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The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿabbāsid Political and Military Elite
Hugh Kennedy The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿAbbāsid Political and MilitaryElite Abstract: This paper explores the composition and role of the military and polit- ical elite of the early ʿ Abbāsid caliphate (750 –809) whose support enabled the caliphs to maintain sovereignty over theirfar-flungdomains. It considers the im- portance of different groups,includingmembers of the ʿAbb āsid family, military commanders from Khurāsānand members of powerful and wealthyfamilies like the Muhallabī sand the Shaybāni tribal chiefs.The paper concludes with adis- cussion of the reasons for the disappearance and effective extinction of this elite in the yearsafter the great civil warthat followed Hā rūnal-Rashīd’s death in 809. Keywords: Caliphs; armies; political power;Syria; Khurāsān The governance of the early ʿAbb āsid caliphate was aremarkable political and organizational achievement.For half acentury, between the establishment of the dynasty in 132H/750 CE and the death of Hārūna l-Rashīdin193 H/809 CE, the area from Tunisia in the west to Sind and Central Asia in the east was governedeffectively and largely peacefullyfrom Iraq. From 145H/762 CE, the city of Baghdad served as the administrativecapital, though the distances which separated it from the far-flungprovinces wereenormous: it is over 2,000 kilometres from Baghdad to Merv,the political centre of the great province of Khurāsān, and 1,500 kilometres from the capital to the HolyCity of Mecca. The barīd postal system inherited from the Umayyads and Sasanians was surprisingly effective at communicatingurgent messages over these huge distan- ces.¹ When the caliph al-Rashīdd ied in the year 809 at Ṭūs( near Mashhad in north-east Iran) amessenger broughtthe news to Baghdadintwelvedays, trav- eling 1,900 kilometres at an averagespeed of 150 kilometres per day. -
Withheld File 2020 Dividend D-8.Xlsx
LOTTE CHEMICAL PAKISTAN LIMITED FINAL DIVIDEND FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2020 @7.5% RSBOOK CLOSURE FROM 14‐APR‐21 TO 21‐APR‐21 S. NO WARRANT NO FOLIO NO NAME NET AMOUNT PAID STATUS REASON 1 8000001 36074 MR NOOR MUHAMMAD 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 2 8000002 47525 MS ARAMITA PRECY D'SOUZA 927 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 3 8000003 87080 CITIBANK N.A. HONG KONG 382 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 4 8000004 87092 W I CARR (FAR EAST) LTD 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 5 8000005 87094 GOVETT ORIENTAL INVESTMENT TRUST 1,530 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 6 8000006 87099 MORGAN STANLEY TRUST CO 976 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 7 8000007 87102 EMERGING MARKETS INVESTMENT FUND 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 8 8000008 87141 STATE STREET BANK & TRUST CO. USA 1,626 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 9 8000009 87147 BANKERS TRUST CO 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 10 8000010 87166 MORGAN STANLEY BANK LUXEMBOURG 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 11 8000011 87228 EMERGING MARKETS TRUST 58 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 12 8000012 87231 BOSTON SAFE DEPOSIT & TRUST CO 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 13 8000017 6 MR HABIB HAJI ABBA 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 14 8000018 8 MISS HISSA HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 15 8000019 9 MISS LULU HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 16 8000020 10 MR MOHAMMAD ABBAS 18 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 17 8000021 11 MR MEMON SIKANDAR HAJI ABBAS 12 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 18 8000022 12 MISS NAHIDA HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 19 8000023 13 SAHIBZADI GHULAM SADIQUAH ABBASI 792 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 20 8000024 14 SAHIBZADI SHAFIQUAH ABBASI -
Muhammad Succeeded Individuals and Clans—With a New As a Prophet Is Undeniable; a I Command Structure
