DOCSLIB.ORG

Building in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD BUILDING IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ROME, 500 - 1000 AD Robert Coates-Stephens PhD, Archaeology Institute of Archaeology, University College London ProQuest Number: 10017236 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017236 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The thesis concerns the organisation and typology of building construction in Rome during the period 500 - 1000 AD. Part 1 - the organisation - contains three chapters on: ( 1) the finance and administration of building; ( 2 ) the materials of construction; and (3) the workforce (including here architects and architectural tracts). Part 2 - the typology - again contains three chapters on: ( 1) ecclesiastical architecture; ( 2 ) fortifications and aqueducts; and (3) domestic architecture. Using textual sources from the period (papal registers, property deeds, technical tracts and historical works), archaeological data from the Renaissance to the present day, and much new archaeological survey-work carried out in Rome and the surrounding country, I have outlined a new model for the development of architecture in the period. This emphasises the periods directly preceding and succeeding the age of the so-called "Carolingian Renaissance", pointing out new evidence for the architectural activity in these supposed dark ages. At the same time I have discovered and presented physical evidence for the important papal rebuilding of the city's fortifications and water-supply during the eighth and ninth centuries. A thorough re-examination of over one hundred years of archaeological publications has provided data for a new outline of the city's early medieval habitation. A picture emerges of an increasingly independent, centralised building administra­ tion run by the Church of Rome, breaking away very early from the ambit of Byzantium, and almost entirely uninfluenced by developments in Carolingian Europe. The eclipse of papal authority at the end of the ninth century led to an increasingly vital sector of private architectural patronage. At the same time, however, building techniques never departed radically from those of the Early Christian, or indeed Late Roman, periods. CONTENTS Acknowledgments 5 Proper Names & Abbreviations 6 Introduction 7 PART ONE; ORGANISATION OF CONSTRUCTION Chapter I : Funding & Administration 9 1.1 Civil Funding & Administration 10 1.2 Church Funding & Administration 19 1.3 Private Funding 26 Chapter 2: Materials 3 5 2.1 Timber 3 5 2.2 Metal 42 2.3 Stone: 46 2.3.1 Tufa 46 2.3.2 Marble 50 2.4 M ortar & Concrete 56 2.5 Brick & Tile 62 2.6 Other Materials 67 2.7 Supply of Spolia 69 Chapter 3: Labour 7 4 3.1.1 Architects 7 4 3.1.2 Architectural Tracts 7 9 3.2 Craftsmen g 5 3.3 Unskilled Labour 9 5 PART TWO: TYPOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION Chapter 4: Ecclesiastical Architecture 1 0 0 4.1 The First Dark Age, 640-755 101 4.2: The Second Dark Age, 860-1000 131 4.2.1 Surviving New-Built Churches 13 2 4.2.2 Disappeared New-Built Churches I 3 5 4.2.3 Churches Converted from Ancient Structures 140 4.2.4 Substantial Repair-Work I 4 3 Chapter 5: City Walls & Aqueducts 1 4 5 5.1.1 The Aurelianic Walls: textual evidence 1 4 5 5.1.2 The Aurelianic Walls: physical evidence % 5 0 5.2.1 The Aqueducts: textual evidence I 5 7 5.2.2 The Aqueducts: physical evidence 1 7 0 Chapter 6 : Domestic Architecture 1 3 4 Conclusions 202 Appendix 1 204 Bibliography 210 List o f Figures 233 List of Plates 234 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisors, Richard Reece and Tim Potter, for all their help, advice and encouragement. The following have provided indispensable assistance: Guido Battaglia, Carlo Buzzetti, Amanda Claridge, Stefano Coccia, Lucos Cozza, Catherine Davidson, Janet DeLaine, Emma Dench, Andrea Desideri, Ugo Falesiedi, Simona Manacorda, Federico Marazzi, Giorgio Orioli, Antonella Parisi, Carlo Pavolini, Michael Poole, Giusepina Sartorio, Valerie Smith, Margerita Steinby, Edmund Thomas. Proper names and abbreviations in the text: Regarding church appellations, I have attempted to follow what appears to be the most common practice when writing in English: disappeared buildings in Latin, surviving ones in Italian. S. Peter’s, for some reason, always seems to be left in English; so it is here. The gates of the Aurelianic Walls and the aqueducts I have left in Latin; exceptions are Porta Chiusa, whose name in Roman times is unknown, and Porta Maggiore, known as Maiore for most of the middle ages (representing the ancient Porta Praenestina). When Porta S. Giovanni