TTPI Ii

A R H /EO LO GY O F R O M E C .

O H N H E N R P A R KE R B Y C . J ,

H N M A X ON . A L O . . . . F . . ON D . O , S

KE E P E R OF T HE ASH M OLE A N M U S E U M OF H I ST ORY A N D A R CH /E OLOG Y OX FORD , ,

V I CE - P RE S I D E N T OF T H E OX FORD A R CH I T E CT U RAL AN D H IS T O R I CA L S OCI E T Y ,

A N D OF T H E B R I T I S H A RCH JEO LOG ICA L S OCI E T Y OF ROM E

H ON ORA RY M E M E R OF VA R I OUS A RCH EEOLOG I CAL S OCI E T I E S B ,

E N G LI S H A N D FOR E I N G .

L L ART H. VO . P

I L L U S T R A T I O N S T O

H E P I M IT IVE RT I FI AT ION S . I . T R FO C

I H WA LL N D G AT E F R ME . I . T E S A S O O

I I I T H E H I T I A L C N T RU I N OF WALLS . . S OR C O S CT O

O X F O R D

A M E S A R E R A N D J P K CO.

L O N D O N :

O H N M R R A Y A L - E MA R L E R E E . J U , B S T T

1 8 74 .

N E N CO T T S .

f P LAT E S

P RI MIT IVE FORT I FI CAT I ON S .

3” D a rams I —IV i h P ans and . 1 Descr ption oft e l i g .

I — V 9 D ri n fhe V ew s . I esc ptio o t i . — App end ix De sol iption ofthe P hoto Engravings ofthe H ills of Q — R ome the P a a ine th e Vim na the Coe an the A en ne I . I I : l t , i l , li , v ti XX

M WALLS AN D GAT E S OF RO E .

—VI I I ' ofthe D a rams I . D escription i g .

P o - E n ra n s I -t Descripti on ofthe hot g vi g .

N R CT I N F WALL CO ST U O O S .

fh P a s — 3 Desc ri on o t e e I VI I I . pti l t . X — — A end ix Mamer ne P r son &c . X I X II pp ti i , . XX .

— fons ru on Ca i o um &c . De a s o C c p t li , t il t ti

Descri on ofthe D a rams o fth e Ca o um c on n n pti i g pit li , tai i g

fErarium T abu a u m S enaculum and Mun ci u , l ri , , i pi m

D ESC R IPTION OF T H E PLANS AN D DIAGRAMS

OF T H E

P R VE S I MI T I FORT IF ICA T IO N . O RI MIT IVE Fo RT I FI CAT I ON s — L AN S AN D DI A RA P P G MS .

P LAT E I

EN E RAL LAN OF R OME W ofA G P , with the alls of the Kings , ure lian , and of the Popes .

In this small Plan the hills are tinted grey, and the valleys left white , with the streams of water flowing through them , green ; the W A alls of the Kings are tinted red that of urelian , with the towers ,

L H adrianum is solid black 3that of the eonine City and the , a thick black line and that Ofthe Popes in black outline .

This plan , with the section above , was taken originally from what R was considered as the best geological plan of ome . But it does n not profess to be a geological plan in its prese t form , it is only ‘ int end e d t o give a general idea of the? nature of the ground on R which the City of ome stands , in the valley of the Tiber . The S even Hills have probably all been originally promontories , from

a - OLLES the high t ble land on each side . The three C , the Quirinal , E Viminal , and squiline , clearly are so, and the Janiculum and

Vatican on the western side . P LAT E 3.

ME GENERAL PLAN OF RO ,

TE E WALLS F T HE KIN O GS, AURELIAN, AND HE T P OPES.

Wall s ofServius

u sta bl e . I l l a L S . Walls

and Gat e , f s o Anrelian .

Streams f o Wat er .

1 . Mbiit M i e ar o.

2 . Mant P r i a a oli . 3 . Ianioulnm.

o !o o o 1 0 0 0 l — _g

M E T R A RI MI T IVE FORT IFICAT ION S— LAN S A N D DIAG RA P P MS .

P LAT E I I .

RI M IT VA T he R OMA P I . obj ect of this Plate is to give a more ' ‘ Czz o R ome clear idea of the original y f , both of the first and second period . The first City consisted of the Palatine Hill only, of which n the norther part was more strongly fortified than the rest . This strongest part , or citadel , was an oblong space on the side next the S S Hill of aturn , of which the abines were then in possession , and w ar R were for a time at with the omans . This space , called R oma

uadm m w as a r x Q , the , citadel , or keep of the Palatine City . It may

uadr atic; have been called Q either from its oblong form , or because O it was surrounded by walls built of large blong blocks of tufa, of

O us uadm lu m the construction called by Vitruvius p g . It had a triple

a rx line of defence round it at different levels , as was usual for the .

' R emains of the wall against the upper c lifi are now visible on three w sides . This all is distinguished on the plan by a solid red line where it is now visible, and by a dotted red line where it has been

On an . d destroyed , but must have gone the south, the west , the north, parts of the wall remain against the cliff on the south side is

u the great foss across the middle of the hill, called by some a nat ral

r a valley, or it was probably partly natural, but ce t inly f only in part, with the cli fs supported by walls on both sides of the

M i is . u on great foss The Porta g is near the east end of this foss , ’ the approach to it protected by the c lifis on both sides spreading

T ba s econd Cit out in a gorge as usual . y consisted of the two hills , the Palatine and the Hill of Saturn inclosed in one wall, which is l remains and also marked by a red line , solid where it , in dots only w d here it must have passed . It must have include the Velia at the east end, to protect the approach to the principal gate , and have gone to the Tiber on the south - wes t in order to keep open that highway for provisions . The tufa wall of the second period against

P uld zr um Lim a the bank of the Tiber, called the , must have formed A part of this line of defence, and the small river lmo may also have formed a wet ditch for a certai n distance . The other streams and marshes in the valleys added greatly to the strength of the

Palatine fortress , before they were collected in the great drain ,

' Cloam M xz called a ma . P LAT E ll .

R O M A P R M IT I I V A .

WALL OF PALAT INE AND CAPIT OL COMBINED IN

ONE CIT Y. M _. w

i PAV E D ROA D S wA T E R RI MI T IVE FORT I FI CAT I ON S— LA N S AN D DIAGRAMS P P .

LAT P E I I I .

IAGRAMOF T HE ALAT I N E I LL WIT H A MALL P D P H , S ORT ION OF T H E AP IT OLI N C E .

H IS T Plate contains a section of a portion of the Capitoline Hill , ‘ di Marforio ft f with a plan of the Via , a narrow street at the oo o it on the eastern side , with some excavations made there in the spring

1 8 2 a e? l of 7 , shewing the junction of the g and wa l of the second

City with the rock of the Capitol . This is on a line with the south end of the Forum of Trajan , and goes across to the great wall at the foot of the Quirinal . Immediately outside of, and to the north

a er of the gg , was part of the great foss in which the Forum of Trajan n was partly made , and which exte ded to this point , as is shewn by A remains of it in the cellars of the houses . bout a hundred feet

a ar north of the g is the tomb of Bibulus , which originally stood on

w ilum the side of the foss or trench on the outer bank or , this

- was usually a burial place in the E truscan cities . The lower part of the plate gives longitudinal and transverse sec tions of the Palatine Hill, in which the vertical scale is made double

z that of the hori ontal one , to make it more clear in a small space . The red walls against the cliffs at different levels shew the positions of

' ’ znfer m zzizum the remains of these early walls . The valley (or o ) across the middle of the hill is also indicated .

RI MI T IVE FOR T I FICAT I ON S— LAN S AN D D IA P P G RAMS .

LA P T E IV .

E T ION S LON GIT UD I N AL AN D RAN SVE R SE OF T H E AP IT OLI N E S C , T , C A ILL OR I LL OF SAT U RN . H , H , and B This is intended only to

‘ R ock w ith give a general idea of the form of the Capitoline Hill, or ,

z z h the ig ag road up to the summit on the northern side , whic was

1 8 2 restored in 7 , and in doing so part of the scarped cliff of the original fortress was brought to light .

SE CT I ON E LIA E C , of the V , with portions of the Palatine and squi line , shewing that the Velia was originally a promontory from the

E off . squiline Hill , cut by a great foss at some very early period

I t 1 5 This great foss is seen to the right in the section, now the Via n del Colosseo . Perso s standing on the steps of a small church near n the north end of this great foss , and looki g south towards the

Colosseum , can see the trees growing on the level of the ground t w d 3 ! enty feet above the present level of the road , ma e in the fos ff the earth is supported by a wall against the cli on each side . The

d ivas in other foss seen towards the left of the section is the , or c lined A road from the Colosseum to the rch of Titus , which stands upon the Summa Via Sacra . The red vertical lines indicate the site W of alls of the Kings , or of scarped cliffs , with or without a wall to m support the . The buildings indicated on this section are the Arch

and S R Lavac rum of Titus , the church of . Francesca omana the of

1 8 2 Heliogabalus , excavated in 7 , is also indicated under the cliff A of the Palatine, near the rch of Titus . P LAT E IV.

— T s e se Sect o . CAP IT OLINE HILL A. ran v r i n

di al Sec o . B. Longitu n ti n

M E T n A

V E R T : S C H O R : S C . .

M. LIBRAMENT UM MARI E.

M E T R A 1 0 0 o

S C H OR . V5 R 7 1 5 c '

SECT N T EL A W TH A ‘ IO 0. OF HE V I , I P RT OI T HE PALATINE D E AN SQUILINE.

! 5 P A LAT lN E 0 ES Q U I L I N E 8 8

non s e . v s mr: s e .

L II . LIBRAMENT UM MARI S .

D ESC RIPTION OF T H E VI EWS

OF T H E

P R M V E F O R F O N S I I T I T I I CA T I . T I F CAT I ON s— I E W P RI MIT IVE FoR I V S .

PLAT E I

G E N E RAL - C . View of the north west orner of the Palatine Hill ,

Shew m wa R R g the most perfect part of the ll of omulus , or of oma a R Quadr ta , with buildings of the time of the epublic and of the E mpire built upon it and against it , and supported in places by

'

' rnoderri brickwork . ’ Beyond this wall of Op us guanm tum is seen a lofty wall of. Con

t z crete, with deep grooves in it , both ver ical and hori ontal , in which "

n left tO~ rot h a timber framework has bee , and these grooves ave

1 be the arli s eW R . 5 e e t remained This said to , concret all in ome , ‘ ' '

~ - — - built a-t a time when the builders had no faith in the strength of

- e lime mortar, and ther fore depended on their wooden framework for Cf the support of the li f.

RI M T IVE FORT I FI CAT I ON — I P I S V EWS .

AT 11 PL E .

W R th all of oma Quadrata in detail , shewing e width of the

w al j oints and the rude construction . The ide vertic j oints are the t t R charac eristic fea ure of the walls of the first period in ome, of

‘ h im fth th a l e t o e . e t j e early Kings They occur on P latine Hi l only, i

~ in the w alls . ofR oma Quadrata : there are remains of them on [ . ! e s d th Of thr e i es of an oblong space at e north end this hill, in the t S b S par nearest to the hill of aturn , which was occupied ythe abines

- at the tiine that these walls were built .

' A Aphotograph of thewall of the Etruscan Cities of Fiesole or of

" e a Volt rr , taken on the same scale as this, would be almost identical i w th it .

R FORT I FI CAT I ON S — I EW P I MIT I VE V S .

PLAT E

EMAIN S o f r of h en R a Towe , the two sides whic are se with a con C O ft e f R bi h rete wall h time o the epu l c between them, s ewing that it w as l h the f eft unfinis ed, part built being used as a foundation for

I I another building. This tower s mmediately oppos ite to the hill

OfSa n t t the n r an “ W o tur a ea est point, d just ithin reach of st nes thrown

- r m w s v by catapults f o that hill. This a pro ed by some experiments

a b M . i ll l D uo N . tried jy V o et e for apoleon III . at Pierrefonds He

a had a t t o far - ca apult made try how it would throw a p aving stone , and he found that it would just throw one far enough to have

c I s kno ked down a R oman n his hut at this point . Thi tower is one l of. series .a on l n a g this end of the hi l , begun and left u finished , and subsequently used as foundations for later buildings .

RI MI T IVE FORT IFICAT I ON S— I EW P V S .

P A L T E IV .

S h m CELIAN I LL. c C H out west co er, shewing the scarped liff of the

i i orig nal keep , when that h ll was a separate fortified village , and the l ium a aIn I A wall of the C aud built up g st t . gainst the wall there are ’ alS E xed r a o remains of an , or place for seats for some public ex ‘ ‘ hibitlon rOb bl t the L M , p a y, from the si uation , udus agnus . The wall

' u i thec lifi is time Of E n b ilt up aga nst of the the early mpire , a d it is

t wo e In hollow, having a space of about fe t wide it, in Order to keep ur r the seats dry, and prevent the moist e from the ea th behind pass l . S ar ing through the wall ometimes these hol ow spaces e wider,

or l dium I a and are used fa passage . The C au S square space at the ' o f t s . nor h ea t corner of the C elian Hill, with vertical cli fs on three

‘ d it ri a l Scauru s n si es of , a d the sloping ro d caled the Clivus O the

' h A Dolabella e r o . rn s ut The rch of is n a the south west co er of it, ‘ in n on the rOad lead ginto it from the east . O the othersidea por c the f ti fis or arcade of time of Claudius remains against the cli f. e b one This has probably b en a dou le arcade , over the other,

' although we have only part of the lOw er one now remaining the

v d b an whol e square space abo e woul pro ably be inclosed by arcade, inthe centre of which was the Temple OfClaudius . R ound a temple of importance there was frequently an area or e was space nclosed by a wall, against which a porticus or arcade, l and the porticus was frequently a d oub e arcade one over the other . In this instance the lower arc ade was built against the cliffto sup

it the u r and ff port , pper one would face towa ds the temple, a orded r ark S . a hady ret eat in hot weather The , m s of the arches of the lower arcade against the cliff are here distinctly visible .

HI LLS OF ROME .

T H E PALAT I N E .

PLAT E

E MP LE OF P IT E R FE RET R IU S T J U , and Podium , or basement of the

' Cn - Ofthis te m le Id same , the o struction of the walls p are entical with

s u ared ofO us uad that of the outer walls , of the large j q stones p q r alum , with the wide vertical j oints , which are found nowhere else h in R ome but at this north end of t e Palatine Hill . The temple of Jupiter Fere triu s is recorded by Livy to have been built in the R u R year iv. of ome , to commemorate the first conq est of the omans ,

” Antemnae that of , and we might therefore expect to find, as we do , l the construction the same as that of the wa ls , as is shewn in these R engravings . oman topographers have been misled by the name of

' ' Livy states that this temple was built in Cap zfolzo Li ii v t . R R ( His , i but in the year four of ome the omans had S O not possession of the Hill of aturn , which was ccupied by the

' ’ S Ca zlolz u m abines , and the great public building called p was not then built . The capitol or keep of the Romans at Mat rime was R oma Quadrata, on the north end of the Palatine Hill . Vitruvius

ofR says that the house omulus was in the Capitol , yet other authors i w distinctly descr be it as on the Palatine Hill . His ords may be

’ R in tile m ziol thus translated The house of omulus p , by its thatched roof, clearly manifests the simple manners and habits of

” “ ” . A A . . . the ancients (Vitruvius , ncient rchitecture , bk ii ch

R ME HI LLS OF O .

T H E PALAT I N E .

PLAT E I I .