G ABR L the traditional way of fighting—as hat Muhammad succeeded individuals and clans—with a new as a prophet is undeniable; a I command structure. He also relates E T prominent military historian now Muhammad’s masterful use of suggests that he might not have done so nonmilitary methods—bribery, alliance had he not also been a great soldier. building, and political assassination—to Best known as the founder of a major strengthen his long-term position, even religion, Muhammad was also a military at the expense of short-term military ISLA leader—Islam’s first great general. While considerations. MUHA there have been numerous accounts of Muhammad’s transformation of Arab Muhammad the Prophet, this is the first “To think of Muhammad as a military man will come as something of a new warfare enabled his successors to defeat M military biography of the man. experience to many. And yet Muhammad was truly a great general. He was the armies of Persia and Byzantium and ’ S F In Muhammad: Islam’s First Great General, establish the core of the Islamic empire— a military theorist, organizational reformer, strategic thinker, operational-level MUHA mm AD Richard A. Gabriel shows us a type of an accomplishment that, Gabriel argues, combat commander, political and military leader, heroic soldier, revolutionary, and I RST GREAT GENERAL warrior never before seen in antiquity—a would have been militarily impossible inventor of the theory of insurgency. It was Muhammad who forged the military leader of an all-new religious movement without Muhammad’s innovations. instrument of the Arab conquests that began within two years of his death by who in a single decade fought eight Richard A. -
New Model of Salam Sale for Agricultural Development Finance
Research Article New Model of Salam sale for Agricultural Archives of Development Finance Al Siddig Talha M Rahma* Agriculture Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, College of Economics &Business administration, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Research and Abstract Technology (AART) The new financial economic model derived from the traditional Salam situation. This scenario is based on the idea behind the treatment of risks facing traditional Salam applications, which includes high rates of inflation and the exit of financing from its approved aspects, which cannot enable the farmer or producer to disburse this monetary benefit in the Volume 1 Issue 3, 2020 fields of agriculture. Then Banks and financial institutions lose huge amounts of money that are wasted. In addition, lack of understanding of the process of obtaining loans between farmers and producers, this new model can solve many problems Article Information and risks in the classic sales of Salam, which rely mainly on granting cash loans. Received date: May 28, 2020 Published date: July 07, 2020 The paper works to monitor and limit the risks posed by the traditional Salam and pushes that agricultural financing loses. It is most important input to financing and then corrects the paper and it relies on this innovative model, which aims to provide the necessary inputs to farmers and producers. This paper attempts to solve this problem by providing inputs directly *Corresponding author by updating production through regular and timely operation of modern scientific inputs. Al Siddig Talha M Rahma, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, The study identified the structural equation model to analyze the results of the analysis of descriptive statistical data, College of Economics & Business which resulted in the preferred cash financing for farmers as a desirable situation. -
Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (Ca
Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300-900) by Alexander Borislavov Angelov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor John V.A. Fine, Jr., Chair Professor Emeritus H. Don Cameron Professor Paul Christopher Johnson Professor Raymond H. Van Dam Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes © Alexander Borislavov Angelov 2011 To my mother Irina with all my love and gratitude ii Acknowledgements To put in words deepest feelings of gratitude to so many people and for so many things is to reflect on various encounters and influences. In a sense, it is to sketch out a singular narrative but of many personal “conversions.” So now, being here, I am looking back, and it all seems so clear and obvious. But, it is the historian in me that realizes best the numerous situations, emotions, and dilemmas that brought me where I am. I feel so profoundly thankful for a journey that even I, obsessed with planning, could not have fully anticipated. In a final analysis, as my dissertation grew so did I, but neither could have become better without the presence of the people or the institutions that I feel so fortunate to be able to acknowledge here. At the University of Michigan, I first thank my mentor John Fine for his tremendous academic support over the years, for his friendship always present when most needed, and for best illustrating to me how true knowledge does in fact produce better humanity. -
Birds Along Lehi's Trail
