, may be out of date, or may be the personal opinion of the author. -
El Bimaristán, Un Modelo De Hospital Islámico
El bimaristán, un modelo de hospital islámico Historia de los primeros centros psiquiátricos del mundo Caries G. Bárcena Arabista. Director del lnstitut d'Estudis Sufís de Barcelona THE BIMARISTAN, A MODEL OF ISLAMIC HOSPITAL. BARCENA C. Keywords: History of lslamic Medicine, Bimaristan, lslamic Hospital, Musictherapy. English abstrae!: An explanation of the bimaristan, a model of lslamic Hospital during the Middle Age, and an analysis of his way of healing the mental illness, including the use of the music as a therapy. Bimaristans were considered as the soul's hospitals, precursors of today's psyc hiatric hospitals, and its name cames from bimar (illness) and istan (house) .. Sentado junto a la. fontana Sin ámmo de exagerar, joven mundo islámico fue el rumorosa que ocupa el patio podemos afirmar con certeza escenario primordial del central del bimaristán Nur-ed que una de las mayores con cultivo y desarrollo no sólo ya Din de Damasco, en la sole tribuciones de la medicina de la medicina, sino de las dad de una refulgente mañana islámica al campo de la psi ciencias en su generalidad. de sol invernal, el viajero, quiatría ha sido justamente la Los siglos VIII y IX estuvieron aturdido por la bella y delica creación y desarrollo de los marcados por la asimilación da sobriedad del lugar, con bimaristanes, las primeras de los diferentes saberes médi vertido hoy en "Museo de his instituciones psiquiátricas cos a su alcance: el griego, por toria de la medicina y la cien que se conocen en el mundo. un lado, y el indopersa por cia islámicas ", experimenta Un motivo de ello, puede ser otrQ. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Heart and Pig Heart Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human heart by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy and flow of blood through the heart. Those students participating in Pig Heart Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 9-12 • Content Standard:K-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes :Systems order and organization; Evidence, models and explanation; Form and function • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal and community health • Content Standard C, Life Science: Matter, energy and organization of living systems • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 5-8 • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry • Content Standard C, Life Science: Structure and function in living systems; Diversity and adaptations of organisms • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal Health Show Me Standards (Science and Health/Physical Education) • Science 3. Characteristics and interactions of living organisms • Health/Physical Education 1. Structures of, functions of and relationships among human body systems Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. -
Suleymaniye Complex Dar Al-Shifa and the Medical Madrasa
Hospitals in the Ottoman Period and the Work Of Sinan the Architect: Suleymaniye Complex Dar Al-Shifa and the Medical Madrasa Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülhan Benli Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture [email protected] Abstract: The hospitals, dar al-shifas, one of the leading welfare associations in the Turkish-Islamic foundation culture, which required an architectural understanding of the application of medical profession, had a great impact on the formation of the cities. These establishments, which had an important place in Islamic world even before the Ottoman period, were able to preserve and maintain their entities such as mosques, prayer rooms, lodges, madrasas and baths with the help of their foundations. In time, the establishments, which were only treating patients in their earlier days, evolved into research and academic units where medical science was taught. Particularly, the dar al-shifas introduced by the Seljuks have a great importance in the history of Turkish medicine. During the studies with regard to the history of medicine, important data was collected about Gevher Nesibe Hospital and Medical Academy (1205-1206), built in Kayseri on behalf of the Seljuk Emperor Kilicaslan II’s daughter Gevher Nesibe Sultan, and Sivas Hospital, built by the Anatolian Seljuk Emperor Izzeddin Keykâvus (1217 – 1218). The Ottoman period health care organizations, which include special architectural resolutions aimed at the application of medical profession, are similar to the Seljuk health care organizations in style. Within the scope of this study, among the Ottoman period hospitals with a general plan scheme of rooms aligned around a central open atrium, the Medical Madrasa and Dar al-shifa structures, which are parts of the Suleymaniye Complex built by Sinan the architect, will be examined. -