E MP LE OF UP IT E R FE RET R IUS anOthe ST EP S OF T J , r part, and the

ACU S Of Max C leading up to it from the site the Circus imus , and

m P ulc hrum Littu s n fro the on the ba ks of the Tiber . The con

' s the sam struction of the e steps is exactly e as that of the walls . The gigantic step s of Cacus are among the earliest legends of R n h h s re oman history, and the otices we ave of t eir ite ag e exactly with those lately excavated . . T hey are expressly said tO have led i to the Tiber: These also lead d own to the platform or which the R m house of o ulus is recorded to have stood, and it appears natural that this communicationwould be made fromhis house to the first

. A C m u i a temple that he built. o m n c tiOnfrom the citadel to the

‘ a s v r n t . Tiber was l o e y importa t, as tha river was the high road for of i o arri n c the supply prov si ns for the g sO . The constru tion , being

’ ' ‘ ' m th a earliest‘wall n exactly the sa e as t of the , is a stro g confirmation w a the of what was other ise prob ble , and when existing remains agree w in this manner ith the traditions of the people and with probability,

Solinu s r they amount almost to history . The words of are ve y ex

lic it p , and exactly fit this locality R oma Quadra ta begins in

A a the area of pollo, and terminates t the brow of the steps of Cacus , hut r R where stood the of Faustulus , whe e omulus dwelt, who laid

' n t a are fonthe the foundatio of hese walls . The se steps brow of the h n e d w hill near whic also this temple sta ds , and they l a do n from u R o the temple to the platform on which the ho se of mulus stood , b d Vitruviu s Dio Oru s c lutarch according to , d , P , and others , (now th e c hurc h f h , o An j ust behind S . astasia) w ich is j ust over the L upercal .

. P odiu m In the lower view, which shews the , or basement of the a h temple , an rcade is also seen in the t is belongs to “background one of the palaces of the C aesars and is supposed to havebeen used , v the e t no t for stables it is work of first c n ury , but of the time of

Caligula, to which it is commonly attributed .

olin i b S s c . . 1 8 u . . V ru ius lib. i . c . I . , v it v , l Di d or l d o us ib . i 0 . 2 mu us c . 2 0 . . 1 . P u tarc R o , v l h , l ,

L F R OME HIL S O .

PLAT E I II.

HOUSE OF HORT E N SIUS AN D AUGUST US

' o of o e so c w t es i The situati n ‘ this h us exa tly agrees i h the d cr ption of S a d s uetonius n ion Ca sius , that there can be no hesitation in con siderin s e d as o r g it a id ntifie , more especially the c nst uction of the

d ar all' walls also agrees perfectly with that perio . They e faced with

O us r eticulafum - or at d - p , or net w k , and th kin of net work which was

m - cks in use at that ti e, in which the diamond shaped blo were larger, it and the mortar between them thicker, than was at a later period , i the walls are of the time of Sylla . The house is div ded into two a H of parts , the origin l house of ortensius consisting small chambers , exactly like houses of the same period at Pompeii and In this part

no orn m m if f a ent . T he other art n ( there is p , consisti g chambers of

‘ ' h h i ht ~ tw o z t e . e more than double the si e , and each of g of j storeys a s st t e a artments of the origin l house and in the e a p , evidently added

- a o t on to the origin l h use , there are fine mosaic pavemen s and fresco

' ‘ paintings of the time of Augustus ; These details are clearly shewn

A an ‘ Is i Iven in the two plates . plan d section of the house g among

“

I . the diagrams on Plates V. and N

E HI LLS OF R OM .

T IN E T H E PALA .

P LAT E IV .

T E S FURT H ER DET AI LS OF T HE HOUSE OF HOR N SIUS AN D AUGUST U . ‘ In this the Op us r ezzculafum of the original part is more clearly

- twe . ; shewn than before , the wide j oints of mortar be en the small ‘ " m - di amond shaped blocks are ore plainly seen , and our six foot m rule shews the siz e of the . the is me th In the lower division wall not quite the sa , ough very

s s imilar, and it ha been plastered and painted, as this part belongs i n T h e to the additions made to the or gi al house . wall between the two parts is ofthe same character as the earlier house,and has no A a e doors or windows in it, shewing that ugustus lways ndeavoured

an i O to preserve his privacy, d continued to live n the riginal house are S s t for forty years , as we told by uetonius, who say hat he con

' tinu e d to occ upy the same bed - room for forty years com the D ing into state apartments on public occasions . ion Cassius “ 1 6 in t he P r to also says ( 53, ) that he lived on the Palatine Hill , ae rium all (or Citadel) , and that he chose that part out of the rest of R m ” the hill because o ulus had resided there .

HILLS OF ROME .

ALAT I N E T H E P .

PLAT E Vfi“

AN F T H E OUSE OF ORT E N SIUS AN D A T PL O H H UGUS US . The small chambers at the top of the planare those of the house

z of Hortensius , that of an ordinary citi en , as at Pompeii of the same period The large chambers below on the plan are state apartments A S of ugustus, erected by order of the enate, in which are fine mosaic pavement and fresco paintings , but the house of Hortensius was n . A quite plain The steps leadi g down into the trium , or central open court, of the state apartments, for the use of the public, are seen on the left - hand corner of the plan they lead from a long corridor, which passes from the eastern side of the hill, and com i mun c at es with other corridors or passages running north and south .

The subterranean passages on the Palatine are verynumerous , some

r of them were for the private use of the emperors , from thei palaces to the state apartments in the middle of the hill . The small narrow private steps for the use of Augustus descending from the private house (originally the house of Hortensius) , are seen on the right of the plan , and in the centre of the Cavae dium , or covered court of the house 5 other steps are seen which now lead to nothing, but led n originally to an upper storey, which was of wood ; o ly a narrow “ ” passage divides the original house of an ordinary citi z en from the shops which are between it and the street, shewn by the pavement . Of The upper storey, wood , probably extended over the passage and the shops, which have no steps , and therefore had no room over them , nor cellars under them . The underground storey of the house of Hortensius has only been partially excavated, so that we cannot A tell whether the cellars extended under the shops or not . nother narrow passage , seen at the top of the plan , leads from the house to the middle of the hill , and to other reservoirs of water all under

is level ground . The floor of the cellar of the underground storey / w with that of the state apartments added , hich were of the height of t wo - original storeys . The great oval water reservoir was added

’ ’ zm na Frontinu s afterwards, it is miscalled a p , would have called ( axle/[ u m a zue A N it a g . It was supplied with water by the nio ovus N of ero, no other aqued uct w ould reach to that high level .

R HILLS OF OME .

ALAT I E T H E P N .

LAT E * P VI .

N F T H E OUSE OF ORT E N S I U S A AN D AUGU T U SE CT I O S O H H ( ) S S (B) . A In the original house of Hortensius ( ) , which was the house of an

z S ordinary citi en of that period (as we are told by uetonius) , the rooms were all small, as in similar houses of the same period at m Po peii , and the rubble walls are faced with the reticulated work in use at that time . This is separated from the additions made to the house by order of the Senate (as we are told by Dion Cassius) m d by a wall of the sa e construction , in which there is neither oor nor window . The additions (B) made to the house in which Augustus persisted f in residing (and where we are told that he slept for orty years) , were se E intended for state apartments for the u of the mperor, and con t ain e d rich mosaic pavements and the finest wall - paintings of the A period . lthough they are of very moderate dimensions compared

r with the state apartments of Domitian, half a centu y afterwards , in the middle of the Palatine , this is only in accordance with what we A are told of the modest pretensions of ugustus , and his desire to live the life of a private gentleman .

F R ME HILLS O O .

L I E T H E PA AT N .

PLAT E V .

’ W LF AVE— LAN AN D E I T H E LUP E R CAL OR O S C P S CT ON . h This shews the natural cave , with the streams of water gus ing l into it from under the tufa rock of the Pa atine Hill , at the north A west corner, with the chambers built up against it by ugustus . M The situation of it is near the corner of the Circus aximus , or ’ in modern times under part of the Via de Cerchi , at the corner of ’ i ili the Via de F en .

A . is the well, which is the only present approach to it

B . is the door from one chamber to the other, of brick , of the A time of ugustus . A A C . is the channel for water, or aqueduct of the qua rgentina , r which had its source here, and is a beautifully clear stream , unning M A only as far as the Cloaca axima , near the rch of Janus , where it falls into that stream . The cave is at too low a level to have been accessible to the R omans from the Citadel above, they would have been exposed to O the enemy on the pposite hill, and within reach of arrows , or of a stones thrown from a catapult . For this reason a reservoir for r in

- water was made above , at the north west corner of the wall of R d oma Qua rata, shewn in the next plan .

ME HILLS OF RO .

T H E PALAT I N E .

LAT E P VI .

I E I ON R - R . S CT of a eservoir for rain water, of the time of omulus ,

- R oma at the north west corner of the Palatine, and of the Citadel , or

uadr ata b Q , ehind the most perfect part of the wall of that period that remains . There are three channels to bring water to this cave f reservoir from di ferent parts of the hill, and through the rock which W forms a vault over it are three ells of a peculiar form, a sort of hollo w cone shewn in the drawing.

2 w - . The lo er portion is a similar reservoir for rain water at Alba

L am onga, under the corner of the or Citadel there , now occupied

P alaz z u la by the small monastery called o . This also has a well of the same form, and these are the only two examples of wells of that form that are known in this part of Italy .

E HILLS OF ROM .

E T H E PALAT I N .

' LAT EfII P V .

I I H OUSE OF AUGUST US AN D T BER US .

i eriana N R A a et b et i e . Domus ugust na T (Curiosum Urbis ot tia, g X ) es two n Th e houses , or palaces, are me tioned together in the r T he R . b egionary Catalogue , because they stood togethe ack of s the s the house of Tiberius almost join on to wfe tern side of the house of Hortensius and Augustus . The front o it was on the cliff

M a I s G ermalus to towards the Circus aximus , th t , on the , and near t V la r m f I n I n h e e b u . t e a r h This front ell down a landslip l st centu y, (probably caused by the ground having been undermined by Igno In the rant people living the lower road) , backs of the chambers f and built against the cli f remain , the construction of the walls is identical with that of the interior of the nort hern wall of the Prae n toria Camp , built by Tiberius ; in all which particulars it agrees n , exactly with the history we have of it . Tiberius bei g the adopted

' son A t h arian ement . T acitus rnentions of ugus us , t is was a natural g

2 T (in Hist . i . 7) that Otho passed by the palace of iberius to the V elabrum a d fm m e Of , n this was the obvious way to go ro the te pl A ofT pollo above . There were steps through the palace iberius m v f fro the le el of the summit of the hill to that of the plat orm , be M hind the seats in the gallery of the Circus aximus , and on this platform was the road from the southern end of the Palatine to the

Vela rum r r b . b mode n The palace , called y topog aphers that of a e F u R Tiberius , is on the north rn angle just above the or m omanum , and joining on to that of Caligula . But the latter was . on the lower and level , and close to the Forum , had the temple of Castor and

Pollux as a vestibule to it . The upper palace is of the time of

n ew . Traj an and Hadria , as sh n by the construction of the walls

HILLS OF R OM E .

LAT I N E T H E PA .

* L T E ~ P A VI I I .

T he E F CALIGULA A D . 0 . PALAC O , 4 construction of this is not

OfN b ut quite so good as that ero , there is very little difference, h f at . t e of it I S extremely good . This palace is oot the hill, at the ‘

’ m R manu m and ‘ o , corner near the Foru , joined on to the temple

’ fast r w h S o C O and Pollux, ich served for a vestibule , to it ( uetonius

2 2 a to Of f in Caligula, c . ) pl cing it on the p the hill is there ore e s a mistake) . His celebrated bridge w nt from thi palace at the the e Of R u west end of it, across west sid the Forum oman m to the

Ca itolinu s the t o the T ar eian temple of Jupiter p , on p of p rock on

l the ma t o the opposite hi l , two of the piers of bridge re in j oining on the palace , at the west end , and almost forming part of it .

ALACE OF RA AN A . D . 1 0 0 ADR IAN A . D . 1 2 0 P T J , , and H , , on the Pala tine Hill . These are in fact part of one great public building on th e Of top the hill at the north east corner, much above and nearly ove r that of Caligula, and miscalled by his name . The work that was ‘ ‘ c arryin g onin the time of Trajan w as somewhat altered in the: time

th the S ed. st u are of Hadrian , as e ideas of enate were enlarg The 1

' brick pier shewnon the left hand side of the View is of the time of

l Was Hadrian , built up against the .wal of Trajan, and made to carry a lOfty vault over the paved road Or street called the Via T rium

halis . v have o p This ault seems to been an after th ught, the piers to

' in T ra an but carry it are not bonded tOthe wall of j , carried up from the ground It often happened at all periods that the vaults were h additions , t ere has first been a wooden roof only, and then a vault introduced .

HILLS OF . ROME .

E T H E PALAT IN .

PLAT E I X .

F T H E 1ESAR S T H E R E MAIN S OF T H E ALA E OF PALACE S O C . P C

I IAN h D OM T . T ese are built upon the site of the great foss on the south side of R oma Quadrata . Transverse walls were built across the t o foss at short intervals , and vaults across from one wall the other, e' ofthe in order to raise a level platform at th origin/al level ground , so that the whole of these great public palaces might be on one

a r d . level , with subterr nean passages and chambe s un er them These

' i fe et hi h and transverse walls are fro n fifteen to twenty g , are cut h i through ot er buildings prev ously erected in the foss, without

n e r C scruple . O e of th se (now subte ranean) hambers is called m has e a a bath cha ber of Julia, because it a fine paint d v ult of the time of Augustus ; this is on the low level of the bottom of the u l foss, and not here visible . The constr ction of the wa ls is of the

mt - time of Do i ian, whose brick stamps have also been found in them . This was part Ofthe grand " design Ofthe Senate mentioned by A Dion Cassius , as being formed in the time of ugustus , for cover W ing the hole of the Palatine Hill with a series of public palaces, R and as time went on , and the oman empire extended , the ideas of All the Senate became more and more magnificent . these palaces Cmsars of the are in fact publie buildings , erected at the cost of the h f S as be . tate , and an inscription en found upon them to that e fect

The great Basilica was the Central point . It was the State Hall

' where the E for grand occasions , mperor sat in state to distribute ! honour to the Officers on their return from a successful campaign . ‘ What are seen in these two - views are chiefly the remains of the

Of a ASILI CA OVI S great Basilica the C esars, called the B J , the height a of which is shewn by one ngle of it, which appears in each of the

- views on different sides , and fragments of the short columns, of

t wo T h are t which there were tiers . é remains sligh but interesting,

’ and the views shew exactly the present state ofthis part of the E N Palatine Hill, after the recent excavations of the mperor apoleon

. c III , and of the Italian Government who pur hased the ground of him , and continued the excavations under the same superintendence , S R of ignor osa .

HILLS OF ROME .

" T H E ALAT INE P .

AT E PL X .

. E F I T AN ar R EMAI N S OF T H E PALAC O D OM I . These two views e in ASI LI CA VIS the same great basilica, called the B J O , the principal state

the e hall of Palatin , the place for all the grandest ceremonies of the

R E nd . E oman mperors , a at the same time , like the nglish House of

T h - L t c Ourt . e I s ords , the highes of justice ground p lan not altered,

a a nd and and can be cle rly seen , with the pse at the east e , remains E o of the seat of the mperor on the wall, and the perf rated marble

: - s n screen across the chord of the apse at the north ea t cor er, that portion of the wall which forms the angle still stands at its original height , and the remains of the two rows of columns which divide

ha the hall into a nave or aisles , shew that they were only lf the height of the building, and that there were galleries there, as men i n t o e d . in Vitruvius The fragments that remain are slight, but

S . A interesting; and extremely picturesque . In the Church of gnes, which is a good copy of the Basilica type , and which was built in r the fourth centu y, the galleries remain , and are still in use .

F R ME H I L LS O O .

T H E VI M I N -A-L :

PLAT E X I .

~ ’ AI N F OWE R S OF T H E ARx AGA I N ST T HE LI FE R E M S O T C . These n are believed to be vestiges of the early fortificatio s , when this

s o S e hill was a separate fortre s , bef re ervius Tullius had nclosed

are the seven separate fortresses into one city . There remains of

n buildings of the time of the R ep ublic built up agai st them .