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 15 Number 2 Article 10 7-31-2006 Birds Along Lehi's Trail Stephen L. Carr Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Carr, Stephen L. (2006) "Birds Along Lehi's Trail," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 15 : No. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol15/iss2/10 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Birds Along Lehi’s Trail Author(s) Stephen L. Carr Reference Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15/2 (2006): 84–93, 125–26. ISSN 1065-9366 (print), 2168-3158 (online) Abstract When Carr traveled to the Middle East, he observed the local birds. In this article, he suggests the possi- bility that the Book of Mormon prophet Lehi and his family relied on birds for food and for locating water. Carr discusses the various birds that Lehi’s family may have seen on their journey and the Mosaic law per- taining to those birds. Birds - ALOnG LEHI’S TRAIL stephen l. cARR 84 VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, 2006 PHOTOGRAPHy By RICHARD wELLINGTOn he opportunity to observe The King James translators apparently ex- birds of the Middle East came to perienced difficulty in knowing exactly which me in September 2000 as a member Middle Eastern birds were meant in certain pas- Tof a small group of Latter-day Saints1 traveling in sages of the Hebrew Bible. -
Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER
Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/35/3-4/291/2745727/aarc_35_3-4_x1546224w7621152.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 Archives in Medieval Islam By ERNST POSNER N A CHAPTER of his Muqaddimah: An Introduction to His- tory, which deals with royalty and government, Ibn-Khaldun I (1332-1406) observes, "Royal authority requires soldiers, money, and the means to communicate with those who are absent. The ruler, therefore, needs persons to help him in the matters concerned with 'the sword,' 'the pen,' and finances; and among them the pen ranks high."1 It may have been thought to rank even higher than the sword and finances, for, according to Muslim tradition, the pen was the first object God created.2 Of its power and creativeness in Islamic culture there can be no doubt, and those who wielded the pen enjoyed great esteem. Poets and literati lent their talents to the business of government and, according to Ibn al-Sayrafl, achieved "with the pen what the sword and the lance over a long period of years had been unable to produce."3 Unfortunately, the use of the pen as an instrument of Muslim policy and the preservation of the products of the pen, namely offi- cial documents, have received too little attention so far. As a re- sult, archives-keeping in the Muslim states during the Middle Ages has not been fully recognized as a continuation of preceding prac- The author, Fellow and past president of the Society, continues with this essay his history of archives administration begun in Archives in the Ancient World [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; xviii, 283 p., illus.; bibliography, index; $>io] pub- lished in May 1972. -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. -
M in D O\J£K Hat-Tei^
M in d o\J£K H a t - t e i ^ wO £ s ($L ■ • { ^ J ^ A x QJLa ACOj Vfl/vU<vva; I u d d ttu j J\I<Uo fkX l\L, j 2 -0 0 ^ J _y ( Two Indian Theorists of the State Barani and Abu'l Fazl Irfan Habib The pre-modern Indian state has been the subject of discussion in much recent writing, the various theories ranging from the concept of Oriental Despotism to that of Segmentary State. The state’s taxation capacities, the extent of centralized control, and the degree of systematic administration tend to be assessed and re assessed. While these concerns were generally not present in medieval writings on the state (except for the role of despotic authority), there were at least two writers, who, some two and a half centuries apart, provided reflections sufficient in scope and consistency to be given the designation of ‘theories’. I propose to deal with them separately, since their premises and conclusions appear in sharp contrast to each other. At the end, I would try to sum up what these contrasts tell us about both the circumstances of the times and the intellectual traditions which produced them. I . Barani has been much studied and commented upon as a historian, and since the work of Mohammad Habib and Afsar Khan in the 1950’s,1 his position as a political theorist has also been recognized. The following pages thus partly represent the re-visiting of explored ground; such verification may perhaps perform some service, even where it confirms what was previously known; and, therefore, one may proceed to one’s task without a long apology. -
Islam in Process—Historical and Civilizational Perspectives Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam Volume 7
