English Grammar for Students of French

The Study Guide for Those Learning French

Seventh edition

Jacqueline Morton with the collaboration of Hélène Neu, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

The Olivia and Hill Press® THE O&H STUDY GUIDES Jacqueline Morton, editor

English Grammar for Students of Spanish English Grammar for Students of French English Grammar for Students of German English Grammar for Students of Italian English Grammar for Students of Latin English Grammar for Students of Russian English Grammar for Students of Japanese English Grammar for Students of Arabic English Grammar for Students of Chinese Gramática española para estudiantes de inglés

© 2013, Jacqueline Morton

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the U.S.A.

ISBN: 978-0-934034-42-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013930691 CONTENTS

Study Tips 1 Tips for learning grammar 1 Tips for learning vocabulary 2 Tips for learning word forms 4 Tips for effective study 4 1. What’s in a Word? 6 Meaning 6 6 Function 7 Form 7 2. What is a ? 9 3. What is Meant by Gender? 11 4. What is Meant by Number? 14 Hearing the plural 15 5. What is an ? 16 Definite articles 16 Indefinite articles 18 Non-count and partitive articles` 20 Study Tips — Nouns and their gender 21 6. What is the ? 22 7. What is a ? 24 8. What is the ? 26 Consulting the dictionary 27 Study Tips — 27 9. What is a ? 29 10. What is a ? 31 11. What is a ? 33 Study Tips — Subject 37 12. What is a Verb Conjugation? 38 Choosing the proper “person” 39 How to conjugate a verb 42 Study Tips — Verb conjugations 43 13. What is an ? 46 Auxiliary verbs are used to indicate tense 47 14. What are Affirmative and Negative Sentences? 49 Negative words 50 15. What are Declarative and Interrogative Sentences? 52 Tag questions 54 16. What is Meant by Tense? 55 Study Tips — Tenses 56 17. What is the Present Tense? 58

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18. What is a ? 60 Present participle 60 Past participle 61 19. What is the Past Tense? 63 Le passé composé (present perfect) 63 Selection of the auxiliary avoir or être 64 Agreement of the past participle 64 L’imparfait (imperfect) 66 Selection: le passé composé or l’imparfait 66 Study Tips — Le passé composé 68 20. What is the Past Perfect Tense? 69 21. What is the Future Tense? 72 The immediate future 73 Study Tips — The future tense 74 22. What is the Future Perfect Tense? 75 23. What is Meant by Mood? 77 24. What is the Imperative? 79 25. What is the Conditional? 81 Present conditional in if-clauses 81 Past conditional in if-clauses 82 Summary: If-clauses sequence of tenses 83 Use of the conditional in indirect speech 84 26. What is the Subjunctive? 85 Study Tips — The subjunctive 86 27. What is an ? 87 28. What is a Descriptive Adjective? 88 Attributive and predicate 89 Study Tips — Descriptive adjectives 90 29. What is Meant by Comparison of Adjectives? 91 Comparative 91 Superlative 92 30. What is a Possessive Adjective? 94 Singular Possessor: my, your, his, her, its 95 Plural Possessor: our, your, their 96 Study Tips — Possessive adjectives 97 31. What is an Interrogative Adjective? 99 32. What is a Adjective? 101 33. What is an ? 103 Adverb or adjective 104 Study Tips — 105 34. What is a ? 106 Study Tips — Conjunctions and the subjunctive 107 35. What is a Preposition? 108 Study Tips — Prepositions 109

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36. What is an object? 111 Direct object 111 Indirect object 112 Sentences with a direct and an indirect object 113 Object of a preposition 114 Relationship of a verb to its object 114 37. What is a Direct ? 116 38. What is an Indirect Object Pronoun? 119 Questions to ask yourself when choosing French direct and indirect object pronouns 122 Study Tips — Direct and indirect object pronouns 124 39. What is a Disjunctive Pronoun? 125 As objects of a preposition 127 Summary of French object pronouns 128 40. What are Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs? 131 Reciprocal action 133 41. What is a Possessive Pronoun? 135 Singular possessor: mine, yours, his, hers 136 Plural possessor: ours, yours, theirs 137 Study Tips — Possessive pronouns 138 42. What is an Interrogative Pronoun? 140 Subject 140 Direct object 141 Indirect object and object of a preposition 142 “Which (one), which (ones)” 145 Study Tips — Interrogative pronouns 146 43. What is a ? 148 . Relative pronoun as subject 149 II. Relative pronoun as direct object 150 III. Relative pronoun as an indirect object and object of a preposition 152 1. French relative pronouns as objects of a preposition other than the preposition de 153 2. French relative pronouns as objects of the preposition de 154 IV. Possessive relative pronoun “whose” 155 Summary of relative pronouns with an antecedent 156 Relative pronouns without an antecedent 158 44. What is a Demonstrative Pronoun? 160 “This one, that one” and “these, those” 160 To show possession: celui de 161 “The one that”: celui qui, celui que 163 45. What is Meant by Active and Passive Voice? 165 Avoiding the passive voice in French 167 Index 169

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