V w I s To the left of the upper ie seen the entrance to the cave , which w as considered as a cave of Mithras w hen I t w as dis c ov el e d b in the seventeenth century, as is recorded y Flaminius

Vacca . It had been buried again and lost sight of, until it was a 1 8 1 w a gain excavated in 7 , but it does not agree ith the char cter of

M w ne n o . O the caves of ithras , which is well known of the real caves of Mithras was discovered about the same time by Father e nearly under the Church of S . Clement . The pres nt

ot o had l ca large en ugh , and probably been an ear y tomb , perhaps afterwards used as a priva te bath c h amber belongi ng to the

Lavac r m A- ri n u i a C o . of g pp , which losely adj ined to it It appears a m m fortress w as that the or capitol of the Vi inal , as a separate f t r at his co ner .

HI LLS OF R OME .

T H E V I’M I NAI

PLAT E

R EMAI N o r T H E VA RIIM r A RI P P I N A S LA C o G . These are under “ just f r r t e c a e e a . h li f bove mention d , on a low , pl tform They were pa tially ” ‘ b I ri o excavated y Canina, and nsc ptions were then found up n the ‘ e Of u On; So e ide nti bas a statue of Bacch s , and m lead pipes , which

r 1 8 1 fie d t e . h building The excavations were carried fu ther in 7 , and som e mos aic pavements and fresco paintings were Other m ad e b d e e tro pave ents h pr viously een foun , but all w re soon d s yed

by the recklessness of the low inhabitants of the n e ighbourhood . Another manner in which mosaic pavements of the time of the E E i R arly mp re are frequently destroyed in ome when left open , is b y the curiosity of the host of tourists , especiallylady tourists , each

ofwh a om carries away a few of the tesser e as mementoes , and as the " ‘ number oftourists in R ome amounts to many thousands during the

eaSon and it i e s . § is continually ncreasing) , a piece of tess llated or mo

' s i E r o aic pa s soon destroyed . xposu e to the weather als soon ” c Th s S a . ause to pring up , which displace the tesser e e only way to pi es erve them I n their original place is to keep them covered t n wi h a thi layer of earth , which can easily be removed when

n s r At of eces a y. one end a wall brick of the time of Hadrian was

' found built up against the lavac rum ; this is shewn in the upper w thea h vie , wi th rches of construction in t e wall .

HI LLS OF ROM E .

T H E CO LL IA N

‘

P LAT E xi i i .

‘ CE A — II E W T H WALL C LI N . H X C AU i UM EAST ID I T E AR . S p , , OF T H E LUDU S MAGN U ast corner near t he Colos

a rx seum . This has se li re e sides and pa rt of the fourth, where it is cut f the hill by the deep

' - cutting called the Clivus c' h is' the’ entrance fromthe west

S rti and from the Palatine . The p o on here represented is on the fig ‘ i as . L Ma opposite side , and h a wall of the udus gnus bu lt up against

l u dium it, as on the other view from the north east . The C a was l l I t éve f e . built above , on the platform o this ancient fortr ss appears h to ave consisted of a quadrangle , the sacred enclosure , on a high

507 115213 a , level , which had a 1 or arcade on ll sides , of two storeys , the f one b and lower one against the cli f, the upper a ove it; open

r w of h to the area , or cou t ithin , in the centre w ich stood the ‘ e o f him toh v e templ Claudius , originally intended by a e been a templ c d of Pea e , but afterwards called by his name , and de icated to him

f III the as a deified Emperor . There were ountains quadrangle, and

C N r . On the . great aqueduct of laudius and ero terminated the e e e but some maps the w hol space is given as a res rvoir of water, this

h s erm o du was a mistake . T e p or c nduit of the aque ct remains in the f t m northern wall against the cli f, and leads owards the Colosseu

F R ME H I LLS O O ,

rE L I na C A . Ti . N

E X IV P LAT .

E N N CI EN CcELIAN N ORT H SI D . T ORT R ES S , A A F , _ now the

r Of: S u chu ch and monastery the anti Q attro Coronati . It is a bold r m m the o l p o ontory standing out fro n rth side of the hi l, near

’ ” i h the ii ast r S S . T e e 1 5 . Clement entrance to mo y and church on the

( 220 243 b t he e a n top of a steep road or , y sid of which the cient forti fi c ations are Oi i inall S very evident, g y a c arped cliff only, but with

’ walls built up against it The fortres s originally protected the south

a er . S end of the short gg of ervius Tullius across the valley , which connected the Coelian fortress with that of the E squ iliii e ; the wall ‘ ’ r h f h I II a e e o . of the gg passes under t altar end S . Clement s churc 1 8 a the year 73, when new quarter of the citywas being built , ex n t in ofS te sive excava ions were made this part , and the wall ervius T ullius was found continuing o n under the apse of the Church of t he Sa em e arl ~ buildin s m nti Quattro , with other r ains of y g , so e of the of T e al time the Early Empire and others earlier . h mediev monas

" tron t er d and e . a s y has evi ently been fortified , must hav been g

' fortre ss from o os1ti on on ver e ~ of . its c mmanding p , the g a deep gorge ,

' O w as Clau diu m the valle on the ther side of which the , and in y or gorge between them must have be en the Ludus Magnus . The name

' C lian 'b ' the ni od rn talian s n ot of this hill is now spelt e y e I , who do u s e d n the i phtho g.

L F R HIL S O OME .

'

- T H E CcE LIAN .

J V PLAT E I X .

LI —AN AN I E N T FORT RE s CCE AN OUT H S I DE . C s , S , now the Villa

eli ntana h s e : r i d the C Mo s T i fortr ss o ig nally protecte approach to T H E IT Y r a e . the Porta Capena, the southen entr nc into C The ofth fortress stands at an angle e hill , and has scarped cliffs on

S a three ides of it with walls built up ag inst them . The Porta

“ Cap ena stood a little to thenorth- west of it Oh the eastern side it

t anothé e nd also protected the approach o i; gate , at the of a gorge ,

n o o r e h the N an e trance to the C elian f rt ess its lf, near whic avicella no w n o Vi ilu . On S t sta ds this ite was one of the C hortes g n, or bar

fr - E madein racks o the night guards . xtensive excavations were the

e th the e gard n of e villa in early part of the pr sent century, and an b n the account was published of the o j ects fou d , with a plan of bar ’ s w m rack , Which ere long and narrow (re arkably similar to the Vicars

' W a n Ro S i e . Close at ells, in omersetsh re , curious coincide c ) om was ’ ; b u t provided for a considerable num er of soldiers or others , b this

' a to a b a n e s appe rs h ve been done y, umber of small dw llings in tead l a M the e of one arge barrack as was more custom ry . any of obj cts found are preserved in the gai den and offices ofthe villa

H ILLS OF R ME O .

T HE CCELIAN .

CIE LIAN - GORGE ORT AT {AN AN G LE the , F ; part of Villa Celi

" h 1 5 r t the r Montana . T is another par o same ancient fo tress as the

“ o the i the last, which is a promontory n; south west s de of hill , the

‘ 1 5 r M etronia I n end of which towards the Po ta the south wall , under

rA o on h e h s I s which the rive lmo enters R me , eit er sid of t i a gorge ,

n wh I w o e s V . cutting deep into the hill , of ich shewn in the ie The

w th - upper and narro end of e. gorge nearly meets in the tongue of land which connects this fortress with the other on the northern

'

Claudium . N side, on which the was built The avicella stands on

" t he o that tongue of land , and close to the sit e of the gate of C elian

' f Ar c h fD l lla ortress , at the end of the southern gorge . The o o ab e

” ‘ “ e was e the lau dium also stands on this tongu of land, and the gat to C ,

’ at the end of the gorge on the other side of the hill .

H I LLS OF R OME.

T HE AVEN T I N E;

E PLAT XVII .

ARP E D LI FF t s " t e S u SC C , wi h the Ca tle of h avelli built pon the sum riext T mit . This is on the side the iber ; the cliff is partly natural, but

’ e and W l the lar e has been scarped in plac s , al s of g squared stones of

“ u Is Z z the time of the Kings built p against it . There a ig ag path

“ also down the slope from the t he garden ofthe monks of S S the . abina) , leading originally ata and Porta Tri the th e a f gemina, but lower part of p th has been cut of to make room ’ w in on n ravm s for modern buildings . It is she n e of Piranesi s e g g as

. h A u h In u over the mout of the q a Appia, whic is a cave nder it ; the i l v1 ew be1n entrance to it is not quite vis b e in this , , g too far to the

' ‘

o e Ficus . F right . This cave is also the n called after and aunus by r I h s . f: t e o some antiquaries , and after Cacu by othe s is nly natural

n A are Wi cave know under the ventine. There ne cellars and stone

’ ff no quarries excavated in di erent parts, but other natural cave is At r known . the back of this is a natural eservoir of water of some

b i ri h Was extent, supplied ya spr ng, a d t is pure Water added to that the A f T h of ppia in the ront part ofthis cave “ e aqueduct ofTrajan ad I outh ov ef y at i also h its n nearly this ca e, a cons derably higher level ; andthere is a vertical terra- cotta water - pipe descending from o a of C o it int the front p rt this lower ave , as in ther parts the later u A aq educts made use of the ppia, which was the lowest of all , to r off car y the surplus water . Some ancient building is visible to the

. o v left of the view, which has been built on the sl pe, and aulted, and remains of the vaults are seen : this may have been con nected with

a ueduct ' of the q Trajan .

R HILLS OF OME .

T HE AVE N T IN E .

E AR X A r d ci u P ART OF T H . S . sca pe l ff nder Balbina , north side ,

w n e T h W f a of & . e with ll the Ki gs , all o the Kings is in the

c r h it are centre of the pi ture , to the ig t of arches of an aque

c h o whic f. s du t, t at Trajan , ro s the valley from the great

o A Dolabella and reservoir on the C elian , rch of , was

carried over the Porta Capena before it arrived at this point . ‘ A little further on to the right it crosses over the valley be tw the A t e an d the ae een two parts of the ven in , w t r was conveyed 3 v and the to ar of a a S. that p t the rcade that rem ins near Prisca , to l A n w n e o S . b . T mp e of pollo, Sa ina This interesti g portion of the

W t e n and the ar x the A all of h Ki gs , of ventine fortress and of

‘ the a u e du c t haVe all fq of Traj an, been buried , to the depth of ten

n ' i h feet, si c e th s photograph was take n,by t e earth thrown here by

S n R he had h m ne t h e xc a ig or osa, which b roug t fro the Palati in e

vations for E ' a the mperor of the French , thus burying one p rt of the R ‘ w o antiquities of ome to she another. If this pr cess had been con .

’ tinu ed much longer it bid fairto fill up the valley between the two a A h f p rts of the ventine , w ich some think is a great ancient oss only , as there is no natural stream of water through it; but it seems too W and too a the ide deep to be artifici l . The part of hill on which ‘

Bal inaa - S . b nd S . S a abba st nd is called the Pseudo Aventine .

HILLS OF ROME .

0 r) . 1

T HE AVENT I E N .

' ' P LAT E XIX A

T H E AN CIEN T ARX m a e : , now the on st ryan d reformatory of S . Bal

' u on t he ofthe Av r bina built p old keep entine fort ess , of which the a d ff d e sc rpe cli s remain on three si s , mostly concealed by walls built up against them . The present building was at one time the house

fh e h i e or castle o t e Cardinal, the tow r of whic s seen in the c ntre of ‘ ’ the picture, over the s outh side . bfthe castle the Western s ide is a W seen to the right of the picture st nding upon the all of the Kings ,

V - i which is isible in places on the s outh west and north side, and s s the t shewn in other plate . To left of the picture is a por ion of l the church of s. Ba bina . w r are The foundations of the to e of the time of the Kings, a por e e l e i tion of which has been xcavat d and eft op n , w th a portion of the wall of the ancient fortress going from it towards the other S S a t ancient fort under . abb ; but these were two dis inct fortresses

as with a long interval between them , they are at the opposite ends of that part of the hill called the Pseudo - Aventine the old

‘ A w the e Via rdeatina passes bet een j two, and ther was a gate on

. r au usc lana the bill at this part called the Po ta R d u .

LLS F R M HI O O E .

T HE - xAVEN T I E N .

LAT E P XX .

AN CI EN T ORT n S . S . F , with the mo astery of abba built upon it The high situation of this monastery makes it a very conspicuous

' O buildin w ith C bj ect , and the medieval g the loister is extremely ld f is b o f . O e picturesque The ort is se n below the wall, it uilt

h . the a concrete or rubble stone in layers , aving very much ppear

in ic . ance of having been cast bo es , like the pier at Dover It o was originally cased with squared stones , some of which were f und i 1 8 0 at the foot of it in the excavat ons made for the purpose in 7 , r in one . s and which is seen, of the photographs Thi fo t is at

hi t a w. Of the south west corner of a gorge in the ll , a the n rro end Is f n O which the site O a gate where four roads meet . O the pposite ” - Co d a e ai corner, or the south east angle of this gorge,are nsi er ble r m ns ‘ W L shevvn In of another ancient fort, called the all of the atins , other " the t views . These two forts defended the approach to ga e,when

’ ' this art of . t e there was no outer wall to lp the City, and for tha r ason

'

omaer zum to A . e l there was no p the ventine until the tim of C audius , who first built an outer wall here . A h f t the hill S . S t e O the western end of beyond abba, city the

Kings and the city of the Empire are identical for - a short distance ; the wall of the Empire is built up against the lower part of a lofty cliff, which had been scarped, . and had formed part of the original “ n ' T iber the all of fortificatio s of that hill . From that point to the x w

i ‘ u t have w all fe Cla dius was built, but it seems o been a low a t r the

”

. the o old fashion , and was used as foundations for l fty wall of

ien is ff A . Ost s urelian In the Porta , which is near the cli , and stands

W w as ner e in hat the ancient foss, the two in gates are of the tim of

one d c who e Claudius , the outer , is of Theo ori , repair d the gateway fortress .

LL F R ME HI S O O .

T H E AVE N T I N E .

‘ PLAT E X X I .

W H IN N HE VEN T I N E A i an ALL OF T E LAT s O T A . . port on with a but rch inserted at a later period , still of an early character ; the arch is attribufe d by the lo cal antiquaries (apparently with reason) n he e a R to the time of Hannibal , whe rod up to the w lls of ome ,

‘ and h m in n threw his javelin over t e defia ce . It is supposed to have ‘ " in r r served as an e b asu e for a catapult . Behind it (as shewn in the u V pper iew) is a mass of concrete, on which a catapult might very

T he all Of well have been fixed bed of concrete , with the w large k bloc s of tufa in front of it , is twelve feet thick, and the height of this wall has been measured by dropping down a measuring line , and found to be fifty feet . The wall stands upon a ledge of the tufa f w out . t O rock to receive it In fron it are very remarkable ells , fifty feet deep , on the outer bank of the great foss . These wells appear , W A on comparing them ith Similar wells found in quitaine , to have h t e . been used for purpose of interment Cinerary urns , with ashes A t . in them , were found at the bot om of such wells in quitaine ‘ view shew s f of The lower the outside o the arch , and in that part l the wall the insertion is clear y seen . The arches are both of tufa, h but not from t e same quarry . The wall seems to be made of blocks

' ' on the s ot C cut from the rock itself p , the more red kind of tufa omes a from a quarry at short distance only, nearly under the church of S . Prisca .

HI LLS OF ROME .

T H E AVEN T IN E .