is used as opposed to Porta Asinaria, it always signifies the modem gate of Gregory XIII. Abbreviations commonly appearing in the text are as follows (a complete list is found with the bibliography): AM = Archeologia Medievale; BA = Bollettino di Archeolo- gia; BAG = Bullettino di Archeologia Cristiana; BICA = BuUettino dell’Istituto di Corre- spondenza Archeologica; Brev. = Breviarium Ecclesiae Ravennatis; Bull. Comm. = Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica di Roma; CBCR = Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae; CC = Codex Carolinus; CIC/C/D/N = Corpus luris Civilis/Codex/Digest/Novellae; CEL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum; CTh = Theodo- sian Code; Dial. = Gregory I, Dialogues; FUR = R. Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae; ICUR/ns = Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae/nova series; LC = Liber Censuum; LD = Liber Diumus; LP = Liber Pontificalis; LPR = Agnellus, Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis; LTUR = Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae; MEC = Monumenta Epigra- phica Christiana; MEFR/A/M = Melanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome/Antiquite/Moyen Age-Temps Modernes; MGH CM = Monumenta Germaniae Historica Chronica Minora; NS = Notizie degli Scavi; PL = Patrologia Latina; PS = Pragmatic Sanction; RAC = Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana; Reg = Gregory I, Registrum; SSCISAM = Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi suH’Alto Medioevo; Var. = Cassiodorus, Variae; VZ = Valentini-Zucchetti, Codice Topografico délia Citta di Roma NB. Ail references to Procopius cite volume and page numbers of the complete Loeb edition of H. Dewing. Introduction Despite an awakening of interest in recent years, the fate of post-imperial Rome still tends to inspire the same views in Britain today as it did in tenth-century Constantino­ ple: "Listen! That stupid dullard of a pope does not know that the sacred Constantine transferred to this city the Imperial sceptre, the Senate, and all the Roman knighthood, leaving in Rome nothing but vile slaves, fishermen, confectioners, poulterers, bastards, plebeians, and underlings" (Liudprand, Leg. Const. 51). The idea of Rome as a decaying backwater has generally included the city's architecture. By now, however, the work of a number of Italian scholars has extended the corpus of Roman construction techniques well into the middle ages, proving a remarkable continuity in the selection and use of materials. Most importantly, Richard Krautheimer's exhaustive studies of church architecture up to the end of the ninth century have pushed the "period of the decadence" into a slightly narrower chronology. We are presented now with a cyclical picture of architecture in Rome after the fall of the Western Empire, based on the evidence of the city's surviving or excavated churches. However, if we stray outside the field of purely ecclesiastical architecture, or even outside the field of church-building in certain particularly rich periods, we are left with very little. No study has been attempted of the Aurelianic Walls during the early middle ages, nor of the aqueducts, both of which we know from the texts to have been of para­ mount importance at the time; nothing is known of domestic architecture beyond the obscure descriptions in some tenth-century property documents; lastly, and perhaps most surprisingly, the period seems to be punctuated by two "dark ages", comprising the years 640-750 and the entire tenth century, from which even the study of churches has been missing. With such incomplete typological study of architecture in the period, it is perhaps not surprising that very little work has been done on the background of the building 8 industry: the finance for architecture, the procurement of materials and labour, and above all the architects themselves. In this thesis I intend to present a general study of precisely these aspects of architecture missing from previous works on the subject. Part One will serve as a back­ ground against which individual buildings and projects can be considered; it deals with the funding and administration of building, with the materials of construction, and the labour- force. Part Two presents the first-ever studies of church-building in our two dark ages, the physical evidence for the reconstruction of the city walls and aqueducts, and a preliminary discussion of housing during the period. The overall timespan, 500 - 1000, is great. My intention has been to cover the entire "early medieval period". There are, of course, numerous reckonings for the "begin­ ning" and "end" of the middle ages. Nowadays, it seems that the most common starting- point for the Italian "Alto Medioevo" is the Lombard invasions and the time of Gregory the Great. I propose to commence at an earlier date, for several reasons. Firstly, the Lombards had absolutely no effect upon the development of achitecture in Rome itself; I am looking to the installation of the Byzantine administration to provide a legal framework for building policy in the civil sector.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Boso's- Lfe of Alexdnder 111