The Teaching of Anatomy Throughout the Centuries: from Herophilus To
Medicina Historica 2019; Vol. 3, N. 2: 69-77 © Mattioli 1885 Original article: history of medicine The teaching of anatomy throughout the centuries: from Herophilus to plastination and beyond Veronica Papa1, 2, Elena Varotto2, 3, Mauro Vaccarezza4, Roberta Ballestriero5, 6, Domenico Tafuri1, Francesco M. Galassi2, 7 1 Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Napoli, Italy; 2 FAPAB Research Center, Avola (SR), Italy; 3 Department of Humanities (DISUM), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; 4 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia; 5 University of the Arts, Central Saint Martins, London, UK; 6 The Gordon Museum of Pathology, Kings College London, London, UK;7 Archaeology, College of Hu- manities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Abstract. Cultural changes, scientific progress, and new trends in medical education have modified the role of dissection in the teaching of anatomy in today’s medical schools. Dissection is indispensable for a correct and complete knowledge of human anatomy, which can ensure safe as well as efficient clinical practice and the hu- man dissection lab could possibly be the ideal place to cultivate humanistic qualities among future physicians. In this manuscript, we discuss the role of dissection itself, the value of which has been under debate for the last 30 years; furthermore, we attempt to focus on the way in which anatomy knowledge was delivered throughout the centuries, from the ancient times, through the Middles Ages to the present. Finally, we document the rise of plastination as a new trend in anatomy education both in medical and non-medical practice. -
A Brief History of the Practice of Anatomical Dissection
Open Access Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal HISTORY OF MEDICINE Post-Mortem Pedagogy: A Brief History of the Practice of Anatomical Dissection Connor T. A. Brenna, B.Sc., M.D.(C.)* Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ABSTRACT Anatomical dissection is almost ubiquitous in modern medical education, masking a complex history of its practice. Dissection with the express purpose of understanding human anatomy began more than two millennia ago with Herophilus, but was soon after disavowed in the third century BCE. Historical evidence suggests that this position was based on common beliefs that the body must remain whole after death in order to access the afterlife. Anatomical dissection did not resume for almost 1500 years, and in the interim anatomical knowledge was dominated by (often flawed) reports generated through the comparative dissection of animals. When a growing recognition of the utility of anatomical knowledge in clinical medicine ushered human dissection back into vogue, it recommenced in a limited setting almost exclusively allowing for dissection of the bodies of convicted criminals. Ultimately, the ethical problems that this fostered, as well as the increasing demand from medical education for greater volumes of human dissection, shaped new considerations of the body after death. Presently, body bequeathal programs are a popular way in which individuals offer their bodies to medical education after death, suggesting that the once widespread views of dissection as punishment have largely dissipated. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, dissection, epistemic frameworks, history, medical education Citation: Brenna CTA. Post-Mortem Pedagogy: A Brief History of the Practice of Anatomical Dissection. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2021;12 (1):e0008. -
The Impact of Bimaristans Design on Design Factors of Therapeutic Buildings an Environmental Field Study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