LAT E P X X I I .

i T HE RMfE OF SURA c on PART OF T H E . , the cousin of Trajan , and

s erm nec t ed with the Private House of Traj an and his family . The p t n r Of of an aqueduct , with a ria gula head , here seen to the left the

w u nd ern the e id vie , passes south i of the portion of wall shewn in

P late XXL and said to be u sed for a catapult . It is remarkable , l that the builders of the wall Ofthe Thermae appear to have been ‘ i Wa entirely ignorant of the existence of th s great ll of the Kings , which was probably buried in their time , and not visible 5 for the

retiClate d wall , faced with the u work of the time of Trajan , goes w obliquely against the old all . The lower view represents this section of the old wall a few yards

almost OfR further on , it is as early as the wall oma Quadrata 3as m seen in the section it appears to be the same . It has the sa e wide

On Of vertical j oints , but the surface the wall the j oints are closely

. w all fitted together The old is part of a fort ( now under S . Prisca) S to defend the approach to a gate in the time of ervius Tullius , and

O there is a small fort pposite to it under S . Sabba only the large blocks which form the facing have been removed for building - mate n rials , excepting underground , where they were fou d in the excava

1 8 1 tions made to search for them in 7 . These two forts are at the

Of w as two angles a gorge , at the narrow end of which the gate , and

O one four roads met at that point or two roads crossed each ther,

' n Ostiensis n goi g from the Porta towards the Palatine , the other alo g w all S . S . S iz er t the from Prisca to abba . This road is an old gg wi h

the foss on the outside of it .

R M E WA L LS A N D G A T E S O F O .

N OT I CE ON T H E D ESCR I P T ION OF T H E D IAGR AM S .

TH E S E illustrations will be much more easily understood , and therefore be more useful , by having the description of the plates , with the references to them , placed in such a manner as to face each plate . In order that this may be done without increasing the bulk Of has the work , it been thus arranged

At the back of this leaf is the description of Plate I . P lat e The description OfPlate I I . is at the back of I .

The description of Plate I II . at the back of Plate II . , and so on . In this way the convenience of the reader is consulted in what appears to be the best mann er .

- Of W R The set of thirty two drawings the alls and Gates of ome , i S Cic c onetti reduced to eight pages , s made by ignor Felice , chiefly from the photographs prepared for this work ; but these have been ' compared upon the spot , and a plan of each portion of the wall or As W A of the gate is added at the foot . the great all of urelian is O thirteen miles long, it is bvious that the whole extent could not a possibly be included, but the parts omitted are those th t possess little or no interest, and the distance from one point to another in h 1 the intervals is marked by t e number of metres ( 0 yards) . This series illustrates the Itinerary of the Pilgrim of the eighth ‘ “ ” f Ein iedlin O s . century , known by the name the Itinerary The pilgrim evidently walked round the walls and j otted down the m O v inute particulars of what he saw and bser ed as he walked along, and has thus preserved to our day a most exact description Ofthe in walls as they then were , which is now extremely curious and t ere stin We g. have followed his steps , and have shewn exactly n ow f what remains O what he then described . It is evident that the foundations are , for the most part, the same , built upon the ’ mwnza old earthworks or , and the lower part of the walls remains in many parts . The number of towers between one gate and another Of can frequently be counted . The upper part the walls , with the battlements , including the merlons , or upright pieces , and the cre O w nelles , or penings bet een them , are gone 5 and the windows , both large and small, have , for the most part , also disappeared 5 but to this general demolition there are interesting exceptions , there is A u one tower of urelian q ite perfect , between the ancient Porta P ra Pinciana and the modern Porta Salaria . The outer wall of the torian Camp is the most perfect part of the walls OfR ome now re maining . In this some windows can be seen , both large and small — N O. 1 2 the framework , made of terra cotta (see Photograph , ) 3the battlements also remain perfect in some parts near the north - east N O corner, with the merlons and crenelles perfect ( . but built N up , as the wall has been raised higher at some early period ( O. The doorway arches frequently have the grooves remaining for the “ portcullis gate ” to slide up and down reminding us of “ L 0 the Psalm of David , ift up your heads , ye gates , and the of King Glory shall come in . N D AT E S OF R OME WAL LS A G .

1 ORT A LAM I N IA . . P F The present gate is modern, and not exactly

Old on the site , which was rather more to the left , and eastward , on

higher ground (as we are told by Procopius) , the line of the road has f been carried further out from the cli fs . The tomb of N ero was on M S S . d el the ite of the church of aria Popolo , on the west side of

u n this gate . The b ildi g seen to the left of this diagram is the OfS northern part of the great palace ylla, to which the celebrated

Muro Torto belonged . It was inhabited by Belisarius when he was R the general in command of the defence of ome . M 2 . v The iew shews the uro Torto as seen in profile to the right , where the lower part Ofthe great wall against the cliff of the Pincian H ill n ow h was built straight, it hangs over considerably ; t e upper

part was built upon this after the settlement had taken place, but in

a series of niches or semicircular recesses , to throw back the weight

of the earth beyond the line of the foundations . To the left of this

a is the lower part of the western front of the same p lace , in which the wall to support the cliff is built in a double series Ofniches one

over the other , apparently because the builders had profited by the All experience they had gained on the northern side . these inter esting remains of antiquity are now concealed by a hideous modern

OfR o wall, the late architect to the municipality me having per

suad e d d an er ous them that it was g . It had been so considered also in the fifth century , as Procopius m entions .

3. 4. S W A and hew some of the Towers and all of urelian , but in

this part there is no corridor, as is seen by the plan given under

011 ff Of this part, probably account of the di erent level the ground,

ma nia the wall there being built upon part of the old , or earthworks , Of of the time the Kings . WALLS AN D AT ES OF ROME G . WA LLS A N D G AT E S OF R OM E .

f - RT A I N IAN A . O 5. PO P C This is one the most perfect gate houses

Of m Of E the ti e the mperor Honorius , as restored by King Theo

- Of doric, that we have remaining the stone work Honorius remains , d the round brick towers belong to Theo oric , the square towers to W A the left are of the all of urelian . This gate is celebrated as the R n one to which Belisarius was refused admission by the oma s , who did not recognise him when returning from a sortie and recon

be in at 1726 afe naissance . This gave rise to the story of his gg g g after did a sortie ; being pressed back by the Goths in pursuit , he probably beg hard for recognition and to be admitted within the walls . In ’ c A this part of the wall the orri dor of urelian , or the sentinel s path , made in the thickness of the wall , is well shewn on the plan .

6 . A Of m d continuation the same wall, with repairs of the e ieval period to the left .

7 . ORT A S ALAR IA . P This gate has been entirely destroyed , and a new one built in its place , since this photograph was taken . It was more picturesque than the new one , but was made out of old

An Of tombs , some of which were curious . account them will be found in the Chapter on Tombs .

8 . A Of W A n nother part the all of urelia , with its corridor , shewn

'

r . on the plan , and with medieval and mode n repairs ME WALLS AN D GAT E S OF RO . WA LL S A N D AT E S OF R OME G .

N OME N T AN A Of 9 ORT A . . P this gate little more than ruins remain , and these are known to consist of Old tombs ; the modern Porta Pia is between the Porta Salaria and this it is purposely omitted in

a . our series because it is modern , and does not belong to arch eology W T H P RZE R I N P 1 0. N ORT H ALL OF E T O A AM C , with remains of the A t northern gate . great part of this wall is original, of the ime of

Of i Tiberius , with the beautiful brickwork that per od, built upon an

O A lder aqueduct, a branch of the nio Vetus , which is faced with

' u retz u/at u m Op s c wherever the facing has not been destroyed . This

Old m ania was carried upon the or earthwork of the camp , which is of the time of the Kings . The earth within the camp is from ten to f fifteen feet above the level O the road on the outside . In the inner

- Old side of the wall , towards the south west corner, are the sleeping places for the guards , shewn in the diagram towards the left . 1 1 . The eastern wall of the Camp . It was dismantled by Con s tantine in consequence of a rebellion of the guards , and the present

l d Of Of wal , after the repairs or rebuil ing, is a piece patchwork

. l n various periods The O d round towers remain at the two e ds .

1 2 . The southern side of the Camp . In this part , when it was Old rebuilt, materials were taken from a wall of the Kings , probably the one against the face of the maem a In the great foss the present d road is made on the e ge of that foss .

WALLS AN D GAT E S OF R OME .

IV .

’ 1 RT A H I USA c/zz asa 3. PO C . This gate is called , or the closed gate ,

because it has long been closed , perhaps ever since the Camp was

dismantled (it was an entrance into the Camp) , and the antiquaries who gave the name to the gates in the seventeenth century could not

agree about the name of this . The exterior face of the gate is of the R time of Honorius , the interior partly of the time of the epublic,

with several alterations . There is little doubt that it was on the

original bridle road to Tibur or Tivoli . The present Porta Tibur

- tina is of the fifteenth century, and the modern carriage road is made

upon a bank across the great external foss . r 1 4 . o To the right of this diagram will be seen a row of corbels , p

e c tin j g boldly from the face of the wall , to carry a wooden gallery

hoa r ds (such as were called ) , a kind of scaffolding removable at

z pleasure . It is raised on the hori ontal poles inserted in the holes

- left in the wall for that purpose (called put log holes) . The building incorporated in this part Ofthe wall is popularly miscalled the House

is Of fOr . Cicero, without any authority whatever the name It in fact

s ( axial/a m a ua d T e ula. a great re ervoir, or q , for the aque uct called p N ear this , to the left , is a postern gate , supposed to have been

P raene stina - a P a originally the Porta , or bridle road to Pr eneste or

le strin a , before the road was altered .

1 5. To the right of the diagram we see part of the aqueduct called A lexandrina, which carried water from the great reservoir at the

S M highest level by the ide of the Porta aggiore , in which the water of the Claudia and the Anio N ovus was united before it was distri R A buted over ome . The lexandrina was a branch to carry water to

a S R the great Therm e of the third century , on the eastern ide of ome,

N ae w i and to the ymph um , she n by a coin to be of his t me . The Porta Maggiore is seen to the left of the diagram ; it is the largest gate , and the principal entrance into R ome on the eastern

. as f side It bears several different names , mentioned in the text O

the chapter on that subj ect . 1 6 . Part of the Wall of the S E S S OR I U M with the AM FH IT H E AT R U M

A ST R E N S E Of C , a fine piece brickwork of the beginning of the second c entur inc or orate d W A At - y, p in the all of urelian . the right hand corner

Vivar iu m of the diagram is shewn a small plan of the , in that part of

S e ssorium the , with the outer wall preserved , and the inner wall of A the time of urelian built here in a straight line behind it . This enabled Belisarius to make the celebrated ambuscade which led to the entire defeat of the Gauls in a great panic . WALLS AND AT ES OF R E G OM .

' ‘ T IBVIII IN A.

r u t ! L n l i d- i k ! WALLS AN D AT E F R G S O OME .

T A AN . Asi 1 R I A OR S . IOV N I 7 . PORT A AS I N A and P G The Porta l A naria is the O d gate of the time of urelian , it is the only one of the M Of g ates of his wall that remains at all perfect . ost them were Of m rebuilt and fortified in the time Honorius , rather ore than a century after they were built , and restored by Theodoric another ld century afterwards . This gate stands at the O level of the foss

fillin - u - ways the interior is almost buried by the g p of the foss way .

This gate appears also to have stood in the middle of an old fortress,

m ore the wings of which extend on both sides of it, though perfect f on the western S ide . Possibly this was part O the castle of the h A inii S . t e Of s . The Porta Giovanni stands on higher level the new

r r . road of the seventeenth centu y, and belongs to that pe iod LAT E RAN E N I S RT S . 1 8 . P O A This gate is considered as a p ostern

S z only, although the arch is of the usual i e of a gate ; it was one

Old L entrance to the ateran Palace, which here forms an angle Of W A proj ecting from the line the all of urelian , in which it is incorporated .

1 ORT A ME T R N IA O . 9 . P This gate (long closed) is situated at the W A point where the all of urelian turns at a sharp angle to the south , ’ to enclose the additional tongue of land added to the p omaer z um by

Sylla. It stands upon a small bridge over that branch of the old

A R o f river lmo that runs through ome , the deep bed which now

M A Crabra conveys the water of the arrana and qua united . 2 ORT A LAT IN A 0. . P This gate , which faces the north , has also long been closed ; it is one Ofthe most perfect Ofthe gate - houses of ‘ On caszellu m a uaz Honorius . each side are remains of a g , or reser

the A voir, for an aqueduct, each on a different level, one for qua A M A A urelia of arcus urelius Commodus , the other for the qua

S S e timiu s S a everiana of p everus , to supply their Therm e just within this gate . WALLS AND AT ES OF R ME G O . WAL LS AN D AT E F R G S O OME .

21 ORT ARDE . A AT I NA . N P This gate is of the time of ero , as is shewn by the construction ; it stands at an angle in the Wall of

A and Ar urelian, on the line of the old Via deatina, or road from A A rdea, which is older than the Via ppia .

OR - T A S . SE AST IAN O AP P IA u P B , or . This is one of the gate ho ses rebuilt by King Theodoric , as mentioned in his letters . The lower

Of part of the towers is built large blocks of marble , taken from the M ruins of the temple of ars , outside of this gate , the great southern R entrance into ome .

22 . OR T A - S . A n OLO ST I E N S I S . o P P , or O This gate, the road to

O r stia, is another of the gateway fortress es of King Theodo ic , and

R . the most perfect of them . The towers are of the avenna type Of Who The inner gate , shewn on the plan , is of the time Claudius , h A was the first to build an outer wall to t e ventine, and thereby ’ n omwr zum T h Ce stiu s i close a p . e pyramidal tomb of Caius is a con S ic uou s p obj ect at this gate , which stands in the old foss of the A ventine . 2 8 . This View shews the angle of the wall when it arrives at the

Tiber .

24. S hews the remains of the wall on the bank of the Tiber, with M e stacc io the onte T behind it . F R ME WALLS AN D GAT ES O O . N D AT E S OF R ME WALLS A G O .

L f 2 5. T H E AN I CU UM N V J , orth In this iew the scarped cli fs are visible , with the great foss at the foot, now a paved street, and W A the all of urelian built on the outer bank , and towers with mills f made in them other mills are also built up against the clif . ff 2 6 . E S . The Janiculum , ast ide Here again the cli s are visible ,

z z C Of and the ig ag road leading up to the summit . The hurch ‘ me ure n S . mo a o t o Pietro in montorio ( ) sta ds near the p , and is conspicuous on all S ides . 2 a the 7 . S S . S The Janiculum , outh ide This is ection through S S P anc ratio s R hill , and hews the Porta . , the highe t gate in ome , on

A Alse atina- T ra ana e the summit to the left the qua Paolo , or j , a littl lower down and then the church on the edge of the cliff.

28 . LAN OF T H E AN ICULUM ORT R ES S the P J F , with the suburb of

Trastevere below , extending to the Tiber.

WALLS AN D GAT ES OF R OME .

VI I I .

T H E AN I CULUM W f 29 . J , est side, shewing the cli f and the trench W A or foss , and the all of urelian built on the outer bank . MI OR T SET T I AN A . 30. P A This gate is in the valley, and near the

OfA Tiber, on the northern side of the hill . The towers urelian in this part are unusually perfect .

P I R f E N I N E 31 . ORT A S . S IT O O L O P , near the bank the Tiber , in the

IT Y OR G O. w C , or the B The plan under it she s its exact position between the Vatican fortress and the Tiber .

A H ADR IAN U M 32 . S. The Castle of ngelo, originally the , or the

- t E . tomb for ress of the mperor Hadrian, with a plan of it The passage on the top of the wall was made for the escape of the Pope in case of need , from the Vatican Palace to the Castle, the strongest fortress in R ome .

DESC R IPTION OF T H E PHOTO- EN GRAVI N GS

OF T H E

A I L N D W S A GAT E S .