Islam in Process—Historical and Civilizational Perspectives Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam Volume 7 2006-12-06 16-23-03 --- Projekt: T491.gli.arnason.yearbook7 / Dokument: FAX ID 00fb133402603594|(S. 1 ) T00_01 Schmutztitel.p 133402603618 Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam Edited by Georg Stauth and Armando Salvatore The Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam investigates the making of Islam into an important component of modern society and cultural globalization. Sociology is, by common consent, the most ambitious advocate of modern society. In other words, it undertakes to develop an understanding of modern existence in terms of breakthroughs from ancient cosmological cultures to ordered and plural civic life based on the gradual subsiding of communal life. Thus, within this undertaking, the sociological project of modernity figures as the cultural machine that dislodges the rationale of social being from local, communal, hierarchic contexts into the logic of individualism and social differentiation. The conventional wisdom of sociology has been challenged by post-modern debate, abolishing this dichotomous evolutionism while embracing a more heterogeneous view of coexistence and exchange between local cultures and modern institutions. Islam, however, is often described as a different cultural machine for the holistic reproduction of pre-modern religion, and Muslims are seen as community-bound social actors embodying a powerful potential for the rejec- tion of and opposition to Western modernity. Sociologists insist on looking for social differentiation and cultural differ- ences. However, their concepts remain evolutionist and inherently tied to the cultural machine of modernity. The Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam takes these antinomies and contradic- tions as a challenge. -
32970722-His-Eminency-Dr-M-N-Alam-S-Proclaimation-Of-The-Millennium-Prophecy-Herald
“There is no Deity except Allah; Mohammad is the messenger of Allah” IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, MOST GRACIOUS & MOST MERCIFUL “The Almighty God certainly has been, is and will continue to send infinite love and affection to his beloved prophet Hazrat Mohammad (SM) along with his special angels who are directed by the Almighty God to continuously salute with respect, dignity and honor to the beloved Holy Prophet for His kind attention. The Almighty God again commanding to the true believers to pay respect with dignity and honor for their forgiveness and mercy from the beloved Holy Prophet of Islam and Mankind”. (Al‐Quran Surah Al Ahzab, 33:56) “Those who dies in the path of Almighty, Nobody shall have the doubt to think that they are dead but in fact they are not Dead but Alive and very close to Almighty, Even their every needs even food are being sent by Almighty, but people among you will not understand” Surah Al-Imran 3:154 “Be careful of the Friends of Almighty, they do not worry about anything or anybody” Surah – Yunus 10:62 “Those who dies or pass away in the path of Almighty God, nobody shall think about them as they are dead, But people can not understand them” Surah Baqarah 2:154 Author: His Eminency Dr. Hazrat Shah Sufi M.N. Alam His Eminency Dr. Hazrat Shah Sufi M N Alam’s Millennium Prophecy Statement Authentic History of The World Arrival of Imam Mahdi (A) along with Reemergence of Jesus Christ To Co-Create Heaven on Earth Published by: MILLENNIUM TRADE LINK USA Inc. -
Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council of the SC
RESOLUTIONS OF THE SHARIAH ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE SECURITIES COMMISSION MALAYSIA 31 December 2020 Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council of the Securities Commission Malaysia Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council ii of the Securities Commission Malaysia CONTENTS PART A 2 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES PART B 3 RESOLUTIONS OF THE SHARIAH ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE SECURITIES COMMISSION MALAYSIA PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF MUAMALAT IN THE ISLAMIC CAPITAL MARKET 1. Ta`widh 4 2. Bai` `Inah (i) Implementation of Bai` `Inah 8 (ii) Implementation of Resolution on Bai` `Inah in Sukuk Structuring 12 3. Ibra’ 14 4. Wa`d and Muwa`adah 16 5. Tawarruq 20 6. `Aqd al-Tawrid 21 ISLAMIC CAPITAL MARKET PRODUCTS 7. Nature of Shares 25 8. Crude Palm Kernel Oil Futures Contract (FPKO) 26 9. Single Stock Futures (SSFs) Contract 27 10. Islamic Business Trusts 29 11. Islamic Exchange-Traded Fund Based on Gold and Silver 31 12. Stapled Securities 34 Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council iii of the Securities Commission Malaysia 13. Issuance of Redeemable Convertible Unsecured Islamic Debt 35 Securities (RCUIDS) with Free detachable Warrants Based on Shariah Principle of Murabahah (via Tawarruq Arrangement) 14. Islamic Securities Selling and Buying-Negotiated Transaction (iSSB- 39 NT) Model 15. Islamic Real Estate Investment Trusts (Islamic REIT) 40 SHARIAH ISSUES IN RELATION TO THE ISLAMIC CAPITAL MARKET TYPES OF IJARAH 16. Ijarah Mudhafah Ila Mustaqbal 54 17. Ijarah Mawsufah Fi Zimmah 56 18. Ijarah Muntahiyah Bi Tamlik 58 19. Sublease 60 20. Implied Sublease 61 IJARAH ASSET 21. Asset and Usufruct as Mahal al-`Aqd in Ijarah Contract 63 22.