    Boso's- Lfe of Alexdnder 111 Introduction by PETER MUNZ Translated by G. M. ELLIS (AG- OXFORD . BASIL BLACKWELL @ Basil Blackwell 1973 AI1 rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval System, or uansmitted, in any form or by. any. means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permis- sion of Basil Blackwell & Mott Limited. ICBN o 631 14990 2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Num'cer: 72-96427 Printed in Great Britain by Western Printing Services Ltd, Bristol MONUMENTA GERilAANIAE I-' 11.2' I d8-:;c,-q-- Bibliothek Boso's history of Pope Alexander I11 (1159-1181) is the most re- markable Part of the Liber Pontificalis. Unlike almost all the other contributions, it is far more than an informative chronicle. It is a work of history in its own right and falsely described as a Life of Alexander 111. Boso's work is in fact a history of the Iong schism in the church brought about by the double election of I159 and perpet- uated until the Peace of Venice in I 177. It makes no claim to be a Life of Alexander because it not only says nothing about his career before his election but also purposely omits all those events and activities of his pontificate which do not strictly belong to the history of the schism. It ends with Alexander's return to Rome in 1176. Some historians have imagined that this ending was enforced by Boso's death which is supposed to have taken piace in 1178.~But there is no need for such a supposition.
    [Show full text]
  • VESPASIAN. AD 68, Though Not a Particularly Constructive Year For
    138 VESPASIAN. AD 68, though not a particularly constructive year for Nero, was to prove fertile ground for senators lion the make". Not that they were to have the time to build anything much other than to carve out a niche for themselves in the annals of history. It was not until the dust finally settled, leaving Vespasian as the last contender standing, that any major building projects were to be initiated under Imperial auspices. However, that does not mean that there is nothing in this period that is of interest to this study. Though Galba, Otho and Vitellius may have had little opportunity to indulge in any significant building activity, and probably given the length and nature of their reigns even less opportunity to consider the possibility of building for their future glory, they did however at the very least use the existing imperial buildings to their own ends, in their own ways continuing what were by now the deeply rooted traditions of the principate. Galba installed himself in what Suetonius terms the palatium (Suet. Galba. 18), which may not necessarily have been the Golden House of Nero, but was part at least of the by now agglomerated sprawl of Imperial residences in Rome that stretched from the summit of the Palatine hill across the valley where now stands the Colosseum to the slopes of the Oppian, and included the Golden House. Vitellius too is said to have used the palatium as his base in Rome (Suet. Vito 16), 139 and is shown by Suetonius to have actively allied himself with Nero's obviously still popular memory (Suet.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Versus Fortification: Sangallo's Project for the Defence of Rome Simon Pepper
    Fort Vol. 2 1976 Planning versus fortification: Sangallo's project for the defence of Rome Simon Pepper Since 1527, when Rome had been captured and sacked by the mutinous soldiers of Charles V, it had been clear that the defences of the Papal capital were hopelessly outdated. The walls of the Borgo (the Vatican precinct) were constructed during the pontificate of Leo IV (847-855): those of Trastevere and the left bank, enclosing by far the largest part of the city, dated from the reign of the Emperor Aurelian (AD270-75) [1]. Impressive both for their length and antiquity, these walls were poorly maintained and fundamentally unsuitable for defence against gunpowder artillery. In 1534 the Romans were once again forcefully reminded of their vulnerability when a large Turkish fleet moored off the Tiber estuary. Fortunately the hostile intentions of the Turks were directed elsewhere: after taking on fresh water they sailed north to raid the Tuscan coastline. But in the immediate aftermath of the Turkish scare the newly elected Paul III committed himself to an ambitious scheme of re-fortification. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, advised by many of the leading architects and soldiers employed by the Pope, was commissioned to submit design proposals [2]. Father Alberto Guglielmotti, the nineteenth-century historian of the Papal armed forces, tells us that Sangallo and his consultants decided to replace the Aurelian wall with a new line of works defending the developed areas on both banks of the river. The 18000 metre Aurelian circumfer- ence was to be reduced by half, a decision which is not difficult to understand when one glances at a contemporary map of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople
    Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Anthony Carrozzo, B.A Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Kristina Sessa, Advisor Timothy Gregory Anthony Kaldellis Copyright by Michael Anthony Carrozzo 2010 Abstract For over a thousand years, the members of the Roman senatorial aristocracy played a pivotal role in the political and social life of the Roman state. Despite being eclipsed by the power of the emperors in the first century BC, the men who made up this order continued to act as the keepers of Roman civilization for the next four hundred years, maintaining their traditions even beyond the disappearance of an emperor in the West. Despite their longevity, the members of the senatorial aristocracy faced an existential crisis following the Ostrogothic conquest of the Italian peninsula, when the forces of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I invaded their homeland to contest its ownership. Considering the role they played in the later Roman Empire, the disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy following this conflict is a seminal event in the history of Italy and Western Europe, as well as Late Antiquity. Two explanations have been offered to explain the subsequent disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. The first involves a series of migrations, beginning before the Gothic War, from Italy to Constantinople, in which members of this body abandoned their homes and settled in the eastern capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing Islam As Others Saw It
    STUDIES IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY ISLAM 13 SEEING ISLAM AS OTHERS SAW IT A SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF CHRISTIAN, JEWISH AND ZOROASTRIAN WRITINGS ON EARLY ISLAM ROBERT G. HOYLAND THE DARWIN PRESS, INC. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1997 Copyright © 1997 by THE DARWIN PRESS, INC., Princeton, NJ 08543. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles or reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoyland, Robert G., 1966- Seeing Islam as others saw it : a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam / Robert G. Hoyland. p. cm. - (Studies in late antiquity and early Islam ; 13) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-87850-125-8 (alk. paper) 1. Islamic Empire-History-622-661-Historiography. 2. Islamic Empire-History-661-750- Historiography. 3. Middle East-Civilization-History-To 622-Historiography. I. Title. II. Series. DS38.1.H69 1997 939.4-dc21 97-19196 CIP Second Printing, 2001. The paper in this book is acid-free neutral pH stock and meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction PART I The Historical and Literary Background 1. The Historical Background Late Antiquity to Early Islam: Continuity or Change? Identity and Allegiance Apocalypticism 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (Ca
    Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300-900) by Alexander Borislavov Angelov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor John V.A. Fine, Jr., Chair Professor Emeritus H. Don Cameron Professor Paul Christopher Johnson Professor Raymond H. Van Dam Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes © Alexander Borislavov Angelov 2011 To my mother Irina with all my love and gratitude ii Acknowledgements To put in words deepest feelings of gratitude to so many people and for so many things is to reflect on various encounters and influences. In a sense, it is to sketch out a singular narrative but of many personal “conversions.” So now, being here, I am looking back, and it all seems so clear and obvious. But, it is the historian in me that realizes best