59 Al Anoud Al Ansary & Hirao Kazuhiro The Impact of Bimaristans Design on Design Factors of Therapeutic Buildings An Environmental Field Study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia Alanoud Alansari, Contact Author “[email protected]” Hirao Kazuhiro KAZUHIRO HIRAO, Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Ritsumeikan University, Japan Abstract: Keywords: "Paradise Garden" is a concept used in Bimaristans "Islamic historical therapeutic Therapeutic buildings buildings" which has given rise to the application of several spiritual and aesthetic Paradise Principle meanings that helped to raise the efficiency of the therapeutic environment. The Bimaristan hypothesis revolves around the idea that the technological development increases the interest in the functional side rather than the aesthetic side in the current therapeutic buildings. This had a negative impact on the efficiency of the functional environment which exceeded to the satisfaction and comfort of the buildings’ users. This hypothesis has been tested through two types of studies: The first study was an ‘Analytical Study’ (of 4 hospitals) analyzing the horizontal projections to measure the effects of the natural lighting and ventilation. In the second study, questionnaires were distributed to both patients and staff in the therapeutic buildings to measure the therapeutic environment efficiency and the extent of satisfaction among of the buildings’ users. It was concluded that the natural lighting and ventilation drive up healing (treatment) rate in the therapeutic environment. This concluded that the technological advances in the medical field helped to raise the level of functional performance and thus replaced a large part of the role of the natural lighting and ventilation. Paper received 17th November 2016, Accepted 26th November 2016, Published 15st of January 2017 1. -
In. ^Ifil Fiegree in PNILOSOPNY
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: A CRITICAL STUDY O F HOSSAIN NASR Dis««rtation Submitted TO THE Aiigarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the a^ar d of in. ^Ifil fiegree IN PNILOSOPNY BY SHBIKH ARJBD Abl Under the Kind Supervision of PROF. S. WAHEED AKHTAR Cbiimwa, D«ptt. ol PhiloMphy. DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALIGARH IWIUSLIIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1993 nmiH DS2464 gg®g@eg^^@@@g@@€'@@@@gl| " 0 3 9 H ^ ? S f I O ( D .'^ ••• ¥4 H ,. f f 3« K &^: 3 * 9 m H m «< K t c * - ft .1 D i f m e Q > i j 8"' r E > H I > 5 C I- 115m Vi\ ?- 2 S? 1 i' C £ O H Tl < ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah« the Merciful and the Compassionate. It gives me great pleasure to thanks my kind hearted supervisor Prof. S. Waheed Akhtar, Chairman, Department of Philosophy, who guided me to complete this work. In spite of his multifarious intellectual activities, he gave me valuable time and encouraged me from time to time for this work. Not only he is a philosopher but also a man of literature and sugge'sted me such kind of topic. Without his careful guidance this work could not be completed in proper time. I am indebted to my parents, SK Samser All and Mrs. AJema Khatun and also thankful to my uncle Dr. Sheikh Amjad Ali for encouraging me in research. I am also thankful to my teachers in the department of Philosophy, Dr. M. Rafique, Dr. Tasaduque Hussain, Mr. Naushad, Mr. Muquim and Dr. Sayed. -
Therapy and Medicaments by Ibn Al-Nafis
Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XXII pp 111 to 120 THERAPY AND MEDICAMENTS BY IBN AL-NAFIS SAMIR YAHIA EL-GAMMAL'~ ABSTRACT Ibn AI-Nafis was one 01 the head physicians in Egypt and an outstanding and brilliant philosopher of the 13th century A.D. He devoted all his life to his studies in medicine and anatomy. He began his research work with explaining the compilations of othe- physicians then turned his way, and began writing his own books based on his pe-sonal experiments on human bodies and animals, and could come to his own conclu- sions about the mechanism of action of the different organs. He also tried his best to present medicine to the common people as simple as possible. He described many forms of dietary food, best drugs to use etc. He gave specified new nomenclature and defini- tions to drugs also. Thus his life was filled with scientific activity specially medicine arid helped in directing it to the right and true path which guided the European scientists to follow his ideas and to discover more about it. Alaa EI Din Ali ibn Abi Al-Hazrn sician in the Hospital AI-Naseri (built Ibn AI-Nafis Al-Our ashi (or Al-Oara- by the King AI-Naser Salah AI-Din shi) ... known as Ibn AI- Natis, was (Saladin). Later on, he became chief one of the head physicians in Egypt physician at the Bimarestan AI-Man- and an outstanding and brilliant souri which was built by the King philosopher of the 13th century A.D. -
Aristotle on the Brain 13, 14)
HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE this light was necessary for vision (11, Aristotle on the Brain 13, 14). This idea that the eye contains light became the basis of theories of vi- CHARLES G. GROSS sion that persisted beyond the Renais- sance. Indeed, Alcmaeon’s idea of light in the eye was only disproved in the mid- dle the Aristotle argued that the heart was the center of sensation and movement. By contrast, of eighteenth century (15). his predecessors, such as Alcmaeon, and his contemporaries, such as the Hippocratic Among the other pre-Socratic philos- doctors, attributed these functions to the brain. This article examines Aristotle’s views on opher-scientists who adopted and ex- brain function in the context of his time and considers their subsequent influence on the panded on Alcmaeon’s view of the func- development of the brain sciences. The Neuroscientist 1:245-250,1995 tions of the brain were Democritus, Anaxagoras, and Diogenes (10, 13, 14, KEY WORDS Aristotle, History of science, Greek science, Localization of function 16). Democritus developed a version that became very influential because of its on Plato. Democ- Aristotle’s name is invariably linked to ence of Aristotle on the subsequent de- impact Specifically, philosophy; indeed, for centuries, he velopment of the brain sciences. ritus taught that everything in the uni- verse is made of atoms of a was known as &dquo;The Philosopher.&dquo; Figures 1 and 2 provide some orienta- up particular size and The mind, However, he was also the leading bi- tion in time and space for this article. -
02C Fetal Pig Autopsy
Name(s): ________________________ HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 02c Lab Activity Period: _________ Date: ___________ The following outlines the standard procedure and protocol for an autopsy performed by a medical examiner or coroner. Step 1. Preliminary Procedures Details are crucial to an autopsy! Anyone who will be reading the autopsy report will need to be able to follow these details step-by-step. This starts with identification of the victim (if known), case number, as well as the location, date, time, and reason for the autopsy. Any other special considerations also need to be recorded. Step 2. Summary of Known Circumstances http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/autopsy_6_11_07_1.jpg This is a short summary of the known facts about the victim. This most often includes the victim’s sex, race, and age. If known, it will also include a description of the circumstances in which the body was found. Any additional information on the victim’s plans or activities before or after death will also be included. Step 3. Review Documents and Examine Evidence Any reports created during the police investigation should be reviewed before autopsy. This allows for the medical examiner to have an idea of what he or she may be looking to find. In some cases, the type and shape of a weapon are crucial details in determining if any of the injuries found on the victim may be connected to any weapons found at the scene. Step 4. External Examination of the Body It is important to note any and all external details before disturbing the victim. Simple notes like the condition, state, or position of an item of clothing may be the detail needed by investigators to piece together a crime scene. -
The Central Islamic Lands
77 THEME The Central Islamic 4 Lands AS we enter the twenty-first century, there are over 1 billion Muslims living in all parts of the world. They are citizens of different nations, speak different languages, and dress differently. The processes by which they became Muslims were varied, and so were the circumstances in which they went their separate ways. Yet, the Islamic community has its roots in a more unified past which unfolded roughly 1,400 years ago in the Arabian peninsula. In this chapter we are going to read about the rise of Islam and its expansion over a vast territory extending from Egypt to Afghanistan, the core area of Islamic civilisation from 600 to 1200. In these centuries, Islamic society exhibited multiple political and cultural patterns. The term Islamic is used here not only in its purely religious sense but also for the overall society and culture historically associated with Islam. In this society not everything that was happening originated directly from religion, but it took place in a society where Muslims and their faith were recognised as socially dominant. Non-Muslims always formed an integral, if subordinate, part of this society as did Jews in Christendom. Our understanding of the history of the central Islamic lands between 600 and 1200 is based on chronicles or tawarikh (which narrate events in order of time) and semi-historical works, such as biographies (sira), records of the sayings and doings of the Prophet (hadith) and commentaries on the Quran (tafsir). The material from which these works were produced was a large collection of eyewitness reports (akhbar) transmitted over a period of time either orally or on paper.