T H E S W eries of Diagrams of the alls and Gates , with plans under

ic c n i e b . C o ett each portion from drawings yF , has now b en com

leted . p It commences from the Porta Flaminia , near the Tiber n i R the on the orth , passing down the eastern s de of ome to Porta

Ostiensis : , and the Tiber at the south end of this great wall then n crossing the Tiber, and shewing what remai s on the other side of

rast ev ere W A on the river, called the T , of the all of urelian the Jani o l m A n u H adrianum S . Leo , the (now the castle of ngelo) , and the A . s nine City, called also the Borgo this line is thirteen miles long, the it is obvious that there must be many breaks , at each of which measurements are given of the part omitted ; the omissions are of

are . be portions that only repetitions, or are without interest It is lieved S that this eries comprises all that is really interesting , and Of gives a general idea of this remarkable wall . The series photo graphs, which now follows in the same order, supplies all the details

as o as well they can be seen on the sp t, or sometimes better, for a photograph must always be obtained in a good light , which the passing traveller cannot always obtain , nor is it always easy to get

t he at inside of the wall , and this is often the most interesting ’ - . A portion The gr eat corridor of urelian for the sentinel s path, inside of his wall, is seldom understood from this cause . WALLS AN D AT ES OF R OME . , G

LA T E 1 P .

‘ H E M RO ORT O e e T U T . The cel brat d distorted wall overhanging the ee e foundations several f t, in consequenc of their having given way , owing to the great pressure of the earth of the cliff behind the wall . The upper part was built upon the Sloping wall in a series of semi a t circular recesses or niches , fter the se tlement had taken place ;

niche S w . the all between the , serves as buttresses to keep up the ‘ h s t e . earth . Thi is at the eastern corner of north end of the wall This very remarkable piece of early Construction 1 5 well seen in

i Of the photograph , the overhang ng the wall is most evident , and d explains why it has so long been considere dangerous, although T he i Of there was no real danger . sk ll the builders in making that

Of Of change plan has removed the danger, and this interesting piece architectural history will probably stand as many more centuries as

A - n . t it has already stood, if let alone the right ha d corner of the

photograph, at the a , small piece of the hideous modern ‘ ' wall by which the arChit e Ct o fthe Municipality intended to have u concealed the whole of this c rious ancient work . He has suc c eed e d i the in do ng so on eastern side round the corner, but it

Mq o has is believed that the Tort itself been saved , at least for the present .

N I H E A R RT C S N E R T H E MU O O O . T . These are on the eastern side r a h h They we e evidently built fter t esettlement ad taken place , and

’ h o the r profiting by t at less n , builders he e erected the wall in a double

‘ ' series of niches from the ground ; (this is now entirely concealed by

w . the hideous modern all , on the pretext that it was dangerous) All this end Ofthe Pincian Hill was thepalace of Sylla .

WALLS AN D GAT E S OF ROME .

T P LA E I I .

IA e the t f r TOWE RS OF AU REL N . These are som of mos per ect o

h ar n ia w e . the to ers that remain , t ey ear the Porta Pinc na There are remains of many Ofthese towers in a more or less

in t Old r c perfect state ; .two or hree the co ni e and corbel table f m roO . remain , and a odern has been put on The greater number of the towers that We have n Ow remaining have been rebuilt in the

. at i i time of the Popes various per ods , but ch efly in the fifteenth century.

TOWE RS U N DE R T HE VI LLA M E DI CI ; The wall has been very iri h s much patched this part, now belong to the French ( ' w ich

A e t - w cademy ; the original ar h works , on hich the wall is built in many parts , are here clearly seen .

’ The portion of the plan given in the s eries of idiagrams under i each portion of the wall shews this more distinc tly in ' many parts ‘ magma are distinc tl the old earthworks , called the , y visible , some

' l uil times the rock itself on which the wall is b t is seen . The wall M t under the Villa edici has been so much pa ched at various periods , c an a that no date be now assigned to it . The tower has some p the R proach to the rude work of eighth century of ome , but may i be much later ; rude work of this character may be of any p ei od . the l C This part of wa l is built against a liff, the earth inside the

i wall s nearly level with the top of it .

AT E S OF R OME WALLS AN D G .

I I LI PLAT E .

AST E LLUM A UAZ EXT E I OR N EAR T H E ORT A D I C Q R , P

. r h A u L R E N Z . e t e S . O O This gr at reservoi of q educts stood on the

r Wei A Was and bank befo e the ll of urelian built, was incorporated r Al n t hefront horiz ntal row Of into it . o g is seen a O marble corbels ’ r 72ou2'22 h as to car y a wooden balcony or , whic w probably a passage

2 2 a - men 22 2222 2 r . for the 9 or w ter , and might also se ve for defence

A ar Of m s Of bove e seen the windows some cha ber a house , built s was e over thi great reservoir, as frequ ntly the case . It is popularly ” h “ r miscalled t e House of Cice o .

" The abundant supply Ofwater in the hot summer months of R ome was of so much importance, that it was very usual to erect some

u h building over the great reservoirs of the aq educts, and t ere is

n z generally a reservoir of co siderable si e under each of the palaces .

N T E R I OR N EAR T H E ORT A I RT INA L z U S . . I , P T B , or di oren o This S hews remains of another large reservoir near the other, probably for the Aqua Julia . This also stood on the bank before the Wall of A an t A ureli was built, and was of the ime of ugustus ; not being in ?the ivall was n the line of it ot incorporated in that wall, but left it u t within , and was subseq en lydestroyed, and a road made through

I S o s t the u it . There n reason to suppo e hat aqued cts were destroyed by the engineers OfAurelian ; they were used as part of the wall ‘ w th e W hen ey came in the lin of it, but hen within it were probably n h f let alone . o the outside of t e line (o which there are

as : h many probably destroyed, t ey would have inter i fered w th the defence .

‘ ' WALL AN D GATE S OF R E S OM .

L P AT E IV .

W L L z R N I T E AL o S . POST E N H near the P rta oren o, supposed to ’ have been a postern on the Old bridle - road to Collatia and Prae

- a neste , before the carriage ro d was made . Two or three bridle

inOne c - - roads were often merged arriage road , after the use of car riage s within the walls was permitted . This . was not until the time W Of R of the Emperors . During the hole long period the epublic ‘ the use of wheeled c arriages within the w alls of Rome w as for e e bidden . Gentlemen rode on hors back , and ladi s were carried in palanquins .

The old bridle - roads seem to have gone straight from the town

' W n ot the mari na hose name each road bore , only up to , but crossing

’ theb a the great foss , and over nk , still in a straight line, to the gate u i n the inner wall of Servi s Tullins . Two or three roads generally

r - meet at each of these inner gates , but the ca riage roads of the time Em O of the early pire met at the uter gates For instance , the Via

' or frOm a e and the ViaLabic ana Prenestina, road Pr en ste , , or road

La ic m i Old - b u M . from , meet at the Porta agg ore The bridle roads of the time of the Kings and of the R epublic can generally be

n h f traced , and followed each in straight li es to within about al a mile . Of : R the present wall , originally the outer wall near ome they are l ard ens and d . intercepted by modern g , , cannot be fol owe

ART OF T H E WALL AND A UE DU CT P Q combined , near the Porta

Maggiore . The aqueducts had been carried on the high bank here A before the time of urelian , and were incorporated in his wall for M ' e a . about a mile , from the Porta aggior to the Pr etorian Camp n A A r This portion belo ged to the qua lexand ina, and extended only M M n m as far as the building called inerva edica, which was a y ph aeum belonging to the great thermae of the third c entury on the

S R i - c eastern ide of ome , to which th s branch aquedu t conveyed the water . Just beyond the point shewn in the photograph the arcade in the w s casfellum a ua of all ceases, immediately oppo ite to the great q , which there are remains between the wall and t he Nymphaeum . M M a called inerva edica . This queduct evidently led from the great reservoir at the Porta Maggiore to the thermae Ofthe third W century within the all at that point .

WA LL AN D AT E r R ME S G S o O .

V P LAT E .

RT A MA a O GG IORE V d . P , side iew, shewing the que ucts over it These

' Claudia and A No ofthe are the , the nio vus at one angles of that

- M T e ula aqueduct arcade ; the arcia, p , and Julia passed under them

w V through the all a little to the right of this iew . ORT A MAGGI oRE P , front view, a celebrated typ ical example of Rustic work ; it is of the time of the Emperor Claudius to the right ’

r . is the Baker s Tomb between two oads, which met at that gate The ground has been raised about ten feet since this gate and tomb ,

1n ur s . were built, which J e the proportions of them The effigie s of the baker and his wife ought to be restored to the V place that they originally occupied at the end of the tomb, isible

ffi i 1 8 from both the roads . These e g es were found in 33 among the rubbish with which the round tower of Honorius had been filled .

They are now built up in a wall on the opposite side of the road . The tomb itself had been found in one of the towers or bastions of

the the gate, and it was probably not observed at time that they

v s ea rs e idently came from the end o fthis tomb . The p or conduit c of the aquedu t was carried over the gate as was necessary , and the usual form of the sp ecus of these two aqueducts is visible in

V s erm of this iew and the gateway, with this portion of the p , is

. the time of Claudius , when the . aqueduct was made There are inscriptions upon it giving the measurements from the S ources to d this point , shewing clearly that this was considere as the entrance R M O E o IT Y. into , though not int the C

A E or R ME WALLS AN D G T S O .

P L AT E V I .

ORT A LAT E R AN E N I S d a ost ern P S . This is consi ered p only,although t mm and the arch shews hat it was of considerable , some excava

' ’ tions made down to the base of it in 1 8 70 shew there were tombs

“ h n a w as t e . outside of it, as was usual at pri cipal g tes It the ex

' ranu s ternal entrance t o the great L ateranPalace of Plautius Lat e .

of w 1 t The existence this gate is little kno n , because is concealed by the earth thrown up against it to make a snug little vineyard 1 n the angle formed by the proj ection of the Lateran Palace from the

W A r r line of the all of urelian . The a chitect of the wall espected b f the old palace, and did not disturb it . The tom s ound in the n excavatio seem to shew that it was a public gate , and not merely a postern . The road from it can be traced across the meadows and ld L over two bridges to the o Via atina . ORT A A I N AR IA A P S . This is the most perfect of the gates of ure lian 5 it has remains of two wings to it, and was a gatehouse of con sid erable importance , and was probably the entrance to the palace

Asinii of the great family of the . It stands on the low level of the

“ - - the bridle roads, or the foss way, and was closed in sixteenth cen

r ne a - tu y, when a w c rriage road was made on the high level nearly

“ the r twenty feet above old road . The ent ance is closed , and in the interior it has earth piled up agamst 1 t higher than the top of the T h arch . e Porta San Giovanni is on the . high level of the modern it road by the side of .

WALL A N D AT E F R ME S G S O O .

L AT E P VI I .

ORT A AP P IA San S in P , now called di ebastiano , exterior and

r - t erio . This fine gate house is of several periods , as it has been rebuilt more than once 5 the upper part of the towers , round out

-

Of n 5 . A D . 0 0 . side and flat inside , are the time of Ki g Theodoric, 5 The outer casing below is also of his time ; this lower part is faced

Of r : with large blocks ma ble , evidently used again, from a previous

t em le r ofM building, supposed to have been the p ars , which stood

' — th R just outside of this gate, the great sou ern gate of ome in the l T h th Of r r outer wal . e upper part of e towers is . b ickwo k of the R avenna type; In the interior the arch of Dr‘usus is seen stand

' - fron ofthe Via A - e ing in t ; gate on the ppia, which is h re a foss way

' ar h n t f e t . o o o the each side is level with the p the arch , and of the

” fth nb h o e e t e . walls by the side road , as is se y trees growing on it This great southern gate of the Cityof the third century is j ust the P a mile from orta Capena, which had long been the great

the c IT Y OE R OM E f n . O southern gate of _ of the time the Ki gs , and so t OfA For continued to be un il the time urelian . the last two or three centuries these two gates have been confounded together by the R local antiquaries , according to what are called the oman traditions this mistake was natural , because it was known that an aqueduct was carried over the Porta Capena, and an aqueduct was visible

A Of over the rch Drusus , just within this entrance gate ; but that

is A A aqueduct of the third century , and carried the qua ntoniana for

a Of A Of the supply of the great Therm e the ntonines , now called O f Caracalla, whereas ver the Porta Capena passed the aqueduct O

Trajan , as is seen by the existing remains , and that was made over

i

A M . the P r the earlier aqueducts , the ppia and the arcia That o ta

' ' ‘ A O mcm za ppia was made in the uter is evident , because the first R A m egio of ugustus was precisely the space , a ile long, between

T his ' w as . w these two gates called after the Porta Capena, hich from it T H E I T Y A was the entrance into C , whilst the Porta ppia was c n R e d H E I T Y the entra ce into om as istinct from T C . That part of the Wall of Aurelian in which the Porta Appia stands is the most h ’ perfect . T e arcade Or corridor within the sentinel s - path, is perfect on . both sides of this gate for the space of about

- a - half mile .

WA LLS A N D AT E S OF R OME G .

LA P T E VI I I .

ARDEAT IN A ORT A e . P , exterior and int rior This gate stands at an

n the W A it a gle from of urelian , with which is incorporated ; it . all

A A . is on the old Via rdeatina, an older road than the Via ppia ’ This old road can be trac ed from that gate all the way to Ar deas Of OfN The construction the gate is of the time ero, as fine brick in R w work as any ome . This is a clear proof that there ere gates ' ‘ in the Old maem ci b r outer earth - works long be fore the time Of

A i u ri i . ant a e s s urelian The theory of the local q , that there were no outer walls and no gates on the outer line until the time of A th e . urelian , or the end of third century They consider the great ban k of earth on which the outer wall i s evidently built as having the been made for the aqueducts only, and that outer gates , such M as the Porta aggiore and Porta Tiburtina, were merely arches to a A carry the aqueducts over the ro ds . The Porta rdeatina is evi d entl Of has y the first century , and no connection with the aque

r n 1 3 ducts , which do not u on the walls in that part . It , therefore , important evidence that the theory of the R oman traditions 1 s erro n eou s on this point . The construction of the arch on the exterior

- one can be clearly seen in this Photo engraving, and any who is accustomed to observe these things can see at once that it is of the time OfN ero .

L AN A E OF R ME WA LS D G T S O .

PLAT E I X .

im LOREN Z O . a ORT A S . P , interior, with aqueducts This is n On portant view, in many respects it shews a great deal of history . the left is a modern house , in the wall of which is seen one pier of f the inner arch of the Barbican of the gate O the time of Honorius .

ivoli This being the gate in the outer wall on the road to Tibur or T ,

r was a ve y important one, and was strongly fortified . The remainder of this arch was destroyed by order of the Pontifical Government in 1 8 70; in order to u se the Old travertine for a base to - the marble

the m column to be erected on Janiculum , to co memorate. the Council r at which the doctrine of Infallibility was to be p omulgated . The column has not been erected , and the stones of this arch were lying

In on the ground on the platform In front Ofthe church of S . Pietro

M arc h z in f V ontorio in 1 8 73. The the centre O this iew is of the

“ A re st ora time of ugustus , and has inscriptions upon it recording his

l t it — M t on of the aqueduc s , which were carried over the . arcia ,

T e ula R p , and Julia . emains of these aqueducts are visible in the M wall on the right of the gate . The arcia is built of squared stones ,

SO . five feet high and two wide , that a man could walk in it Upon

T la s m e u b . er this are remains of the p , built of rick The p of this is t Of M rather higher and narrower than tha the arcia, and it has f M f A O . O a pointed head , whereas that the arcia is flat the qua

T e ula are A Julia, above the p , the remains here very small . little

u cartel/um a uw Of f rther to the right of this view a g , or reservoir the

A . qua Felice is visible in the wall Beyond this , more to the right, are remains of the vault of an old reservoir, probably of the Julia, at a low er level than the Felice the remains Ofthe vault are seen in a straight black line on the engraving . This reservoir has long been

road insid e u destroyed , and the present modern the wall r ns through OfA it . The archway ugustus is buried up to the springing of the

fillin - u - 011 arch, by the g p of the foss way which it stood ; the whole Ofthe jambs or piers Ofthe arch are buried the present level Ofthe m road is the natural level of the ground , fro twelve to fifteen feet

- fillin - u above the level of the old foss way. The g p must have been

f D 1 0 " n A A . O . made between the time ugustus , , and that of Ho orius ,

A D o o . . 4 , because the jambs of the arch of Honorius stand on the

’

m now . present level of the ground , which is th e sa e that it was then

re The outer arch of Honorius , at the other end of the Barbican, m ains , and is shewn in the plate on the exterior of the gate . The

OfA u e of arch ug stus was in the middle , betw en these two gates

Honorius .