the numerous situations, emotions, and dilemmas that brought me where I am. I feel so profoundly thankful for a journey that even I, obsessed with planning, could not have fully anticipated. In a final analysis, as my dissertation grew so did I, but neither could have become better without the presence of the people or the institutions that I feel so fortunate to be able to acknowledge here. At the University of Michigan, I first thank my mentor John Fine for his tremendous academic support over the years, for his friendship always present when most needed, and for best illustrating to me how true knowledge does in fact produce better humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Falda's Map As a Work Of
    The Art Bulletin ISSN: 0004-3079 (Print) 1559-6478 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcab20 Falda’s Map as a Work of Art Sarah McPhee To cite this article: Sarah McPhee (2019) Falda’s Map as a Work of Art, The Art Bulletin, 101:2, 7-28, DOI: 10.1080/00043079.2019.1527632 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2019.1527632 Published online: 20 May 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 79 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rcab20 Falda’s Map as a Work of Art sarah mcphee In The Anatomy of Melancholy, first published in the 1620s, the Oxford don Robert Burton remarks on the pleasure of maps: Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, . to behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale and compass their extent, distance, examine their site. .1 In the seventeenth century large and elaborate ornamental maps adorned the walls of country houses, princely galleries, and scholars’ studies. Burton’s words invoke the gallery of maps Pope Alexander VII assembled in Castel Gandolfo outside Rome in 1665 and animate Sutton Nicholls’s ink-and-wash drawing of Samuel Pepys’s library in London in 1693 (Fig. 1).2 There, in a room lined with bookcases and portraits, a map stands out, mounted on canvas and sus- pended from two cords; it is Giovanni Battista Falda’s view of Rome, published in 1676.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter, Popes, Politics and More: the Apostle As Anchor
    chapter 1 Peter, Popes, Politics and More: the Apostle as Anchor Roald Dijkstra Et iam tenemus obsides fidissimos huius spei, hic nempe iam regnant duo apostolorum principes; alter uocator gentium; alter, cathedram possidens primam, recludit creditas aeternitatis ianuas. Already we hold most trusty sureties for this hope, for already there reign here the two chiefs of the apostles, the one he who called the Gentiles, while the other who occupies the foremost chair opens the gates of eter- nity which were committed to his keeping. Prudentius, Peristephanon 2.457–641 ∵ These verses are exclaimed by Rome’s greatest “native” saint Laurentius in a poem by Prudentius. By doing so, the Roman saint testifies to the prominence of two Christians saints even more powerful and authoritative than himself: Peter and Paul. Prudentius makes Laurentius praise the apostle Peter in a most honourable way by referring to his extraordinary power: he holds the primary see and controls the doors of heaven.2 Both on earth and in the hereafter, Peter 1 I would like to thank Dr Erik Hermans for carefully reading my text. Thanks also go to all the contributors to the volume for sharing their thoughts on Peter, both in oral and written form. Text and translation of Prudentius: Thomson (1961 [1953]), slightly adapted. 2 See Dijkstra (2018) for Peter as the gatekeeper of heaven in early Christian poetry (and art). For more on Peristephanon 2 see Humphries in this volume; more on poetical petrine tradi- tions is found in the contribution by Springer. © Roald Dijkstra, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004425682_002 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
    [Show full text]
  • Dositheos Notaras, the Patriarch of Jerusalem (1669-1707), Confronts the Challenges of Modernity