ME WALLS AN D GAT ES OF RO .

PL AT E X .

RR I R F A RELIAN FROM T H E ORT A AR DEAT IN A T O T H E C O DO O U , P

ORT A AP P IA S . S . P , or di ebastiano This is one of the most per f s W fA e c t parts of the corridor for the sentinel in the all O urelian . f There are other parts equally per ect, especially that between the L r Porta Appia and the Porta atina . This cor idor is not generally

R often mistaken understood by the visitors to ome , and is for an

it bears b aqueduct, to which at first sight , considera le resemblance at a certain distance ; but instead of this arcade carrying the sp erm

r allure of the aqueduct across the country, it only car ies the or sen ’ tinels path on the top of the wall behind the parapet from one tower — to another, and there were always steps in each tower to ascend m fro the path below under the arcade to that above . In times of

f tOwer peace , the sentinels only passed rom one to another in the

r cor idor under shelter ; in times of war, theycould immediately man

allur e n sa A the wall upon the when that was eces ry . nother very

r ma perfect part of this co ridor re ins between the Porta di S . Gio

S . and vanni and the Church of Croce in Gerusalemme, as that is m d o by the side of a road uch frequente , it is m re often seen than and those in the vineyards , it is continually mistaken for an aque O d duct by visitors, ften in eed by those who have been long resident

r n O . in R ome . This co ridor is said to be the finest thi g f the kind

" ’ a w imitat ed i h th t exists any here , it was frequently the fortifications M A In A t n A of the iddle ges , especially qui aine , as i vignon , the wall

bu t of the Popes round the town ; the imitation , though a fine thing

Is O . of its kind, by no means equal to the riginal

WALLS AN D GAT ES OF ROME .

L E P AT X I .

N T E RIOR Q F T HE ORR IDOR WIT H A AI N T I N G OF T H E MAD N NA I C , P O , and o said to be of the sixth century, pr bably the work of some of

s z d u the Greek soldier from By antium, serving under Belisarius ring " b G oths rec ord ed the time of the great siege y the , by Procopius ,

‘ r e m m I one of the Officers of that G e k corps . The pa t g s a very W . ' A remarkable one , and agrees ith the art of that period further account Ofit will be found in the Chapter on Fresco Painting.

' This curious old painting had been entirely overlooked , and is ‘ not ‘ ' i n mentioned by any author. I discovered it by mere ac c d e t in W ' R m 1 8 0 alls of . 7 , in making out the history of the o e I had frequently passed under it without seeing it, because I had . usually l gone the opposite way, and saw only the back of the ath and plaster

' partition on which it is painted . The painting is on the west side,

and - and I had usually passed from east to west in this part, had M gone out by a different way. any others have no doubt done the A a . t s me first I c ould not believe that it was of so early a period , but several independent witnesses, better acquainted than myself “ v with the history of the art, ha e assured me that it is so they point

and out the foliage painted on the brick arch as peculiar, certainly early, and of whatever date that is , the head is certainly of the same - date:

CON S T RUCT Hnr cu * VVA LLS

P LAT E L

T M OP US QUADRA U .

R M L 1 IRS T E RI OD . O U US . F P This construction is found only

OfR oma uadrula on the Palatine Hill , on three sides Q , and in the

eretriu s . foundations of the Temple of Jupiter F , built in the year iv

fR a rx f O O R . ome , in the or Capitol omulus , and in the steps of P Cacus ( ) leading up to it . The walls ofthis period are distinguished by the width Ofthe ’ ’ w zae mason r c onstruc vertical j oints , called y , and the rude

. 2 0 tion The probable date of it is from 753to 7 , or the first ' ’‘ — R Am us Ur bis Cou aiza I . thirty years of ome , 33 6 B C. . 2 S ECON D ER I OD . R . 1 A . U . A . U . C. 1 . . C . C P 7 3, 39 , to 77, 57 T H A AR M E T B UL IU . In this the vertical j oints are closely fitted toge

' - f ue ozu lezl masonr . O ther , it is what is called fl j y It is part the great building called the Capitolium , erected when the two hills were made into one City, and enclosed in one wall . This great building con taine d ffi t all the public o ces necessary for the new City, the fu ure progress of which was anticipated . The stones are larger than those on the Palatine , but this may be only because they are from

' f {E r a r zu m a di ferent quarry. The construction of the under the

- Tabularium is the same , but part of it has been faced with small

i he od oric square stones , probably by K ng T , who repaired many of fR the ancient buildings O ome .

CON ST RUCT RNI T H‘ VVALLS

P LAT E I I .

f w I MAM E RT I N E R I SON . O . P This piece the all is taken at an

l ‘ chan e n the c on angle where there is a junction , and a slight g i not struction (as may be seen in the photograph) , the j oints being a . w s in the same level, and the stones not from the same quarry It .

. Was a great work , and was not all built at once The original part

Anc u s M S built by King artius, an addition was made to it by ervius

T ullia m w R nu . Tullius , hich was called the obur This plate shews the j unction of the two walls .

WALL OF T H E LAT I N S ON T H E AVE N T I N E . 2 . This is part of e fi a section of the wall, which is here twelve f et thick and fty feet

f . high, built against the cli f to support it The wide j oints between R the stones would seem at first sight to indicate the time of omulus , but on the surface of the wall the stones are closely fitted together, and it belongs to the second period . In the interior of the wall the work was less carefully done , and the wide j oints are left . They seem to shew that no mortar was used originally, although on the surface the j oints appear to have been pointed with mortar at some

rea all later period . This g fiw stands upon a ledge of the tufa rock h cut away to a level surface , whic formed a great wide and deep foss on the outside of the wall .

CON ST RUCT I N OF WALL O S .

P LAT E I I I .

1 H I S of W R . T is part the section of the second all of ome, the great wall that enclosed the t wo hills into one City ; it is fifty feet I n high and twelve feet thick . the lower part is seen a portion of

ff n o r another wall built of travertine , (the di ere t nature this limestone from the tufa is v ery visible in the photograph) . This wall Of travertine limestone was the partition wall between the Forum of

Augustus and the Forum Transitorium OfN erva . The great wall

Ofthe OfA was used for the eastern boundary Forum ugustus , but m was built long before his time , and was ade use of, because it s tOOd there ready for use, and it would not pay to remove it , each d stone being a ton weight . It was afterwar s used as the western A wall of the castle of the Conti , or Counts of nagni .

A “ 2 . nother part of the wall of the great Prison of the Kings ;

at - here the j oints are very fine , and are continued the same level f , and the stones are O the usual dimensions, each four feet long and two feet thick , as may be seen in the photograph by the measure ’

. , A f placed against the wall. nother wall O this great prison is of the S d f time of ervius Tullius , istinguished by the holes at the edges O h h r the stones , from w ic the i on clamps have fallen out, which were i not used before his time . This wall also has a straight vertical j o nt e between it and the other arlier wall against which it abuts . This

Of f R T ullianum must have been one the walls O the obur .

CON ST R UCT I ON OF WALLS .

AT E PL IV .

D N I WALL N E R A A T A IA A . 1 . U . S S e. . . B S U C . C. . , 39 , 7 4 There are r e emains of two square massiv towers at the foot of the Palatine , on the western side , now under the church, and this photograph is a fn n taken at an ngle O o e of them . The construction is of the seco d ’ ’ ‘ ne- ointed ma onr razzle—oznzed period ( fi j s y) , quite distinct from the j mas nr R ma r t o y of o Quad a a . These towers (the lower part of which

' ' only remains) are usually -j c alle d the P ulmnar z um (or cushioned M i d gallery) of the Circus ax mus . They may have been use for that n O r purpose , bei g conveniently situated for the bj ect, but it is iot at all probable that such work would be built for that purpose .

’‘ n Secou a Wall o Rome c They evidently belo g to the f , to en lose the

' an Of two hills in one City, other part which remains behind the P houses at the foot of the alatine Hill (now in the Via dei Cerchi) , a hundred yards to the south of these towers .

RVI ULLI A 1 6 WALL F SE US US . U . C 8 B . . . 2 . O . C T , 9 , 5 4 This is part

f the a er o O the wall that faced great gg , in that part that was destr yed ‘ . 1 8 1 and - to enlarge the railway station in 7 , the wrought iron clamps

the Of were found in middle the wall, where they could not fall out,

” as they had done on the outside of the wall , and left the holes (here s een) at the edges of the stones . The photograph shews also the w junction of one of the towers with the all , and it has slight remains

n Of - Of E of pai ting the time the early mpire upon it, shewing that

' s tre et m a house had been built up against it , in the line of the ade in c a the foss , the pavement of whi h was also found five y rds below the surface .

F WALL CON ST RUCT I ON O S .

PLAT E V .

ET E ART URA . C ON CR . F

’ RT N AVE 0 1 . O O T H E T IN E B C 0 u F N , . . 3 This ancient fort is nder ‘

' S . S C n have rather abba, the walls are built of o crete in layers , and

e haVIn fbeen In n In the the appearanc of g cast boxes , as is now do e pier at Dover, and supposed to be a new invention . But the appear

' Can it ance is perhaps deceptive , we only be certain that was made

the n Mr in layers (in same man er as is done by . Tall in his new “ patent concrete walls) . This wall was originally faced with the ’ O us uaar alum S Of at squared stones or p o , ome which remain the foot

Of the wall , about ten feet underground ; parts of them remaining

' in s zla 1 8 1 were shewn in the excavations of 7 .

2 . ILLA F ADRIAN AT IVOLI A . D . 1 2 0 . 1 5 V O H T , This part of the

Ofthe and core wall , and was faced with the panelling of bricks reti c filat ed - work used in his time ; but the core of the walls Ofthe time Of E e the e the mpire was generally of concr te only, and ornam ntal construction was on the surface .

CON ST RUCT I ON F WAL O LS .

LAT E P VI .

OP US I N CE RT UM .

‘ 1 RR W R . E LA O r I GU R K . These names apply to the su face T heornamental construction was intended to be seen the real con s tructIon In arlur a most cases is a mass of concrete or rubble, calledf L a sacco O us ineerlum in atin, and in Italian . This p is an earlier

O us relieulalu m 1 t s stage of the p , I generally characteristic of the Ofthe R r elzeulalu m 1 5 E time epublic, as the of the time of the arly E mpire . The larger blocks of tufa, looking at first sight like large

bricks , were continued in use as late as the time of Tiberius , but ‘ zz l lum are then used with Op us re eu a of the regular kind .

N T H E I MI NAL ILL situatIon 15 HOU SE O V H . The against the

‘ c liff Lavac rum A , near the remains of the of grippina (destroyed in C f and O O S . pposite to the hurch Vitale , which is at the foot R of the Quirinal . The new grand street of modern ome, called the

N z t wo n Via a ionale, now passes between these hills upo a high

. embankment The house has not yet been identified, but is of the . n n f time of Sylla . The Oblo g blocks of tufa have eve more O the appearance of large bricks than in the Emporium ; the wall that is

' 15 faced in that manner hollow, a space of two feet wide being left in it, probably to keep the rooms dry, as the moisture of the earth i beh nd would penetrate through a solid wall.

CT I N OF WALLS CON ST RU O .

LAT P E VI I .

OP US R ET I CULAT UM.

1 M R R P i f . U O O T O . s . O T , ( ) This a valuable example the

- n et early kind of reticulated work, and bears out the idea of a thrown over the wall . There is no mortar visible, although the points of the wedges of the small diamond shaped blocks are inserted In the

W b . mortar of the rubble ork ehind before it had set, or probably

.

- rou tm In th grouted in with lime g g a fluid state , which binds e whole W m all together in a solid mass , the surface ade smooth in this

n fn a manner. This e abled the wall to hold together when the ou d ti ons gave way, and it hangs over several feet .

MA LE M r A T 2 US O U o U GUS US . t e . This is h example of reticulated work usually referred to as the historical type , as there can be no f O . doubt about the date it In this the mortar is plainly visible , which is considered as one of the distinctions bet ween the work of the Empire and that of the Republic but the distinctions bet ween

' the different varieties OfOp us r elzeulalum are hardly clear enough f to be generally attended to . The fact is su ficient in most cases, that this mode of facing a wall was in use throughout the first

' a century ; beginning little before it, and continuing a short time after it .

CON ST R T I O O W L UC N F A LS .

P LAT E VI I I .

P R ET I LAT ET LAT O US CU UM E RIT IUM .

1 f - . OUSE OF N E RO O H . This combination the reticulated work with brickwork generally indicates rather later date than the re tiCulat ed - work separately. This mixture begins as early as the time OfN ero but r a d e , , at that time the b icks are extremely thin , n ther is

‘

- scarcely any mortar between them . The small diamond shaped

, ” wedges of the reticulated - work are larger than they are at an earlier

’ ‘ I n period , but the j oints are very fine, almost as fine as the brickwork .

“ n 2 I LLA OF ADR IAN AT IVOLI . . V H T In the time of Hadria , the r Of e early pa t the second c ntury, the wedges are of about the same

z si e , but the mortar between them is much thicker than at the earlier period . The bricks are also much thicker, and have much more tin f mortar between them , indica g a later date ; after the time O

- Hadrian there are no genuine examples of reticulated work .

Of - This is a good historical type the period, as there can be no doubt about the date of it . Precisely the same construction occurs

he - on the Palatine Hill , at t north east corner, in the partition walls " f ar u Caes m . . O s st of the chambers That p art , the palaces of the

A - t . t therefore be of the time of Hadrian . the north wes corner there

- are walls of the same character and period in the guard chambers .

I N OF WA L CON ST RUCT O L S .

AT E PL I X .

E T R A V E R T I N . f MAME RT IN E RISON I E RIUS A . D . 2 2 . t r . P , T B , The upper part o he great prison of the Kings was rebuilt in the time of Tiberius;and the exact date is recorded by an inscription on that part of it Which is

' ‘ h am . r t e s called the Prison of S Peter . Const uction of e period is Ghettarello W found in the Vicolo del , here the other part is situated in both parts the walls of the underground chambers are Oftufa of the time of the Kings . In the part before us the stones of the arcade ha a T ullianum S w been t ken from the , or the part adde d by ervius

‘ T ulliu s . and as , have been used again , may be seen by the holes at the edges of those which do not fit ; when a wall of that period has not been rebuilt, there are the corresponding holes in the two stones which have been held together by an iron clamp . In the arcade s t the springing stone are of traver ine , this being the point on which e the arches rest, as the most ssential part of the construction ; the

f- a arches and superstructure are O old tufa stones used gain .

2 P AN T I AN p A IN A FR M T H E E LLA . E M LE OF F ON N US UST O C . T , , Thi s

be O us uarlralu m Of may called p g , but the difference the material the W marks the distinction between this and , alls of the Kin gs .

w a E Travertine s not used until near the time of the mpire .

L C ON ST RUCT ION OF WA L S .

P LAT E X .

0 1 AVE T I E a M B . C. 1 . TR R N . From the tomb of C ecilia etella, 3, two miles from R ome . This is the earliest example known of the e w use of trav rtine , and it is merely a veneer over a rubble all of

O l enormous thickness . The pen ce l for the sarcophagus in the

c n z centre is omparatively small , considering the e ormous si e of the

T he - mausoleum as a whole . eye readily distinguishes travertine

' Old l with its fine j oints from the tufa wa ls , and the plates of traver tine are not nearly so large as the blocks Oftufa .

' T here is e Of som doubt as to the date this tomb, the one here

15 t R given, hat generally considered as correct by the oman anti

uari s 0 . M e B . C. q , but others think 5 more probable Cecilia etella a t t wo was a family name , and we know of least of that name this m a o one was arried to Crassus, but that ls is a family name , and

'

. i It of . in e ther case may be one or the other generation Crassus ,

' M B 0 T riumvir w ith u a A . C. who was Juli s C esar and ark ntony, 5 , was m called the rich Crassus , and this to b has evidently been built for a wealthy family.

2 . E MP LE OP ORT U N A tw o T F , The temple is of periods ‘ ‘ f ortICO . I s O e and two building materials . The porticus or p trav r

- e e tine , and has a richly sculptured cornice ; the intervals b tw en

the columns are filled up with medieval brick wall , with a stone ' h rt doorway of the same period . But the cella to whic the po ico b had originally elonged is in some parts of tufa, and the cornice is n quite plain . The portion here given belo gs to the oldest part, and

m Of nOt aS ' s a the colu ns are cut on the face the blocks , worked ep

rate detached columns placed against the walls . The exact date of ‘ n but B . C. 0 o e . the early part is doubtful , 9 is the most likely It is probably one of the earliest examples of fluted Ionic columns

in Rome .

T I N F W L CO N S T R UC O O A LS .

LAT E P X I .

OP US LAT ER IT I UM R I W R C O . , B K K

F N E R N T E I 1 . OUS E O O O H ES U LI N E A D 6 0 H Q , . . belongs to R the best period of brickwork in ome , or anywhere ; in the arches , the e r u where b st b icks are sed , nine or ten to the foot can be r counted , mo tar included ; this example is a tympanum over a door n l way, and the intermediate part between the flat brick li te and the

- ar fillin u Of. e a ch over it, appears to be a g p a lat r time . It w s all covered over with plaster, and painted .

AR H E F N ERO ON T H E CCELIAN ELON GI N G T o H I S A E 2 . C S O U , B Q

A and DUCT . s e this was intended to be s en, not plastered over, the brickwork is more carefully finished ; the third arch of construct ion under the two others is of a later period . There were originally t wo

' ' m tlze nzs lor z al t e f n . e c the o ly This exa ple is usually cited, as yp brickwork o f the middle of the first century, the best period . The ‘

- d and there bricks themselves are remarkably hard and well ma e , is scarcely any mortar between them .

CON S T RUCT I ON OF WALLS .

P LAT E XI I .

OP US LAT ER I T I U M R I C WOR . , B K K

M 1 A P H IT H E AT R M A T R E N A . 1 . U S S . D . C E, 35 This is a remarkably

x th s fine e ample of e brickwork of the econd period , not quite so

ill« xc in l All the as st e ee d o . good the first, but g y go d mouldings and

the foliage of the capitals are also of brick , worked by hand , not ‘ ‘ the lerr a eolza . cast in a mould , belonging to class called In this

the bricks are thicker than in the best period , and are only eight to

the foot , not ten .

2 TH ERMAT . OF T H E AN T ON IN E S , usually called after the last of N T ON I N US ARACALLA them, A C , in whose time they were nearly com

' let e d and O p o were pened but the porticus in front of them was then ,

a - unfinished, and was completed by Heliog balus , with a bath chamber i under each of the arches of the arcade . In this great building r c So fo the b i kwork, though still very good , is not good as be re , and t e there are only six bricks to the foot, her being much more mortar between them . ’ T he porzzeus between the main building and the Via Appia appears

c on the to have been a double ar ade e over the other , lower story

‘ b ut the only remains , and that in ruins , top is evidently. incomplete , and portions of the upper arches remain .

or tions the n u N was The p of Golde Ho se of ero , which a mile long ,

the a appears to have been a double arcade of s me kind , of which

a there are remains at intervals long the line . In that part which is

f Of against the western cli f of the Velia, the upper part the double o : arcade is perfect, the lower part has been altered r. destroyed The

Velia was always reckoned as part of the Palatine , and there is no

‘ the time N an brickwork of of ero in y other part .

CON ST RUCT ION OF WALLS .

L T E P A X II I .

DE ADE E H E NT URY OR C N C . FOURT C , The construction of this m w period is very bad , whenfco pared ith that of the first three cen ri o t u e s. It is a mixture stone and brick in alternate layers , and clumsily built . The arches continue to be well turned in brick, nearly the same as in the third century, but with more mortar be

‘ tween them . The example is taken from some of the additions of

0 0 i ilii e A . D . u nt this period ( . 3 ) to the Villa of the Q , on the Via a c onstruc tiOn Appia ; it is very good specimen of that kind of .

Maxentius A D 1 0 The second example , from the Circus of , . . 3 , is almost equally good , and has the advantage of a positive date from t : an insc riptiOn . This Circus is the only one hat remains at all me ft e R . R l per ec n ar ome It is someti s called the Circus of omu us,

iu s n O as M axent named it after his son of that ame . ther names r were formerly given to it before the insc iption was found, but there is no longer any doubt about it .

WALL CON ST RUCT I ON OF, S .

LAT E P X IV.

ME I R I W R D E VAL B CK O K. fi OUSE OF S . RE GORY A. D . 0 . H G , 59 The rst example is a h f e t e O S . prob bly rather earli r than time Gregory, who gave his

not family mansion to the Church , but it does follow that he had

SImilar t ~ built It . The construction is very othat of the fourth cen

A . D tury, but rather inferior to it , . would be a probable date ‘ h n A D . 0 t e for . o e s it , though 59 is e usually as igned to the r mains of

ha ' im the house given to the Church at t t t e .

N T H E I 6 1 F F R OT ON DO O CCEL AN A . D . 2 H URCH O S . ST E AN O . C , 4 8 O Of b 4 3. The brickwork of the riginal part this church is etter t h R than migh ave been expected in ome at that time, and it is a probably the work of an architect or builder from Ravenn . The

I S Of R capital shewn in the photograph quite the avenna type , and

z l o of By antine character . The arches are wel built, th ugh with a good deal Ofmortar ; the filling up under the arches belongs to a later period .

ON ST RUCT I ON F WALL C O S .

PLAT E XV.

MEDIEVAL BRICKWOR K .

H 6 2 6 UR H F A A RIAN O A . D . C O S . ADRI N OR D C H , , in the Forum th R . e omanum The brickwork of this wall , with arches of con n R struction in it, belo gs to the period of the decay of the oman art of building, but when there was an attempt to revive it, and it is not a bad imitation of the work of the third century ; some parts R Of of the walls of ome are also of the seventh century, and similar, construction .

T R R I D 1 2 0 H E HU CH OF S H N AT O T A LAT N A A . . 1 C J O P , in the ’ a sh w s another hexagonal apse dded at that time . This e kind of

E Ir imitation of the old brickwork of the time of the early mp e, after

i ' r art had u the great evival called Christian beg n . The sort of plain

- l in cornice or corbel table , shewn in this photograph , is usua work of the twelfth century in R ome . If this is compared with the corbel

' table Of N En N . the r a orman church in gland or ormandy, inferio ity i of the medieval architecture of R ome' to that of England and France at the same period is very evident .

CON ST RUCT ION OF WALLS .

LAT E P XVI .

OP E RA SARACE N ESCA .

‘ “ A 1 0 M 1 MON A T E RY OF S . SIST O E CCH IO e. . D . 2 0 . 2 . A P AN I E . S V , C L

OF S R OCCO AT RASCAT I A . D . 1 0 . n . F , 3 5 This kind of co struction is

n m i very commo in RO e and Italy during the whole med eval period . I talian a nti u arie s It is called by this name by the q , because , accord

was . S ing to their traditions , it brought back to Italy by the aracens

f t - in the construction o their for resses , chiefly near the sea shore. Of If this is true , it is a curious piece architectural history, as the i same construct on is found in part of the Villa of Hadrian , at Tivoli

fithat E e o . (not int nded to be seen, but of the time mperor) It is therefore clear that it was used by the Romans in the time of the E early mpire , and being a cheap and conveni ent facing for a rubble

z S wall, was carried by them to By antium, and taught to the aracens

the E E u in their wars with later astern mpire , and then bro ght back

e by them to Italy som centuries afterwards . The example from

FrascatI 1 sr the 3 dated by an in c iption upon it, which is legible in photograph .

CON S T R CT I N F WALLS U O O .

LAT P E XVI I .

ha i ' P US LAT ERIT IUM RIC WOR . s o nt ed out O , B K K It been p in the r N text that the best period of b ickwork is the time of ero , where

" t en k and we can measure nine or bric s to the foot , the best ex Of amples this are in the arches of his aqueduct on the Coelian ,

h In I a w rk A whic be g ntended to be seen were c refully O ed . por f Of 15 m tion O one these here given in detail, with the rule to easure them by. It has been Observed that the brickwork of an earlier period is not quite so good , the bricks are thoroughly well made , hard and solid , but not quite so thin as those of his time . It will be seen

T H E M F AGR IP P A 2 0 AN U O R C. by those of the P , , given in the upper ’ f n and part of this plate, that there is a decided di fere ce of character, that the bricks are not so thin .

CON ST RUCT I ON OF WALLS .

LAT E P XVI I I .

OLYGONAL MASON RY P , called also Cyclopean, Pelasgian and o W Ph enician , all of the Arc ro olis M c ene p , y , Greece ;

Ferentinum Doorway of , Italy .

A Alla rium t . cropolis of , Italy

Saondos A M . Doorway of , sia inor f R This kind O construction is not found in ome , because the materials necessary for it are not found there , but an account of the d f i ferent modes of construction would not be complete without it . Of Of This is one the natural modes construction , with that kind of O stone which will nly split into polygonal blocks , and can hardly be cut square . It is found in various parts of the world in volcanic a districts, and this sort of natur l construction may be of any period . n The examples before us are all unquestionably very a cient , in one instance we “ see Roman masonry built upon earlier Polygonal masonry, yet it is probable that in the same districts the same con n structio is continued to the present time, because it is the cheapest construction where that material is found . The antiquaries of the last generation did not see this , and bestowed much labour in tracing

so - t P elas Ian o out this called very ancient, cons ruction ( g or Ph enician Of masonry) , and they undoubtedly found many examples it of early date .

APPEN DI X T O T H E CHAPTER

ON T H E

H I S T OR I CAL CONS T R U CT I ON OF WA L LS .

MAMER N E R SON TI P I , A T T H E H I T R L CON S T RUCT I P P EN DI X o S O ICA ON OF WALLS .

M ME T I E RI N A R N P SO .

PLAT E X I X . — E LEVAT ION OF P ART OF T H E U P P E R P RISON (on the line G H on the Plan) , as rebuilt in the time of Tiberius , the east front originally

Of a in facing the Forum Julius C esar, now the Vicolo del Ghetta rello . It has been rebuilt of the old materials , and the lower part of the walls being considered as foundations only (now in the cellars) M has not been rebuilt . odern houses have been built over these

W . cellars , but portions of the all remain , as shewn in this diagram

- I The springing stones , or mposts , on which the arches rest , are of i f . o travertine The arches themselves are tufa, with the holes left by f O S . the iron clamps , indicating the time ervius Tullius

L A P P E N DI X T O T HE H I ST ORICAL CON ST RUCT ION OF WAL S .

M A ME R T IN E P RI S ON .

P LAT E XX .

S ECT I ON OF T H E HAM ER S n E—F now C B ( on the li e on the Plan) , Of Of Of cellars . The whole the construction is the time the Kings , but of two periods . The greater part , indeed nearly all , is of the

Anc u s M on e OfS v time of artius , but wall is of the time er ius Tullius , with a straight vertical j oint between them . This wall was part of

R ob ur T u llianu m n Of w Of the , or stro g place Tullius , the orst part the

the n d th . e prison , condem ed cells This part was pulled own in

n . time of Tiberius , and the sto es used again The modern houses n built upon these Old foundations are shewn i outline only .

A P P E N DI T o T H E H X I S T ORICA L CON ST R UCT I ON OF WAL LS .

AME RT N E M I PRI SON .

L X P AT E X I . — S E CT ION S OF T w o C H AMB E R S OF T H E PR I SON (one marked I K on the Plan) . In this room the depth of the earth with which the floor had been raised is shewn on the left, and a doorway is seenon the O original level . The doorway pens into another chamber, still filled with earth , which probably extends to the early passage that passes it an behind it , but was dangerous to excavate it y further, as doing so might have let down the modern houses above on the heads of the workmen . L—M The other Chamber (marked on the Plan) . In this an arch is seen which appears to be original , it is filled up with earth nearly to the imposts the j ambs are entirely buried , the depth of At the earth is indicated by a faint line . the back of this arch is Of a sort apse, that is to say, the wall is not flat , but slopes out from right to left, where it forms an angle , and this corresponds with a similar angle in the adj oining chamber : the wall between the two f runs on to the end O this angle . This singular arrangement is sup N posed to have been made for some purpose of torture . ear to thi s arch is a small Opening through the wall from the adj oining cham

o i ber, apparently to pass provisions through , as there are n sta rs to O descend into this chamber . There is an pening in the vault by

a which a person might be let down , and possibly provisions lso, though it would be more convenient to pass them through the ’ O pening which is close to the arch , and level with a man s arms when standing on the original floor .

A P P E N D I T O T H E H IS TOR I CA L CON S T R T I N L X U C O OF WAL S .

MA ME RT I N E R I SON P .

LAT E P XX I I .

E T ION OF T H E AS SAG E — D S C P (marked C on the Plan) . This E passage is of the early truscan character, such as might be expected

A M ar n in the time OfKing nc us ti s . The walls over the vault are f built O the large stones usual at the period , and the vault is semi

- octagon , not semi circular .

I SE CT ION OF T H E C LOACA MAX MA . The construction of this is

the exactly the same as that of the passage , and both were built by l L . same king , according to ivy The Cloaca appears ess lofty than C the passage , because the lower part of it is oncealed by the water

' the bottom Ofit is also raised considerably by filling up with a de f posit O mud . There is a connection between the two , as the passage is over a drain that leads into the great Cloaca, and one use of it d probably was to enable the watermen to keep the rain clear .

CON ST RUCT ION OF WALLS .

PLAT E L

PART OF T HE WALL AT T H E WE ST

H I S T end is the oldest part, the east end has been rebuilt after the T he C E rarium great fire in the time of Sylla . onstruction of the is x the same as this earliest part, but on the e terior a portion of it has Of been faced with smaller square stones , probablyin the time King

R . Theodoric, who repaired many of the public buildings in ome

r ntiu s w a n m . T e e The original part is now the same as it s i , the ti e of r ( e n h i n . Var o, who wrot nearly a ce tury b efore the C rist a era He says that it was considered . I n. his time to have belonged to the City Of S ofS the abines , on the hill aturn , before the arrival of the ’ e — ~ R thec onstru c lon Is ne- oznlea w omans , but t fi j , as is she n in the pho w ’ t o ra h f w zele- oznlea g p , and therefore O later date than the rude j OfR All the n masonry oma Quadrata on the Palatine . origi al parts f O this great public building are of the same construction . There is every probability that it was erected by the R omans and the Sabines ffi j ointly, to contain the public o ces of the new City, when it was enclosed in one wall . The stones are cut with the saw, those on the Palatine are not .

CON ST RUCT I ON OF WALLS .

PLAT E I I .