    IN SEARCH OF A CONFESSIONAL IDENTITY: DOSITHEOS NOTARAS, THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM (1669-1707), CONFRONTS THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Christopher George Rene IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser Theofanis G. Stavrou SEPTEMBER 2020 © Christopher G Rene, September 2020 i Acknowledgements Without the steadfast support of my teachers, family and friends this dissertation would not have been possible, and I am pleased to have the opportunity to express my deep debt of gratitude and thank them all. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, who together guided me through to the completion of this dissertation. My adviser Professor Theofanis G. Stavrou provided a resourceful outlet by helping me navigate through administrative channels and stay on course academically. Moreover, he fostered an inviting space for parrhesia with vigorous dialogue and intellectual tenacity on the ideas of identity, modernity, and the role of Patriarch Dositheos. It was in fact Professor Stavrou who many years ago at a Slavic conference broached the idea of an Orthodox Commonwealth that inspired other academics and myself to pursue the topic. Professor Carla Phillips impressed upon me the significance of daily life among the people of Europe during the early modern period (1450-1800). As Professor Phillips’ teaching assistant for a number of years, I witnessed lectures that animated the historical narrative and inspired students to question their own unique sense of historical continuity and discontinuities. Thank you, Professor Phillips, for such a pedagogical example.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • C HAPTER THREE Dissertation I on the Waters and Aqueducts Of
    Aqueduct Hunting in the Seventeenth Century: Raffaele Fabretti's De aquis et aquaeductibus veteris Romae Harry B. Evans http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=17141, The University of Michigan Press C HAPTER THREE Dissertation I on the Waters and Aqueducts of Ancient Rome o the distinguished Giovanni Lucio of Trau, Raffaello Fabretti, son of T Gaspare, of Urbino, sends greetings. 1. introduction Thanks to your interest in my behalf, the things I wrote to you earlier about the aqueducts I observed around the Anio River do not at all dis- please me. You have in›uenced my diligence by your expressions of praise, both in your own name and in the names of your most learned friends (whom you also have in very large number). As a result, I feel that I am much more eager to pursue the investigation set forth on this subject; I would already have completed it had the abundance of waters from heaven not shown itself opposed to my own watery task. But you should not think that I have been completely idle: indeed, although I was not able to approach for a second time the sources of the Marcia and Claudia, at some distance from me, and not able therefore to follow up my ideas by surer rea- soning, not uselessly, perhaps, will I show you that I have been engaged in the more immediate neighborhood of that aqueduct introduced by Pope Sixtus and called the Acqua Felice from his own name before his ponti‹- 19 Aqueduct Hunting in the Seventeenth Century: Raffaele Fabretti's De aquis et aquaeductibus veteris Romae Harry B.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Liber Pontificalis
    No. 9 (Spring 2017), 235-252 ISSN 2014-7023 INSIGHTS AND REMARKS ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF PASCHAL I (817-824) IN THE LIBER PONTIFICALIS Andrea Antonio Verardi Sapienza-Università di Roma/Pontificia Università Gregoriana e-mail: [email protected] Received: 23 Feb. 2017 | Revised: 29 March 2017 | Accepted: 26 April 2017 | Available online: 21 June 2017 | doi: 10.1344/Svmma2017.9.16 Resum Attraverso una rilettura delle principali fonti franche e romane utili per la ricostruzione delle vicende relative al pontificato di papa Pasquale I (817-824), l’autore propone l’ipotesi che la biografia presente nelLiber Pontificalis romano sia stata redatta sia per rispondere ad alcune accuse mosse dagli oppositori del papa in città e all’interno del mondo franco, sia che la costruzione della figura di Pasquale (monaco ma anche sovrano misericordioso) possa corrispondere alla caratterizzazione che negli stessi anni è usata anche per la rappresentazione dell’imperatore Ludovico il Pio, indicando quale spunto per il prosieguo della ricerca la possibilità di individuare analizzare puntualmente questi rapporti con per chiarire gli influssi e le implicazioni culturali e ecclesiologiche. Paraules clau: Ludovico Il Pio, Sacro Romano Impero, Papato Altomedievale, Fonti, Biografie storiche Abstract Through a reinterpretation of the main Frankish and Roman sources for the reconstruction of the events related to the pontificate of Pope Paschal I (817-824), the author puts forward the hypothesis that either his biography in the Liber Pontificalis was written to answer the accusations made by both his opponents in the city and in the Carolingian world, or that the construction of Paschal’s figure (a monk, but also a merciful sovereign) may correspond to the characterization that in those same years was also used to portray Emperor Louis the Pious.
    [Show full text]