TH IS plate represents the details of one of the arches at the back

Of A U LARIUM d or1 1nal fabrI c 1 3 the T B , an ad ition to the g , as shewn

t un tio Ofthe by the straight ver ical j oints at the j c m two walls . This

orlzeus arcade , by the name of p , is frequently mentioned by the

Classical writers . The stone has been considerably eaten away in t . a r parts , at the time when that grea building was a s lt wa ehouse

I n M A - not the iddle ges, but in other parts the salt has reached the

s remams In enum e . tone , and it . a g state and entirely unaltered It is therefore a good example Ofthe construction Ofthe u sec ond period Of R the Kings of ome .

WALL CON ST RUCT ION OF S .

PLAT E

S THI S plate represents the east end as rebuilt by ylla, and men tioned by Pliny as the substructure of the Capitolium . It appears

i n to have bee rebuilt of the old square stones , at least they are of m the same large si z e and have the sa e fine j oints . In making the new steps and sloping path from the Arch of Sep

imiu f t s Severus the lower part O this great wall has been undermined, r the e as is clearly seen in this view . The o iginal steps from g r at Senaculum Law t W the prison to the , or the Cour s , ere to north or ’ ‘ ofthis r view the st e s that left end , probably on the same site as p

,

“ ' r S . now go down on the . north side of the P ison of Peter h A Se timiu s S Beyond this, in this photograp , the rch of p everus is indistinctly seen on the lower ground .

WALL CON ST RUCT ION OF S .

P LAT E

TH IS plate represents the one arch of the Porticus of the Tabu larium 1 8 a that now left open , with the rude Tuscan pil sters or half

r - u M An the pilla s . These arches were walled p by ichael gelo at rebII ilt In time that he stone the upper stories , which had previously

' f [ Erarium . O w been of wood Under this, one the indows of the is n fc e shew , and a part of the wall a ed with small square ston s , as has , f c All t . been mentioned, probably O the ime of King Theodori this ar p t . of the building was either buried in earth or concealed by e M m dieval buildings erected against it, at the time when ichael

A u ngelo rebuilt the upper part . He considered the s bstructure as n e foundatio s only, and it is in that manner that they have escap d , rebuilding.

D ESC R IPTI ON OF T H E DIAGRAMS

OF T H E

CA P I T O L I U M ,

CON T AIN I N G T H E

ZE RA R IU M T A B ULA R M S E N A CUL UM , I U , , A N D MU N P M I CI I U . AP LI M M N I P I U M & c . C I T O U , U I C ,

PLAT E I

T H E N ORT H RON T BY M I E L CHAE L AN G O . F , This front faces the

O P iaz z a flel Cam i pen space on the Capitoline Hill, now called p

' do lzo n the AR E A AP IT OLI N A On g , origi ally called C . this side the On building is only two storeys high . the southern side ( shewn below) it is five storeys high this front faces the Forum R omanum . l In this elevation the O d walls are represented in a dark tint , the modern walls in a light one, and this plan is followed in the whole of the eight plates Ofthis remarkable building . Before the time of M A M ichael ngelo the two upper floors , occupied by the unicipality, “ e had always been of wood only, and in order to support the w ight of the stone walls he thought it necessary to fill up the arches of the f “ O O . Tabularium, one which only has since been pened The tower

- at the south east corner of the building, shewn on the right of the V M . A iew , is medieval ichael ngelo found it there , and did not dis L . R turb it ike all the other ancient buildings of ome , this was M A turned into a castle in the iddle ges . The lower part of this

he had been buried for centuries , and houses built up against t walls Of this great ancient public building, for which reason the architect did not consider the appearance on this side , not expecting it to be seen .

The ground - plan at the foot of this plate shews that it is mainly rock , with passages partly cut in it , and partly built up against it . fErarium The , shewn in front , was divided into small square cham h bers by wooden partitions , wit one small window in each this was

- E equivalent to the bank vaults for coin in the Bank of ngland . It is said by N umismatists that the coins OfServius Tullius were made square, in order to pack better into these square vaults , and that some Ofthese were found there by Julius Caesar when he robbed the

Public Treasury . The coins of Servius Tullius are common in all c ollec tI ons R m of coins , and are the earliest o an coins . The straight f passage cut into the rock, to the left of the plan , is the staircase O ZE RAR IUM the , for the use of the treasury clerks , mentioned by

8 “ Cicero , the ascent of which is compared by him to climbing the A ” , n lps and the steps are as steep as they well could be . O the

- right hand side is another staircase , but winding, and of easy ascent, leading up to the SE N ACU LUM or Senate - house the passage leading to these steps passes under the platform Ofthe Temple of Concord : Z that of the z ER AR I UM or Treasury passes under the platform of the OfS Temple aturn .

a Ora i o ro Fonte o c i t p l , . . 4.

AP I T OLI U M MUN I C P I UM & c . C , I ,

L T E P A I I .

n PLAN S OF T H E S E CON D AN D TH I R D FLOOR S . O the second floor the Tabularium is seen in front , with various chambers behind it, the

‘ walls Ofwhich are of the original construction they are now cellars n or warehouses o ly . To the left is the present entrance , with the modern staircase up to the offices of the Municipality ; a part of

Of j Erarium the staircase the , for the treasury clerks , is also seen

r within this , and further back another mode n staircase is seen to

. On the left , for the upper rooms the right is the wall of sub

a Of structure mentioned with praise by Pliny, part which has been preserved from having been long underground the upper part has

- been carried away for building materials, and in front of it the earth has been dug away to make the modern sloping path and steps A Se timiu s S down to the rch of p everus , so that the wall is almost undermined . S Of The line of the ection the southern portion , which forms — A B . Plate VII I . , is marked on the plan n RE AT ALL O the third floor, under the other on the plate , the G H

F T H E MU N I CI P ALIT Y N—N h O , marked , is s ewn, with small cham bers behind it , marked G G G ; a small internal staircase to an n Offi u pper storey is marked H ; an i ternal passage and ces , I I I ; E the lofty central tower, ; small central courtyards , P P ; other 0 O O staircase to the upper floor, 3and rooms for the astronomer in the tower, B B B . A OL M , C PIT IU , M N M U ICI PI U , & C.

f . 1 k P LAN OF S E CON D FLOOR WI T H ~ , T H E J ABhI RI II I T TA . , &c

P LAN OF T H I RD FLOOR , WI T H T H E S E N ACULU M , &c . CAP I T OL M & c I U M I CIP I U M . , UN ,

P LAT E I I I .

E LEVAT I ON ON T H E WEST S I DE WIT H T H E SU ST RUCT URE . , B It will be seen that the greater part of the building on this side is modern

“ the ancient part consists only of that which is dark on the plate , but the construction of this part is some Ofthe earliest in the whole M building . The central Opening is the present entrance to the uni he c i al ffi . t p o ces , and is in daily us e The construction of walls the W belongs to the second period of alls of the Kings , and is part Ofthe work mentioned by T erentiu s Varro as being undertaken in B Of his time ( C. and had been part one of the buildings that had belonged to the city of the Sabines before the arrival of the R omans It is far more probable that it was erected immediately R S after the union of the omans with the abines , for the public Of fices of the new city , the future greatness of which was foretold by the leaders and kings from the beginning . For details of the

- . n construction , see Plates I . and I I of the Photo e gravings of the

& c . A Capitolium , , in the ppendix to the chapter on the Historical W C onstruction of alls .

E LE VAT I ON OF T H E E AST SID E WIT H T H E SUBST R , UCT URE . The substructure on this side is of much later character than that on the Of S western side , and is the time of ylla, mentioned by Pliny with great praise . The manner in which the ground has been cut away is very Clearly seen in this View . The medieval tower at the angle A Se timiu s S f is near to the rch of p everus, and the Temple O Con r cord is just under it , on the southe n side . For details of the con

- struction of the substructure, see Plate III . of the Photo engravings of this building .

T er Varr d n L . i a L . . c . . o e t . , g , l v 7

CAP I T OLI U M MU N I CI P I U M & c . , ,

LAT E P IV .

S E CT I ON OF EA T S I D E WIT H T H E ST AI R S OF T H E S E N ACU LU M . S , The platform of the Temple of Concord is also shewn in front of this , with the passage under it leading to these stairs . The section

fErarium O of the is thus seen where the steps are, ver that the section of the Tabularium . Behind this are original vaulted cham

the SE N ACU LU M S - bers , and over them the hall of , or enate house , to which this staircase leads ; the upper part of this has been de M A stroyed . To the right are seen the steps of ichael ngelo, in front of his building , leading up to the state apartments of the M unicipality, with the statues ; the third , or intermediate floor, is w bet een the two storeys , one of ancient stone buildings below, the other of modern buildings above ; this intermediate storey was S much damaged by the great fire in the time of ylla, but a great part of the walls are ancient .

S E CT I ON OF T H E WE ST S IDE WIT H T H E ST AI RS OF T H E frERARIUM , , and the Temple of Saturn at the foot . Under the platform of this temple is the passage to the steps of

fErarium h the and, as we are told that in the time of Sylla t e

3 lErariu m S . was turned into the Temple of aturn , it is evident that M they were closely connected . odern topographers usually call this

o f temple that of Vespasian , but the one in front it, which is more perfect, answers to that ; the present structures are probably both

fErarium of his time . The section of the or Tabularium is again seen behind the temple , as also the steep steps , with the vaults

Of Of M over them and the fices the unicipality above .

linu 2 r i S o s c . S e ius n Vir ilii r 02 G eo c a V . . , v g gi , 5 A OL M M N M C PIT I U , U IC IPI U ,

M S ECT ION OF E ST E T F L . A S I D , WI T H T H E S AI RS O T H E S E N ACU U

S ECT ION OF WE ST I DE WI T H T H E T A I RS OF T H E ZE RA RI U M S , S ,

AN D T H E T E M P LE OF S AT U R N AT T H E FOOT . CA P I T OLI U M MU N I CI P I UM & c , , .

LAT P E V .

S ECT I ON OF T H E OR T I CUS AT T H E WE ST EN D M P , with the odern

Stairs . These modern stairs are the present approach to the Municipal f O fices . The porticus or arcade was continued along the eastern Of side the great building, and is of very early construction , but not

' quite so early as the ZErariu m and Tabularium on the southern

r side . It was built up against them very soon afte wards , and still W n belongs to the second period Ofthe alls of the Ki gs . This porticus is mentioned several times by Classical authors , especially

a in the time Ofthe great fire recorded by Tacitus . SE CT I ON AT T H E EAST E N D S H EWI N G T H E S EN ACU LU M , , with M odern Changes . This floor had been much damaged in the great fire in the time of S Old ylla, as has been mentioned only part of this wall is , as it was M h An entirely disregarded by ic ael gelo , and thus it is very difficult to make it out with any certainty . Over this are remains of a great hall to which the steps from the passage under the Temple of , ff O . Concord had led up, (although the upper part has been cut ) n The buildi g has been much altered at this end , and the present wall does not rest on the old substructure , but a passage is left

n behind it . It was at one period allowed to be i habited by poor cottagers and the steps marked in the wall in the centre of this

u m d drawing lead up to an pper chamber, ade un er the vault of the Old hall .

H i i 2 and iii 2 s . . . . t , 7

AP IT OLI U M MU N I CI P I U M & c . C , ,

LAT E P VI .

E T I N T H R OUGH T H E E N T R E WIT H T H E AN I EN T T S C O C , C SU BS R UC WE R f T URE AN D T H E M OD E RN TO . In this section the di ferent levels f O the ground come out very clearly , with the platform of the Temple Of Concord at the foot to the left on the low level , the steps

' f A dis in O Michael ngelo to the right on the high level , and the t c tiori between the Old walls and the modern ones marked by the different r tints . The celebrated towe of the Capitol in the centre is modern , or at least of the time of Michael Angelo it commands the finest R the view of ome , being exactly in the centre of City, and the highest point in it .

E RN AL E LEVAT I ON OF T H E AB ULARI UM AN D fERAR IU M WIT H I N T T ,

A I R T H E D OOR S T O T H E ST S . In this elevation the ancient work only is shewn the substructure is also shewn in detail in Plate IV .

- f n n . O the Photo e gravings of this buildi g The doorways , as will be

[ Erarium seen , are cut through the rock under the and the pas

Of fErariu m sages from these to the foot the slope pass under the , having previously passed under the platform s Ofthe Temple of

S . Concord , or of aturn , before they arrived at these doorways M C L M M N & . CAPITO I U , U IC I PIU ,

S E CT I ON T H ROUG H T H E CE N T RE WI T H T H E A N CI E T ST RUCT U RE , N S UB AN D H E M DE R N T OWE T O R .

E LE VAT I ON OF T A ULARI UM AN D ZERARI UM WI T H DOORS T o T AI RS B , S . CAP I T OLI U M M UN ICI P I M & c . , U ,

LAT E P VI I .

LAN ON T H E LEVE L OF T H E R I P TAB U LA UM . Part of the obj ect Ofthis plan is to shew the exact sit uation with reference to the

R - O A Of Forum omanum , by so well known an bj ect as the rch S e timiu s S p everus , marked D in the plan . This stands in th e

near one S Forum, and , of the triumphal arches on the Via acra , at the foot of the ascent to the Capitoline Hill . The Temple of Concord is shewn immediately behind this ; that temple w a s

: not in the Forum , but in the Capitol the boundary between the d Old two was the paved roa , made , as usual , in the foss of the for t ific ations of the Hill of Saturn . The temple immediately on the left of the Arch is that of Vespasian (usually miscalled of Saturn) ; S the one behind it is that of aturn , and in the corner, at the angle R with a bend, is that of the Dei Consenti , or household gods of ome l at the junction of the two roads , between the temp es of Concord S and Saturn , was the gate of the fortress of the hill of aturn ; this , m S n with the Te ple of aturn , as it the stood , and the Tabularium , form the three buildings which T erentiu s Varro states were in his h S time considered to ave belonged to the city of the abines , which

Of shew that they were very early and rude construction . The d Temple OfSaturn was rebuilt by Vespasian . Behin this are the great buildings at that level , with a central court and buildings all

- round it ; the steps on the right hand side are modem . The wall m up to the Capitol on the left is also odern , (and is about to

u be destroyed) . The old paved road passed nder it, and went Ca itolinu s on as far as the Temple of Jupiter p , (now in the garden Ofthe German Embassy) ; and then turning at a right angle to the n Ar ca Capitolina . This plan is taken from Ca ina .

CAP I T OLI UM M UN I CI P I U M & c . g , ,

P LAT E VI I I .

S ECT ION OF SOUT H R ON T LOO I N G SOUT H n F , K . The li e of this S ection is marked upon the Plan which forms Plate I I . by the line — A B . The elevation of this part separately has already been given in Plate VI . , but this gives the best general idea of the whole build ing one is of great historical importance from its great antiquity, which is borne out by the substructure shewn in Plate IV . of the

- At Of S Photo engravings of this building . the foot the ection , those

Of f ZErariu m the three temples against the wall O the are also given . R These are above the level of the Forum omanum , and were ori

inall w g y separated from it by a all or a foss, as we have seen . The l remains of the Comitium , recently found , are at a considerably ower Of A Se timiu s S level , below the base the rch of p everus ; and there must have been steps down to it (though they have not yet been found , probably because they are under the modern road) . This ’ R not u zle building is nearly due north of the Forum omanum , but g , and this makes it doubtful whether the public Offices within it were

a called the Curia or not, as Pliny expressly says that the Curia was 7 Of ( 271 6 nor la of the Forum . Immediately to the east this great pile of n buildings are the remains of the prison of the Ki gs , popularly called

n due nor tlz . the Mamertine Priso , and this must be of the Forum As the Chambers Ofthe prison hitherto found have been entirely

Law subterranean , it seems not improbable that the Courts , pro

~U R I A perly called the C , were built over the prison , in the same manner as the Municipal Offices are over the Tabularium . There is reason to believe that the prison formed three sides of a quad

O u rangle , of which the fourth side was pen to the For m ; this would agree both with Pliny and with Vitruvius .

P lini I a is VII . 6 6 N t . H t , .